Applying skin-size limits for management of trade in Asian reptile skins

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Daniel J. D. Natusch ◽  
Jessica A. Lyons ◽  
Mumpuni ◽  
Awal Riyanto ◽  
Syarifah Khadiejah
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
Harvest Sustainability ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract ContextEach year, millions of reptile skins are commercially exported from Southeast Asia for exotic leathers. Quotas are commonly used to regulate this trade, but quotas are sometimes exceeded and do little to ensure harvest sustainability. AimsTo explore the relationship between the size of live pythons and their skins, and to assess whether skin measurements can be used to enforce the application of limits on the size of harvested snakes. MethodsWe measured the body size of three heavily harvested python species (Malayopython reticulatus, Python breitensteini and Python brongersmai) in Indonesia and Malaysia and examined the relationship with skin length, skin width, the size of the ventral scale and its adjacent dorsal scale. Key resultsMeasurements of 2261 pythons showed strong relationships between the size of live pythons and measurements made on their skins. Skins can be stretched 30% longer than the body length of snakes from which they came and inter-facility and country differences in stretching technique result in different relationships between the sizes of live snakes and the measurements made on their skins. Male and female Malayopython reticulatus differed in their skin dimensions relative to the size of the live snake, but these differences were minor. ConclusionsDespite variations in stretching techniques, in functional terms, this variation is minor (maximum 3.5% relative to each mean measurement) and does not limit application of skin sizes for regulating trade within an acceptable level of error. However, differences in the stretched length of Indonesian and Malaysian skins were much greater (5.9% of the mean length of skins), and, thus, each country should apply its own limits and predictive tools. ImplicationsThe strong relationship between the skin size and the size of the live snake offers great potential for regulating trade by using skin-size limits. Inspection of the size of skins can be used to enforce harvest-size limits and focus harvesting away from sexes and life stages most critical for population persistence. This management tool has numerous advantages over current regulatory practices (quotas) and should be considered for management of trade in Asian reptile skins.

scholarly journals The biology of flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZR Majumder ◽  
Mohan Kumar Dash ◽  
Rafia Akhtar Khan ◽  
Humayun Reza Khan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Posterior Spiracle ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Shell

The biology of Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was studied in the laboratory (25 ± 5ºC, R.H. 70 ± 10% and 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle ). There were four definite life stages, such as egg, larva, pupa and adult, in its life cycle. The mean duration of the life cycle was 13.19 ± 1.32 days. The egg was creamy white color, cylindrical, rounded at both ends. The egg shell was comparatively thick and hard. There were three larval instars. The larvae of B. peregrina were acephalous and apodus type. The transparent 12 segmented larva possessed a pair of mouth hook, bands of small backwardly directed black micro spines, a pair of prothorasic spiracle and a pair of posterior spiracle. The 1st larvae were relatively more transparent at the time of hatching. The second instar larvae were voracious feeder. The body size increased largely during the third instar. They were deep creamy to pale brownish in color. The pupae of B. peregrina were coarctate adecticous type. The posterior end of the puparium was rounded and the anterior end was slightly pointed. The adults were metallic brown in color. The males were smaller in size than the females. The mean incubation period was 11.6 ± 2.70 hours, and the larval, post-feeding and pupal periods were 102.22 ± 7.85 hours, 75.4 ± 3.57 hours, and 5.81 ± 1.30 days, respectively. The longevity of the mated male and female adults (36.9 ± 2.46 days and 27.2 ± 2.25 days, respectively) were more than that of the unmated ones (23.6 ± 2.25 days and 18.3 ± 1.5 days, respectively). The protein fed adults lived longer than the protein unfed ones.The male always lived longer than the female. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14312 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(2): 189-196, 2012

scholarly journals Prescribed Burning as A Management Tool to Destroy Dry Seeds of Invasive Conifers in Heathland in Denmark

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Christian Andreasen ◽  
Kasper Rossing ◽  
Christian Ritz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Constraints

Non-indigenous conifers are considered invasive to the coastal dune heathland in Denmark, and massive clearing is carried out in an attempt to recreate and keep the original heathland. Burning is a common method for managing, but its feasibility to control the seed bank of conifers has not been investigated. This project shows that the burning of logged conifer trees will often eliminate seeds of lodgepole pine, mugo pine and Sitka spruce, even when the seeds were placed into a depth of five centimeters in the soil. The effect on seeds depends on the fuel load and the fire conditions (e.g., dryness, wind, and temperature). If the seeds were exposed to a high temperature, the seeds were not able to germinate afterward. The temperature was about 80 °C for all species. If the sum of temperatures based on temperature records every 30 s exceeded between 12,000 and 14,000 °C no seeds were able to germinate. The relationship between the mean temperature of the burns and the germination rate at seeds placed in various soil depths was modelled. Findings should be interpreted cautiously as each depth-species combinations were not replicated in space or time due to practical constraints.

scholarly journals Adiposity signals predict vocal effort in Alston's singing mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1877) ◽  
pp. 20180090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy T. Burkhard ◽  
Rebecca R. Westwick ◽  
Steven M. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adiposity Signals ◽  
Vocal Effort ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Costly Traits ◽  
Somatic State ◽  
The Relationship

Advertisement displays often seem extravagant and expensive, and are thought to depend on the body condition of a signaller. Nevertheless, we know little about how signallers adjust effort based on condition, and few studies find a strong relationship between natural variation in condition and display. To examine the relationship between body condition and signal elaboration more fully, we characterized physiological condition and acoustic displays in a wild rodent with elaborate vocalizations, Alston's singing mouse, Scotinomys teguina . We found two major axes of variation in condition—one defined by short-term fluctuations in caloric nutrients, and a second by longer-term variation in adiposity. Among acoustic parameters, song effort was characterized by high rates of display and longer songs. Song effort was highly correlated with measures of adiposity. We found that leptin was a particularly strong predictor of display effort. Leptin is known to influence investment in other costly traits, such as immune function and reproduction. Plasma hormone levels convey somatic state to a variety of tissues, and may govern trait investment across vertebrates. Such measures offer new insights into how animals translate body condition into behavioural and life-history decisions.

scholarly journals A Study on the Relationship Between Mean Years of Schooling, Literacy Skills Level of the Countries, and Their Level of Democratic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Ayşe Ottekin Demirbolat
Keyword(s):  
Informal Education ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Departure Point ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Years Of Schooling

This study’s objective is to examine the relationship between the mean years of schooling, level of adult literacyskills, and democratic development levels. The study was designed as a relational survey model. The analyticsemployed is the path analysis, which tests the existence of causal relationship between the variables. The statisticalanalysis indicates that a significant and strong relationship exists between the mean years of schooling and adultliteracy skills and further that a significant, medium level, relationship is present between the countries’ adult literacyskills and their democratic development levels. Moreover, literacy skills create a significant mediation impact on therelationship between the mean years of schooling and democratic development level. Also significant is the indirectimpact of the nations’ mean years of schooling on their democratic development levels. Countries seeking to sustainand protect participative and deep democracy may need to review their formal and informal education policies.Therefore, it may be especially necessary to attach greater importance to cognitive-verbal processes in formaleducation institutions as a departure point of action.

scholarly journals The relationship between obesity in children ages 9 - 12 years and pattern of playing activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Putu Denny Tanaya ◽  
Emillia Devi D.Rianti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor

Obesity is excess weight as a result of stockpiling body fat excessive and could happen to all citizen including on children. The cause of obesity that one of them caused by the imbalance between intake of nutrients with physical activity that is playing. Good physical activity, the body metabolic processes will make the children walk with a maximum intake of calories that can be obtained from food directly in use in both by the body. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the obese on 9 to 12 years old kids are playing with a pattern. From the graph is used for children and teenager to define obesity using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Method used by persentil graph body mass index (bmi to age 2 to 20 years in the male and female). Analytic research is the correlation with spearman. The result of research shows that there is no correlation between obesity with a pattern of the activity of playing on children aged 9 to 12 years. Because the value of a correlation coefficient (0.053 > 0.025). It is also avidenced by the result of a coefficient that marked negative and having meaning the absence of correlation ( - 0.209 ). Of the result we can conclude that there are a lot of the main factor in addition to the activity of playing that can cause a child suffering from obesity including genetic factor, and the pattern of hormonal feeding on such a child.

scholarly journals Significance of Sacral Index in Estimation of Sex in Sacra of Cadavers in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
AHM Mostafa Kamal ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Md Mesbahul Hoque ◽  
Khadeza Khatun ◽  
Kazi Afzalur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pelvic Bone ◽  
Digital Slide ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean

Context : The bones of the body are the last to pass away after death, next to enamel of teeth. Hence, in establishing the personal identity with respect to sex, age and stature, medico legal experts, anatomists and anthropologists use the skeletal materials for giving their opinion. Sex-dependent differences have been noted in the pelvic bone anatomy, and so differences exist in male and female sacrum. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding morphometric measurements of maximum length and breadth of sacrum and to find out possible variations of sacral index in different individuals in relation to sex. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on 172 (one hundred seventy two) adult human dry sacra of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis. All the samples were studied morphologically. Sacral length and breadth were measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Result : The mean sacral index in male and female were 97.88±6.16 % and 112.69±10.17 % respectively. Female has the greater sacral index than male (P<0.001) Conclusion: Sexing of sacrum, by sacral index method is relevant and significant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20502 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 11-14

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) IN ADOLESCENTS AGED 16-18 YEARS OLD IN SMA NEGERI 2 DENPASAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luh Dwi Erma Krismawati ◽  
Ni Luh Nopi Andayani ◽  
Nila Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Relationship

Any movement of the body produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, and muscle workwhich called physical activities. Increased BMI occurs because of an energy imbalance between food intake with energyreleased to cause the buildup of energy in the form of fat that can lead to obesity or increased BMI.This study purposewas to determine the relationship between physical activities and body mass index (BMI) in adolescents aged 16-18years old in SMA Negeri 2 Denpasar. This research was analytical research with cross sectional approach done inFebruary-March 2018. Sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling. Sample amounted to 70 people. The resultsshowed the relationship between physical activities with body mass index. In the calculation of chi square data analysiscould be seen that significant value (2-tailed) was 0,000 which meant that significant value was p < 0.05. Based on theresults of this study, it can be concluded that there is a strong relationship between physical activities and body massindex (BMI) in adolescents aged 16-18 years old in SMA Negeri 2 Denpasar. Keywords : Physical activity, Body Mass Index (BMI)

scholarly journals Neocortex evolution in primates: the ‘social brain’ is for females

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Lindenfors
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Social Intelligence Hypothesis ◽  
Male Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
The Relationship

According to the social intelligence hypothesis, relative neocortex size should be directly related to the degree of social complexity. This hypothesis has found support in a number of comparative studies of group size. The relationship between neocortex and sociality is thought to exist either because relative neocortex size limits group size or because a larger group size selects for a larger neocortex. However, research on primate social evolution has indicated that male and female group sizes evolve in relation to different demands. While females mostly group according to conditions set by the environment, males instead simply go where the females are. Thus, any hypothesis relating to primate social evolution has to analyse its relationship with male and female group sizes separately. Since sex-specific neocortex sizes in primates are unavailable in sufficient quantity, I here instead present results from phylogenetic comparative analyses of unsexed relative neocortex sizes and female and male group sizes. These analyses show that while relative neocortex size is positively correlated with female group size, it is negatively, or not at all correlated with male group size. This indicates that the social intelligence hypothesis only applies to female sociality.

scholarly journals Simple Linear Calculating Method of Glenoid Bone Defects Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Based on an East Asian Population in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 232596712091427
Author(s):  
Xing-zuo Chen ◽  
Tong-xi Liu ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Lei Du ◽  
Wei-fang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
East Asian Population ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The evaluation of glenoid bone defects in the preoperative stage for patients with anterior shoulder instability is critical for surgical decision making. A novel method that predicts the intact glenoid width based purely on the measurement of the glenoid height has been advocated. Despite the convenience, all studies to date have focused on the Western population, and there is no similar research based on an East Asian population. Purpose: To determine the relationship between glenoid height and width in an East Asian population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Spiral computed tomography (CT) scans of both sides of the shoulder joints were obtained from 205 patients of Han nationality (China) who had no history of shoulder trauma or pain. The maximal height and width of each glenoid were measured on the en face view by 2 radiologists who were blinded to each other’s results. Pearson correlation coefficients and multivariable linear regression were calculated from all data measured to evaluate the relationship between maximal glenoid height and width between the sexes. Results: A total of 205 patients (410 shoulder CT scans) were analyzed. The mean glenoid height was 34.45 ± 2.82 mm, and the mean glenoid width was 23.35 ± 2.40 mm. There was a statistical difference between male and female patients with regard to glenoid height (36.61 vs 32.39 mm, respectively; t = 9.76; P < .001) and width (25.26 vs 21.54 mm, respectively; t = 20.73; P < .001). Analysis of the measured glenoid height and width demonstrated a strong linear correlation of 0.82 ( R 2 = 0.68; P < .001) for the entire cohort and similarly strong linear correlations when each sex was analyzed separately. For male patients, the glenoid width was measured as: glenoid height × 0.50 + 7 mm ( R 2 = 0.36; P < .001); for female patients, the glenoid width was measured as: glenoid height × 0.45 + 7 mm ( R 2 = 0.31; P < .001). Conclusion: In an East Asian population, the mean glenoid height and width were 34.45 and 23.35 mm, respectively. The formulas that represent the relationship between glenoid width and height for male and female patients are the following: glenoid width = glenoid height × 0.50 + 7 mm and glenoid width = glenoid height × 0.45 + 7 mm, respectively.

scholarly journals An Atmospheric Surface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Danielle Hrstich
Keyword(s):  
Outer Surface ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Public Building ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
The Relationship

<p>This thesis considers how to use atmosphere as a driver when designing to strengthen the relationship between the body and architecture. Wigley, following Semper, argues that atmosphere is constructed through the outer surface. Surface is used as a key element in architectural practice to contribute to the overall atmospheric conditions within architecture, to influence the way an occupant experiences space. To strengthen the relationship between the body and the built, this thesis looks at the surface of architecture to explore ‘how atmosphere can be designed for through a kinetic surface’. This thesis begins with a theoretical review of atmosphere and surface, along with case study research that contributes to the thesis exploration through design research. This thesis consists of three design outputs that test the kinetic surface at three increasing scales to engage the body. These design outputs include an installation, a house and a public building with each design increasing in complexity. While primarily focusing on the atmosphere produced through surface, these experiments also deal with site and programmatic constraints. This thesis concludes with an architectural strategy of using a double layered kinetic surface in a public building to create atmosphere that forms a strong relationship with the body, through light, movement and materiality.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document