scholarly journals An Update on Virtopsy- A Modern Forensic Investigation Tool

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Ahmad ◽  
Md Zubaidur Rahman ◽  
Farial Naima Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Era ◽  
Autopsy Examination ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Virtopsy is a virtual alternative to a traditional autopsy, conducted with scanning and imaging technology. In developed countries Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are now being evaluated as complementary means for determination of cause of death. This paper explores the latest development and implication of virtopsy from ethical, clinical and technical point of view. Published literature in different journals with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were extensively reviewed through use of general and Meta search engines to elucidate the applications and implications of virtual autopsy. The modern high-resolution imaging has been used as a well described aid in the setting of post-mortem investigations. Virtopsy introduces a new era in autopsy examination. It utilizes the technological innovation of modern imaging system to obtain best results and three Dimensional (3D) images of the body in multiple plains without mutilation of the human body. Now a days virtopsy is very much acceptable procedure to the forensic society. In western worlds virtopsy is likely to replace conventional autopsies in future. We can also try to implement this modern system in our country. KYAMC Journal.2021;12(1): 48-52

scholarly journals Crystalline perfection of an aluminium single crystal determined by neutron diffraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-687
Author(s):  
Sabrina Metairon ◽  
Carlos Benedicto Ramos Parente ◽  
Vera Lucia Mazzocchi ◽  
Thierry Jacques Lemaire
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crystalline Perfection ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Crystalline Domains

In this work, a study of the crystalline perfection of an aluminium single crystal is presented. The study shows that, from three-dimensional neutron diffraction rocking curves, it is possible to characterize the individual crystalline domains of a multidomain crystal. From a macroscopic point of view, the determination of the domains allows an evaluation of the crystalline perfection of the crystal under study. Three-dimensional rocking curves have been obtained by neutron diffraction from a large mosaic aluminium crystal. Construction of a contour map of individual domains made it easier to determine the breadth and relative intensity of each domain. The angular distances between domains were also determined.

The Muon as a Tool for Scanning the Interior of the Human Body

1969 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Dimensional Picture

SummaryA completely new technique for scanning the interior of the human body is proposed which is based on the following principle: muons from an accelerator pass through two spark chambers and are stopped in the body. The decay electrons leave the body and pass also two spark chambers. The trajectory co-ordinates read out from the spark chambers allow the determination of the point of decay with high precision. The truly three-dimensional picture obtained in this way is truly three-dimensionally displayed on a screen. Several modifications of the basic method are described, the most important ones being the simultaneous recording of the muonic X-rays (equivalent to a chemical analysis) or of the muon precession. The necessary dose is low. The most serious disadvantage is the need of a medium-energy accelerator. Quantitative figures on resolution, efficiency, and dose are given.

Preclinical models of atherosclerosis. The future of Hybrid PET/MR technology for the early detection of vulnerable plaque

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cuadrado ◽  
Marta Saura ◽  
Borja Castejón ◽  
Ana María Martin ◽  
Irene Herruzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Plaque ◽  
Plaque Rupture ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
New Era ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. The aetiology is currently multifactorial, thus making them very difficult to prevent. Preclinical models of atherothrombotic diseases, including vulnerable plaque-associated complications, are now providing significant insights into pathologies like atherosclerosis, and in combination with the most recent advances in new non-invasive imaging technologies, they have become essential tools to evaluate new therapeutic strategies, with which can forecast and prevent plaque rupture. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging is currently used for plaque visualisation in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular research, albeit with significant limitations. However, the combination of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies is still the best option available today, as combined PET/MRI scans provide simultaneous data acquisition together with high quality anatomical information, sensitivity and lower radiation exposure for the patient. The coming years may represent a new era for the implementation of PET/MRI in clinical practice, but first, clinically efficient attenuation correction algorithms and research towards multimodal reagents and safety issues should be validated at the preclinical level.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Cat Virtual Anatomy: Development of an Interactive Virtual Anatomical Software

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Juan Sebastián Osorio-Echeverri ◽  
Diana Alexandra Orrego-Metaute ◽  
Juan Pablo Murillo-Escobar ◽  
Lynda Tamayo-Arango
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Virtual Interface ◽  
Software Interface ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
San Rafael

Background Three-dimensional (3D) virtual models are novel tools to teach veterinary anatomy. Objective The aim of the present study was to create a 3D cat image software and a library of cross-sectional images. Methods Modeling of the 3D cat organs and structures was done with Autodesk Maya, version 2017 (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, California, USA) and ZBrush, version 4R7 (Pixologic, Los Angeles, CA, USA) software. In order to obtain the images for the library, three cadavers of adult cats were used, with the following techniques: 1) scanning by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3-mm intervals, 2) scanning by computed tomography (CT) at 2-mm intervals, and 3) photographing of 178 transverse cuts at 2.5-mm intervals from the frozen cadavers. Out of all the images, thirty images of each technique were selected. An interactive software was developed with the modeled 3D cat and the selected images using Unity, version 5.4 (Unity Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA). Results A virtual 3D cat model was obtained with 418 labeled structures of the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and integumentary systems. The virtual interface enables the manipulation of the 3D cat in all views and the visualization of the selected images in a chosen localization along the body of the cat. The library of images allows comparison among CT, MRI and photographs of transverse cuts. Conclusions The software interface facilitates the access to the content for the user. Sectional images of the cat and of its body structures can be easily understood. This new 3D software of cat anatomy is another tool that can be used in teaching veterinary anatomy.

Determination of material properties of a linearly elastic peridynamic material

2021 ◽  
pp. 108128652110514
Author(s):  
Adair R Aguiar ◽  
Alan B Seitenfuss
Keyword(s):  
Linear Elasticity ◽  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Energy Function ◽  
Equilibrium Solutions ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Classical Linear Elasticity

We investigate the properties of an isotropic linear elastic peridynamic material in the context of a three-dimensional state-based peridynamic theory, which considers both length and relative angle changes, and is based on a free energy function proposed in previous work that contains four material constants. To this end, we consider a class of equilibrium problems in mechanics to show that, in interior points of the body where deformations are smooth, the corresponding solutions in classical linear elasticity are also equilibrium solutions in peridynamics. More generally, we show that the equations of equilibrium are satisfied even when two of the four peridynamic constants are arbitrary. Pure torsion of a cylindrical shaft and pure bending of a cylindrical beam are particular cases of this class of problems and are used together with a correspondence argument proposed elsewhere to determine these two constants in terms of the elasticity constants of an isotropic material from the classical linear elasticity. One of the constants has a singularity in the Poisson ratio, which needs further investigation. Two additional experiments concerning bending of cylindrical beam by terminal load and anti-plane shear of a hollow cylinder, which do not belong to the previous class of problems, are used to validate these results.

Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the effects of angling-induced barotrauma on rockfish (Sebastes)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1245-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie L. Rogers ◽  
Christopher G. Lowe ◽  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Lawrence R. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bladder Rupture ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The physical consequences of barotrauma on the economically important rockfish ( Sebastes ) were evaluated with a novel method using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with image segmentation and analysis. For this pilot study, two fishes were captured on hook-and-line from 100 m, euthanized, and scanned in a 3 Tesla human MRI scanner. Analyses were made on each fish, one exhibiting swim bladder overinflation and exophthalmia and the other showing low to moderate swim bladder overinflation. Air space volumes in the body were quantified using image segmentation techniques that allow definition of individual anatomical regions in the three-dimensional MRIs. The individual exhibiting the most severe signs of barotrauma revealed the first observation of a gas-filled orbital space behind the eyes, which was not observable by gross dissection. Severe exophthalmia resulted in extreme stretching of the optic nerves, which was clearly validated with dissections and not seen in the other individual. Expanding gas from swim bladder overinflation must leak from the swim bladder, rupture the peritoneum, and enter the cranium. This MRI method of evaluating rockfish following rapid decompression is useful for quantifying the magnitude of internal barotrauma associated with decompression and complementing studies on the effects of capture and discard mortality of rockfishes.

scholarly journals Ranges of Cervical Intervertebral Disc Deformation During an In Vivo Dynamic Flexion–Extension of the Neck

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yu ◽  
Haiqing Mao ◽  
Jing-Sheng Li ◽  
Tsung-Yuan Tsai ◽  
Liming Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Fluoroscopic Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

While abnormal loading is widely believed to cause cervical spine disc diseases, in vivo cervical disc deformation during dynamic neck motion has not been well delineated. This study investigated the range of cervical disc deformation during an in vivo functional flexion–extension of the neck. Ten asymptomatic human subjects were tested using a combined dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based three-dimensional (3D) modeling technique. Overall disc deformation was determined using the changes of the space geometry between upper and lower endplates of each intervertebral segment (C3/4, C4/5, C5/6, and C6/7). Five points (anterior, center, posterior, left, and right) of each disc were analyzed to examine the disc deformation distributions. The data indicated that between the functional maximum flexion and extension of the neck, the anterior points of the discs experienced large changes of distraction/compression deformation and shear deformation. The higher level discs experienced higher ranges of disc deformation. No significant difference was found in deformation ranges at posterior points of all the discs. The data indicated that the range of disc deformation is disc level dependent and the anterior region experienced larger changes of deformation than the center and posterior regions, except for the C6/7 disc. The data obtained from this study could serve as baseline knowledge for the understanding of the cervical spine disc biomechanics and for investigation of the biomechanical etiology of disc diseases. These data could also provide insights for development of motion preservation surgeries for cervical spine.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Identity: a French-Argentine Comparative Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Miriam Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
The Masses ◽  
High Level ◽  
Phd Programs

This study forms part of the author’s longstanding research regarding social, educational and professional mobility observed in Argentina across three generations, associated with the factor of Education and with the greater flow of immigrants in the last century. This research encompasses various smaller studies. Here we mention one, a French-Argentine comparative study in which we worked with PhD s from different institutions and different social science PhD programs. Our objective was: a) to analyze what factors (quantitative) and what reasons (qualitative) positively and negatively impacted professional pathways (career mobility); b) to observe the level of educational mobility present in families with PhD s, taking the issue from different paradigms (reproductionist/interactionist): University of elites? University of the masses? The methodology was both quantitative and qualitative, using semi-structured surveys (which included open-ended statements so respondents could expand); the hierarchical evocation technique and interviews. Results: a) we observed the intergenerational educational mobility of PhD s (quantitative-descriptive level); b) we understood some of the “reasons” and “sense” that underlie said mobility and that have either acted as driving forces or have not acted as driving forces of social and cultural-educational promotion (qualitative level). c) We found similar levels of intergenerational educational mobility for PhD s in France and Argentina (graduates of various PhD programs). This result is interesting in the face of well-held myths of educational “hypo mobility” , intergenerational drops in mobility, stagnation, a lack of educational/cultural promotion under “plafond” effects, or a saturation of degree holders, above all in developed countries. From the point of view of identity, this high level of intergenerational educational mobility impacted national, institutional and micro individual identity; three planes in sustained interaction using the author’s theory: The Three Dimensional Spiral of Sense ((2015 a and b).

scholarly journals Virtopsy—The Scalpel Free Autopsy: A Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Amita Rahul Navalkar
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Forensic Imaging ◽  
Virtual Autopsy ◽  
One Step ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
3D Scans ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT Forensic medicine aims for the documentation of medical and other forensic findings in living and deceased persons for the police and the judiciary system. Autopsy is the scientific examination of bodies after death, where whole surface of the body as well as all the body cavities are explored to record the findings. At the same time it is also equally important to consider the sentiments of the relatives of the deceased who may get upset at conventional autopsies. So, if there exists a means by which all the findings in the body can be established without hurting anyone's sentiments should be accepted. Virtopsy or virtual autopsy is one step ahead in this field where three-dimensional (3D) scans using computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pictures are employed sans using the scalpel for performing autopsies on victims to receive more information aiding in diagnosis and contributing significantly toward forensic science. This review wishes to highlight virtopsy as an important tool in forensic imaging and identification. How to cite this article Navalkar AR. Virtopsy—The Scalpel Free Autopsy: A Review of Literature. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):168-172.

Undulatory Propulsion

1953 ◽  
Vol s3-94 (28) ◽  
pp. 551-578
Author(s):  
J. GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Curvature ◽  
Tangential Forces ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Inclined Planes ◽  
The Waves

1. Typical undulatory progression over a rigid environment depends on three fundamental factors : (i) Internal bending couples change the lateral curvature of each region of the body to that previously characteristic of the region lying immediately anterior to itself. (ii) The phase of lateral bending varies along the length of the animal's body. (iii) The presence of external restraints prevents all regions of the body from moving along any path other than one tangential to their own circumference of curvature. 2. The magnitude of the forward tangential thrust imparted to the body depends on (a) the magnitude of the internally generated bending couples, and (b) the form of the waves. If friction operates on the surfaces of external restraint the thrust also depends on the coefficient of lateral friction and on the position of the restraints. 3. From a mechanical point of view, an undulating organism (irrespective of its size and internal structure) can be regarded either as a series of curved levers or as a series of inclined planes. 4. The general principles of undulatory swimming are the same as for a terrestrial glide, except for the fact that each element of the body must possess a component of motion normal to its surface if it is to contribute towards the propulsion of the animal; this type of motion can only occur when the waves move backwards relative to the ground. The animal cannot move forward as fast as the waves are propagated over the body. 5. The propulsive powers of three-dimensional waves are limited to the extent to which the organism is restrained by external forces from spinning about its own longitudinal axis. Otherwise the principles of progression are the same as for two-dimensional waves: the resultant of all the forces acting normally to the body is equal but opposite to that of all tangential forces.

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