scholarly journals A Case Report of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid in Karachi, Pakistan: A Major Health Concern to Curb the Outbreak

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Sarah Kamran Akbani ◽  
Fazeela Bibi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
National Health Policies

The disease burden of extensively drug resistant typhoid in developing countries is a major emerging issue that cannot be ignored. Since its emergence from multidrug strains, the majority of typhoid cases in Karachi, Pakistan, have been extensively drug resistant, mostly infecting younger patients. In the study, the authors analysed one such case in an adolescent male and discussed how, by the implementation of national health policies, the spread of these infectious diseases could be prevented and the overall burden on the healthcare system decreased in areas with already limited resources.

Molecular detection of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi and carbapenem-resistant pathogens in pediatric septicemia patients in Pakistan – a public health concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Qamar ◽  
Atifa Ambreen ◽  
Alia Batool ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool ◽  
Muhammad Shafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Alert System ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
High Prevalence

Aim: To determine the prevalence of multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens from pediatric blood samples Methods: In total, 4543 children's blood samples were processed in the BacT/ALERT system. Confirmation of the isolates and MIC was determined in VITEK® 2 system. Molecular identification of blaIMP, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 was done by PCR. Results: Of 4543 blood cultures, 458 (10%) were positive for bacterial growth and Salmonella Typhi (415; 90%) remained the primary pathogens. Antibiogram revealed 208 (50.1%) and 137 (33%) were MDR and XDR S. Typhi, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae displayed 46% resistance to imipenem. One hundred twelve (81.7%) XDR Typhi were positive for blaCTXM, whereas 14 (66.6%) blaVIM were found in carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MDR and XDR pathogens was found in peads blood culture.

Depressive Disorders Related to Female Reproductive Transitions

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elka Serrano ◽  
Julia “Jill” K. Warnock
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Depression is rapidly becoming a major health concern. Recent estimates rank it as the fourth leading cause of disease burden worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Women have a risk of experiencing depressive illnesses that is twice that of men. Women with depression also typically experience greater functional impairment. The incidence of depression dramatically increases during the reproductive years, which correspond to ages 25 to 44 years. During this time frame, women may experience several reproductive milestones or transitional events such as menarche, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, infertility, miscarriage, and perimenopause/menopause. These transitions evoke neuroendocrinologic changes that appear to influence the risk for depressive episodes. Common disorders associated with these hormonal fluctuations include premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, and depression in the perimenopausal transition. Although the specific pathophysiologic association is still unclear, evidence supports that these reproductive transitions influence the risk of depression in women.

scholarly journals Emerging Trends of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2484
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakir ◽  
Maryam Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ihtisham Umar ◽  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Resistant Strains

Salmonella Typhi is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. The use of antibiotics to treat typhoid has considerably mitigated its fatality risk, but rising multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) resistance in Pakistan threatens effective treatment. This study determined the prevalence of MDR and XDR S. Typhi at a local hospital in Lahore. Blood samples (n = 3000) were obtained and processed for bacterial identification. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using VITEK® 2 Compound 30 System. Statistical data analysis was performed using a Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H test, respectively. The results revealed 600 positive cultures, of which the majority were found to be XDR S. Typhi (46.1%) and MDR S. Typhi (24.5%) strains. The disease burden of resistant Salmonella strains was greater in males (60.67%) than females (39.33%), with the most affected age group being 0–10 years old (70.4 %). In both the outpatient department (OPD) and general ward, the prevalence of XDR S. Typhi cases was found to be alarmingly high (48.24%), followed by MDR S. Typhi (25.04 %). The results of the statistical analysis demonstrated that the incidence of resistance in MDR and XDR S. Typhi strains was not affected by the age as well as the gender of patients (p > 0.05). The occurrence of resistant strains against four tested antibiotics (azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem) was found to be similar in different wards and among hospitalized and OPD patients (p > 0.05). Maximum resistance was observed against chloramphenicol and ampicillin in the OPD and pediatric ward. Piperacillin/Tazobactam was observed to be the most effective antibiotic, followed by co-amoxiclav (p < 0.001). This study is effective in validating the existence of MDR and XDR S. Typhi in Lahore, where stringent methods should be applied for controlling its spread.

scholarly journals Antipathogenic properties and applications of low-dimensional materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. L. Shaw ◽  
Sruthi Kuriakose ◽  
Samuel Cheeseman ◽  
Michael D. Dickey ◽  
Jan Genzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Low Dimensional Materials

AbstractA major health concern of the 21st century is the rise of multi-drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. Recent technological advancements have led to considerable opportunities for low-dimensional materials (LDMs) as potential next-generation antimicrobials. LDMs have demonstrated antimicrobial behaviour towards a variety of pathogenic bacterial and fungal cells, due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review provides a critical assessment of current LDMs that have exhibited antimicrobial behaviour and their mechanism of action. Future design considerations and constraints in deploying LDMs for antimicrobial applications are discussed. It is envisioned that this review will guide future design parameters for LDM-based antimicrobial applications.

scholarly journals Long-Term Compassionate Use of Cefiderocol To Treat Chronic Osteomyelitis Caused by Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Pediatric Patient

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zain I. Alamarat ◽  
Jessica Babic ◽  
Truc T. Tran ◽  
Susan H. Wootton ◽  
An Q. Dinh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Chronic Osteomyelitis ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Extended Spectrum

ABSTRACT We report a 15 year-old Nigerian adolescent male with chronic osteomyelitis caused by an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain of sequence type 773 (ST773) carrying blaNDM-1 and an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. The patient developed neurological side effects in the form of circumoral paresthesia with polymyxin B and asymptomatic elevation of transaminases with aztreonam (used in combination with ceftazidime-avibactam). Cefiderocol treatment for 14 weeks plus bone implantation resulted in apparent cure and avoided amputation.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequencing of Two Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Beenish Rufai ◽  
Sarman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant

The emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) presents a considerable challenge and a public health concern due to the high mortality rate of this disease. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of XDR-TB isolates is thus essential for understanding the mechanism of drug resistance.

Decreased carO gene expression and OXA-type carbapenemases among extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from burn patients in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Abbasi ◽  
Hossein Goudarzi ◽  
Ali Hashemi ◽  
Alireza Salimi Chirani ◽  
Abdollah Ardebili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistance

AbstractA major challenge in the treatment of infections has been the rise of extensively drug resistance (XDR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Acinetobacter baumannii. The goals of this study were to determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility, blaOXA and carO genes among burn-isolated A. baumannii strains. In this study, 100 A. baumannii strains were isolated from burn patients and their susceptibilities to different antibiotics were determined using disc diffusion testing and broth microdilution. Presence of carO gene and OXA-type carbapenemase genes was tested by PCR and sequencing. SDS-PAGE was done to survey CarO porin and the expression level of carO gene was evaluated by Real-Time PCR. A high rate of resistance to meropenem (98%), imipenem (98%) and doripenem (98%) was detected. All tested A. baumannii strains were susceptible to colistin. The results indicated that 84.9% were XDR and 97.9% of strains were MDR. In addition, all strains bore blaOXA-51 like and blaOXA-23 like and carO genes. Nonetheless, blaOXA-58 like and blaOXA-24 like genes were harbored by 0 percent and 76 percent of strains, respectively. The relative expression levels of the carO gene ranged from 0.06 to 35.01 fold lower than that of carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii ATCC19606 and SDS – PAGE analysis of the outer membrane protein showed that all 100 isolates produced CarO. The results of current study revealed prevalence of blaOXA genes and changes in carO gene expression in carbapenem resistant A.baumannii.

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