Bank protection structures of the cascade of water reservoirs of the Vilia-Minsk water system

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Keyword(s):  
Wind Waves ◽  
Water System ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Current State ◽  
National University ◽  
Protection Structures

The data of field studies of shore protection structures in the reservoirs of the Vilia-Minsk water system are given, the current state of various types of fastenings is assessed with the reasons for their destruction and the extent of deformation. The article presents the results of field observations of coastal shelter-type structures. It is shown that the most common anchorages of banks and slopes is to protect the surface of slopes in the form of reinforced monolithic or precast slabs. It is determined that the deformations of the slope anchorages are most often represented by the opening of inter-tile construction, temperature and sedimentary seams (the opening width is registered to 0.35 m) which develop under the complex influence of wind waves, fluctuations in levels and other factors. Subsequently, the deformation of the exposed seams lead to the destruction of the attachment. Experimentally, on the basis of physical modeling of deformations of slopes made in the hydrotechnical laboratory of the Belarusian National University on models of soil supporting structures protected by reinforced concrete fastening, it was established that as a result of opening the seams of the plates, the sand-gravel preparation and the formation of sinuses and niches in the body of the support structure occur , which leads to significant processing of the ground slope. The coastal protection structures of the active type in the form of laid and beach slopes are considered. The dependencies on the calculation of slope deformations are obtained on the basis of a generalization of the data of field observations.

scholarly journals METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES FROM GABION

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
S.I. Rogachko ◽  
◽  
H.V. Slobodianyk ◽  
N.B. Dolinskaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Progressive Method ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Protection Structures

Abstract. The shores of seas, lakes, bays and reservoirs under the action of wind waves, drifting level ice, rainwater, wind erosion and other factors are subject to intensive destruction. As a result of this, the areas of valuable agricultural land and other lands are reduced. The destruction of the coasts is accompanied by landslides, which reduce the area of settlements where residential buildings, urban buildings, industrial enterprises, park areas, roads and other communications are located. In such cases there is a need for the construction of special protection structures, which will protect coasts from destruction. There are two methods of coastal protection ‒ active and passive. Experience in coastal protection shows, that in many cases, these methods can be successful when applied jointly. The types of structures of shore protection structures are diverse. Therefore, the main task of designers is to choose the most optimal of them, taking into account the climatic, hydrological and engineering-geological conditions of the region construction. The aim of this work is to create a progressive method of construction of shore protection structures on shallow shores of the seas and in shallow reservoirs. This paper considers the existing and innovative designs of shore protection structures made of various materials, the conditions of their use and technical and economic characteristics are analyzed. Based on the analysis, a progressive method of construction of shore protection structures from gabions is proposed. The using of the proposed method for the construction of shore protection structures from a box type gabion will speed up the construction process of such structures, as well as reduce the volume of material at the base, which will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of construction. The mass of gabions in each project should be determined on the parameters of the waves of the design storm in accordance to the recommendations of standards.

LOW COST SHORE PROTECTION USED ON THE GREAT LAKES

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
E F. Brater
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Protective Devices ◽  
Protection Structures

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of three years of field observations on low cost beach protection structures in use on the Great Lakes. The structures were studied in regard to their effectiveness as beach building and protective devices and with respect to their durability in resisting ice and wave forces. The term "low cost" refers to structures which cost between $10 and $50 per foot of frontage at 1952 prices.

Abrasion of a series of tracer materials on a gravel beach, Slapton Sands, Devon, UK

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Latham ◽  
J. P. Hoad ◽  
M. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Protection Structures

AbstractWhile increased attention is being paid to the use of quarried rock in groynes, revetments and breakwaters, and to beach recharge, the large volumes of materials and the associated environmental costs of obtaining these resources has begun to focus minds. Interest in the possible future use of a wider range of material sizes and qualities for beach recharge and in the use of smaller armour block sizes which move during profile adjustment has been growing. Deployment of these dynamic materials for coastal protection structures has focussed research on the long-term performance of these materials and the implications for design life. This reflects a growing concern about the more intelligent use of finite material resources.The vast range in intrinsic resistance of different rock types to laboratory mill abrasion is well reported and these results, when presented as the QMW mill abrasion resistance index, can give relative lifetimes of differing shingle types. However, field studies and/or degradation models of the type discussed in this paper are needed to convert these relative laboratory lifetimes to prototype environmental lifetimes in years so that they are appropriate for predicting the long-term changes in beach material volumes.The author's 1991 rock degradation model, which gives an absolute prediction of weight loss rates, was proposed for armourstone placed within structures designed for static stability. It encorporates the mill abrasion test result for the rock type in question. However, it also attempts to embrace dynamically stable rock protection structures from gravel beaches up to berm breakwaters, depending on the mobility parameter. Before this laboratory and field study, no prototype data was available to check its applicability to gravel-sized material.This paper presents the field results for pebbles consisting of three rock types. Their rates of weight loss with respect to interactions with indigenous beach materials in both laboratory and field trials are given. Whereas weight losses from flint or gneiss pebbles in a field experiment will be negligible, their long-term losses may be predicted from experiments and observations on beaches such as Slapton Sands, where pebbles of rapidly abrading rock types have been measured.

Deformations Of Fastenings Of Slopes Of Retaining Structures At Technological Purpose Reservoirs

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-72
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Retaining Structures ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Slabs ◽  
Equilibrium Profile ◽  
Protection Structures

The article presents the data of field, laboratory and theoretical studies, which made it possible to determine that processing, abrasion destruction of natural shores and loose upstream slopes of dams and enclosing structures, takes place on technological water bodies of Belarus - regardless of their economic use - technical, drinking water supply, regulation of runoff, energy, land reclamation, etc. The period of development of the processing process and the formation of the equilibrium profile is divided into a number of time periods (stages). Three stages are distinguished for the conditions of water bodies in Belarus: initial, intense dynamics and attenuation (equilibrium). Based on the data of field surveys of shore protection structures, the current state of various types of fasteners is assessed with the identification of the causes of their destruction and the extent of deformations. It has been established that the most common shore and slope fastenings are fastenings in the form of reinforced concrete monolithic or prefabricated plates. It is determined that the most widespread are the deformations of the fastenings in the form of the disclosure of inter-tile construction, temperature and settlement joints. As a result of opening the joints of the plates, the destruction and washing out of the sand and gravel bed, the formation of hollows and niches in the body of the slope with its subsequent processing, deformation and destruction of the fastening take place. It should be noted that the destruction of the fastening also occurs in stages, and the stages of the destruction of the fastening coincide with the staging of the processing of loose ground slopes. Based on the data of full-scale and experimental laboratory studies, scientifically substantiated criteria for assessing the stability of soil slopes and slopes with fastening by reinforced concrete slabs are proposed, which can be used to predict the state of designed and operated shore protection structures and fastening slopes. An enlarged methodology has been developed for assessing the risks abrasion of coasts and slopes of retaining structures based on the proposed territorial coefficient of abrasion risk, a mathematical factor model of risk based on the fault tree, and also an experimental electronic map of the risks of abrasion for the conditions of water bodies in the Minsk region of Belarus are developed.

scholarly journals Slope Protection Structures at Water Reservoirs in Belarus and Causes of their Deformations

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-488
Author(s):  
V. E. Levkevich
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Retaining Structures ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Bank Stabilization ◽  
Opening Width ◽  
Protection Structures

Assessment of the current state in respect of various bank stabilization with identification of causes of their destruction and deformation scale has been carried out on the basis of the survey pertaining to coastal protection structures in more than 100 reservoirs of the country. The paper presents results of field observations on bank slope protection structures which are used at water reservoirs in Belarus. It has been established that the most common protection of banks and slopes is strengthening in the form of reinforced concrete monolithic or prefabricated slabs. It has been determined that deformations of slope protection are represented by opening of tile-to-tile construction, temperature and settlement joints (it has been recorded opening width of 0.35 m) which develop under a complex impact of wind waves, fluctuations in levels and other factors. Subsequently deformations of exposed joints lead to destruction of the protection. Value of slope deformations reaches in some cases rather significant extent: linear processing (destruction) of slopes – up to 24.20 m; volume of erosion – up to 4.25 m3/m running. Physical modeling of slope deformations carried out at a hydro-technical laboratory of the Belarusian National Technical University while using models of ground retaining structures protected by reinforced concrete strengthening with various opening width of joints has allowed to determine dynamics and scope of slope deformations due to the influence of wave and level regimes having various parameters. Data of on-site investigations on protection have made it possible to assess the state of slope paving for various operational periods of retaining structures. The paper presents reasons and factors that affect the protection stability. The results of on-site and laboratory investigations on protection stability have permitted to determine that the following reasons influence on the development of deformations: presence of objective inaccuracies and assumptions in the accepted calculated design schemes and dependencies for determination of protection parameters; lack of completeness in registration of conditions for wave formation and level regime of reservoirs; initial data and survey materials do not always provide true information about ground conditions for construction of bank protection facility; technological deviations while constructing structures and their protection. It has been ascertained that one of the characteristics determining a dynamic stability of banks and slopes in structures under conditions of the reservoirs in Belarus along with the above reasons is a composition of the eroded soil characterized, in particular, by a inhomogeneity coefficient of loose soil. A self-pavement effect identified during the study of protection stability and formed during destruction of a bank composed of loose soils with increased heterogeneity has made it possible to propose a method for protecting slopes and banks. On-site investigations and laboratory experiments have permitted to obtain empirical relationships for calculation of dynamic equilibrium profile with self-pavement of two types. The paper provides a calculation for combined slope protection consisting of rockfill and synthetic filter materials of increased strength.

scholarly journals Electro-Quasistatic Animal Body Communication for Untethered Rodent Biopotential Recording

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreeya Sriram ◽  
Shitij Avlani ◽  
Matthew P. Ward ◽  
Shreyas Sen
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Communication Modalities ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biopotential Recording

AbstractContinuous multi-channel monitoring of biopotential signals is vital in understanding the body as a whole, facilitating accurate models and predictions in neural research. The current state of the art in wireless technologies for untethered biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. In this work, we introduce Animal Body Communication (ABC), which utilizes the concept of using the body as a medium into the domain of untethered animal biopotential recording. This work, for the first time, develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. Using this theoretical model, a sub-inch$$^3$$ 3 [1″ × 1″ × 0.4″], custom-designed sensor node is built using off the shelf components which is capable of sensing and transmitting biopotential signals, through the body of the rat at significantly lower powers compared to traditional wireless transmissions. In-vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation $$>99\%$$ > 99 % when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50$$\times$$ × reduction in power consumption.

scholarly journals Morphodynamic Evolution of a Nourished Beach with Artificial Sandbars: Field Observations and Numerical Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Cuiping Kuang ◽  
Xuejian Han ◽  
Jiabo Zhang ◽  
Qingping Zou ◽  
Boling Dong
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Tidal Current ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Beach Nourishment ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
One Year

Beach nourishment, a common practice to replenish an eroded beach face with filling sand, has become increasingly popular as an environmentally friendly soft engineering measure to tackle coastal erosion. In this study, three 200 m long offshore submerged sandbars were placed about 200 m from the shore in August 2017 for both coastal protection and beach nourishment at Shanhai Pass, Bohai Sea, northeastern China. A series of 21 beach profiles were collected from August 2017 to July 2018 to monitor the morphological changes of the nourished beach. Field observations of wave and tide levels were conducted for one year and tidal current for 25 h, respectively. To investigate the spatial-temporal responses of hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphology to the presence of three artificial submerged sandbars, a two-dimensional depth-averaged (2DH) multi-fraction sediment transport and morphological model were coupled with wave and current model and implemented over a spatially varying nested grid. The model results compare well with the field observations of hydrodynamics and morphological changes. The tidal range was around 1.0 m and the waves predominately came from the south-south-east (SSE) direction in the study area. The observed and predicted beach profiles indicate that the sandbars moved onshore and the morphology experienced drastic changes immediately after the introduction of sandbars and reached an equilibrium state in about one year. The morphological change was mainly driven by waves. Under the influences of the prevailing waves and the longshore drift toward the northeast, the coastline on the leeside of the sandbars advanced seaward by 35 m maximally while the rest adjacent coastline retreated severely by 44 m maximally within August 2017–July 2018. The model results demonstrate that the three sandbars have little effect on the tidal current but attenuate the incoming wave significantly. As a result, the medium-coarse sand of sandbars is transported onshore and the background silt is mainly transported offshore and partly in the longshore direction toward the northeast. The 2- and 5-year model simulation results further indicate that shoreline salient may form behind the sandbars and protrude offshore enough to reach the sandbars, similar to the tombolo behind the breakwater.

scholarly journals Resilience from coastal protection

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2053) ◽  
pp. 20140383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Coastal Community ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Key Aspects

Coastal areas are important residential, commercial and industrial areas; but coastal hazards can pose significant threats to these areas. Shoreline/coastal protection elements, both built structures such as breakwaters, seawalls and revetments, as well as natural features such as beaches, reefs and wetlands, are regular features of a coastal community and are important for community safety and development. These protection structures provide a range of resilience to coastal communities. During and after disasters, they help to minimize damages and support recovery; during non-disaster times, the values from shoreline elements shift from the narrow focus on protection. Most coastal communities have limited land and resources and few can dedicate scarce resources solely for protection. Values from shore protection can and should expand to include environmental, economic and social/cultural values. This paper discusses the key aspects of shoreline protection that influence effective community resilience and protection from disasters. This paper also presents ways that the economic, environmental and social/cultural values of shore protection can be evaluated and quantified. It presents the Coastal Community Hazard Protection Resilience (CCHPR) Index for evaluating the resilience capacity to coastal communities from various protection schemes and demonstrates the use of this Index for an urban beach in San Francisco, CA, USA.

Development of Gesture-based Commands for Natural User Interfaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1466-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon K. T. Bailey ◽  
Daphne E. Whitmer ◽  
Bradford L. Schroeder ◽  
Valerie K. Sims
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
The Body ◽  
Input Device ◽  
Natural Interfaces ◽  
User Input ◽  
Natural User Interfaces ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
Extra Step ◽  
Study Participants

Human-computer interfaces are changing to meet the evolving needs of users and overcome limitations of previous generations of computer systems. The current state of computers consists largely of graphical user interfaces (GUI) that incorporate windows, icons, menus, and pointers (WIMPs) as visual representations of computer interactions controlled via user input on a mouse and keyboard. Although this model of interface has dominated human-computer interaction for decades, WIMPs require an extra step between the user’s intent and the computer action, imposing both limitations on the interaction and introducing cognitive demands (van Dam, 1997). Alternatively, natural user interfaces (NUI) employ input methods such as speech, touch, and gesture commands. With NUIs, users can interact directly with the computer without using an intermediary device (e.g., mouse, keyboard). Using the body as an input device may be more “natural” because it allows the user to apply existing knowledge of how to interact with the world (Roupé, Bosch-Sijtsema, & Johansson, 2014). To utilize the potential of natural interfaces, research must first determine what interactions can be considered natural. For the purpose of this paper, we focus on the naturalness of gesture-based interfaces. The purpose of this study was to determine how people perform natural gesture-based computer actions. To answer this question, we first narrowed down potential gestures that would be considered natural for an action. In a previous study, participants ( n=17) were asked how they would gesture to interact with a computer to complete a series of actions. After narrowing down the potential natural gestures by calculating the most frequently performed gestures for each action, we asked participants ( n=188) to rate the naturalness of the gestures in the current study. Participants each watched 26 videos of gestures (3-5 seconds each) and were asked how natural or arbitrary they interpreted each gesture for the series of computer commands (e.g., move object left, shrink object, select object, etc.). The gestures in these videos included the 17 gestures that were most often performed in the previous study in which participants were asked what gesture they would naturally use to complete the computer actions. Nine gestures were also included that were created arbitrarily to act as a comparison to the natural gestures. By analyzing the ratings on a continuum from “Completely Arbitrary” to “Completely Natural,” we found that the natural gestures people produced in the first study were also interpreted as the intended action by this separate sample of participants. All the gestures that were rated as either “Mostly Natural” or “Completely Natural” by participants corresponded to how the object manipulation would be performed physically. For example, the gesture video that depicts a fist closing was rated as “natural” by participants for the action of “selecting an object.” All of the gestures that were created arbitrarily were interpreted as “arbitrary” when they did not correspond to the physical action. Determining how people naturally gesture computer commands and how people interpret those gestures is useful because it can inform the development of NUIs and contributes to the literature on what makes gestures seem “natural.”

Wave Breaking Dissipation in a Young Wind Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schwendeman ◽  
Jim Thomson ◽  
Johannes R. Gemmrich
Keyword(s):  
Wind Waves ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Turbulent Energy ◽  
Strength Parameter ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Sonar System ◽  
Wind Sea ◽  
Equilibrium Range

Abstract Coupled in situ and remote sensing measurements of young, strongly forced wind waves are applied to assess the role of breaking in an evolving wave field. In situ measurements of turbulent energy dissipation from wave-following Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT) drifters and a tethered acoustic Doppler sonar system are consistent with wave evolution and wind input (as estimated using the radiative transfer equation). The Phillips breaking crest distribution Λ(c) is calculated using stabilized shipboard video recordings and the Fourier-based method of Thomson and Jessup, with minor modifications. The resulting Λ(c) are unimodal distributions centered around half of the phase speed of the dominant waves, consistent with several recent studies. Breaking rates from Λ(c) increase with slope, similar to in situ dissipation. However, comparison of the breaking rate estimates from the shipboard video recordings with the SWIFT video recordings show that the breaking rate is likely underestimated in the shipboard video when wave conditions are calmer and breaking crests are small. The breaking strength parameter b is calculated by comparison of the fifth moment of Λ(c) with the measured dissipation rates. Neglecting recordings with inconsistent breaking rates, the resulting b data do not display any clear trends and are in the range of other reported values. The Λ(c) distributions are compared with the Phillips equilibrium range prediction and previous laboratory and field studies, leading to the identification of several inconsistencies.

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