scholarly journals Gut Microbiota in NSAID Enteropathy: New Insights From Inside

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglu Wang ◽  
Qiang Tang ◽  
Huiqin Hou ◽  
Wanru Zhang ◽  
Mengfan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Double Balloon Enteroscopy ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Chronic Medication ◽  
Nsaid Enteropathy

As a class of the commonly used drugs in clinical practice, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause a series of adverse events including gastrointestinal injuries. Besides upper gastrointestinal injuries, NSAID enteropathy also attracts attention with the introduction of capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy. However, the pathogenesis of NSAID enteropathy remains to be entirely clarified. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies presents that gut microbiota is a critical factor in NSAID enteropathy progress. We have reviewed the recent data about the interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and NSAID enteropathy. The chronic medication of NSAIDs could change the composition of the intestinal bacteria and aggravate bile acids cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, NSAIDs impair the intestinal barrier by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and destroying mitochondria. Subsequently, intestinal bacteria translocate into the mucosa, and then lipopolysaccharide released from gut microbiota combines to Toll-like receptor 4 and induce excessive production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Intestinal injuries present in the condition of intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress. In this paper, we also have reviewed the possible strategies of regulating gut microbiota for the management of NSAID enteropathy, including antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, mucosal protective agents, and fecal microbiota transplant, and we emphasized the adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors on NSAID enteropathy. Therefore, this review will provide new insights into a better understanding of gut microbiota in NSAID enteropathy.

scholarly journals Insights into the Impact of Microbiota in the Treatment of NAFLD/NASH and Its Potential as a Biomarker for Prognosis and Diagnosis

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Patricio Solis-Urra ◽  
Jerónimo Aragón-Vela ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Jorge Olivares-Arancibia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Impact

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver illness associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 diabetes mellitus. A more severe type of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is considered an ongoing global health threat and dramatically increases the risks of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several reports have demonstrated that liver steatosis is associated with the elevation of certain clinical and biochemical markers but with low predictive potential. In addition, current imaging methods are inaccurate and inadequate for quantification of liver steatosis and do not distinguish clearly between the microvesicular and the macrovesicular types. On the other hand, an unhealthy status usually presents an altered gut microbiota, associated with the loss of its functions. Indeed, NAFLD pathophysiology has been linked to lower microbial diversity and a weakened intestinal barrier, exposing the host to bacterial components and stimulating pathways of immune defense and inflammation via toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, this activation of inflammation in hepatocytes induces progression from simple steatosis to NASH. In the present review, we aim to: (a) summarize studies on both human and animals addressed to determine the impact of alterations in gut microbiota in NASH; (b) evaluate the potential role of such alterations as biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of this disorder; and (c) discuss the involvement of microbiota in the current treatment for NAFLD/NASH (i.e., bariatric surgery, physical exercise and lifestyle, diet, probiotics and prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation).

The Role of The Gut Microbiome in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Amy Gallop ◽  
James Weagley ◽  
Saif-ur-Rahman Paracha ◽  
George Grossberg
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Cord Blood Transplant

The gut microbiota is known to play a role in various disease states through inflammatory, immune and endocrinologic response. Parkinson’s Disease is of particular interest as gastrointestinal involvement is one of the earlier features seen in this disease. This paper examines the relationship between gut microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease, which has a growing body of literature. Inflammation caused by gut dysbiosis is thought to increase a-synuclein aggregation and worsen motor and neurologic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. We discuss potential treatment and supplementation to modify the microbiota. Some of these treatments require further research before recommendations can be made, such as cord blood transplant, antibiotic use, immunomodulation and fecal microbiota transplant. Other interventions, such as increasing dietary fiber, polyphenol and fermented food intake, can be made with few risks and may have some benefit for symptom relief and speed of disease progression.

scholarly journals Depletion of acetate-producing bacteria from the gut microbiota facilitates cognitive impairment through the gut-brain neural mechanism in diabetic mice

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zheng ◽  
Pengtao Xu ◽  
Qiaoying Jiang ◽  
Qingqing Xu ◽  
Yafei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Modification of the gut microbiota has been reported to reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). We hypothesized that the gut microbiota shifts might also have an effect on cognitive functions in T1D. Herein we used a non-absorbable antibiotic vancomycin to modify the gut microbiota in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D mice and studied the impact of microbial changes on cognitive performances in T1D mice and its potential gut-brain neural mechanism. Results We found that vancomycin exposure disrupted the gut microbiome, altered host metabolic phenotypes, and facilitated cognitive impairment in T1D mice. Long-term acetate deficiency due to depletion of acetate-producing bacteria resulted in the reduction of synaptophysin (SYP) in the hippocampus as well as learning and memory impairments. Exogenous acetate supplement or fecal microbiota transplant recovered hippocampal SYP level in vancomycin-treated T1D mice, and this effect was attenuated by vagal inhibition or vagotomy. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the protective role of microbiota metabolite acetate in cognitive functions and suggest long-term acetate deficiency as a risk factor of cognitive decline.

Desmethylbellidifolin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis: Impact on Intestinal Barrier, Intestinal Inflammation and Gut Microbiota

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Wu ◽  
Yuzheng Wu ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
Mengyang Liu ◽  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Dextran Sulfate Sodium ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Biological Drugs

AbstractUlcerative colitis has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly disturbing the colon and rectum. Clinically, the aminosalicylates, steroids, immunosuppressants, and biological drugs are generally used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis at different stages of disease progression. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs does not satisfy the patients due to the frequent drug resistance. Herein, we reported the anti-ulcerative colitis activity of desmethylbellidifolin, a xanthone isolated from Gentianella acuta, in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water to induce acute colitis. Desmethylbellidifolin or balsalazide sodium was orally administrated once a day. Biological samples were collected for immunohistological analysis, intestinal barrier function evaluation, cytokine measurement, and gut microbiota analysis. The results revealed that desmethylbellidifolin alleviated colon shortening and body weight loss in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice. The disease activity index was also lowered by desmethylbellidifolin after 9 days of treatment. Furthermore, desmethylbellidifolin remarkably ameliorated colonic inflammation through suppressing the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The intestinal epithelial barrier was strengthened by desmethylbellidifolin through increasing levels of occludin, ZO-1, and claudins. In addition, desmethylbellidifolin modulated the gut dysbiosis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. These findings suggested that desmethylbellidifolin effectively improved experimental ulcerative colitis, at least partly, through maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, and modulating dysregulated gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus reuteri Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2298
Author(s):  
Gang Wang ◽  
Shuo Huang ◽  
Shuang Cai ◽  
Haitao Yu ◽  
Yuming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Dextran Sulfate Sodium ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Ht 29

Lactobacillus reuteri, a commensal intestinal bacteria, has various health benefits including the regulation of immunity and intestinal microbiota. We examined whether L. reuteri I5007 could protect mice against colitis in ameliorating inflammation, modulating microbiota, and metabolic composition. In vitro, HT-29 cells were cultured with L. reuteri I5007 or lipopolysaccharide treatment under three different conditions, i.e., pre-, co- (simultaneous), and posttreatment. Pretreatment with L. reuteri I5007 effectively relieves inflammation in HT-29 cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide. In vivo, mice were given L. reuteri I5007 by gavage throughout the study, starting one week prior to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment for one week followed by two days without DSS. L. reuteri I5007 improved DSS-induced colitis, which was confirmed by reduced weight loss, colon length shortening, and histopathological damage, restored the mucus layer, as well as reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences and metabolome demonstrates that L. reuteri I5007 significantly alters colonic microbiota and metabolic structural and functional composition. Overall, the results demonstrate that L. reuteri I5007 pretreatment could effectively alleviate intestinal inflammation by regulating immune responses and altering the composition of gut microbiota structure and function, as well as improving metabolic disorders in mice with colitis.

scholarly journals Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai Formula Improves Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Junfeng Lu ◽  
Jingwei Zhou ◽  
Weiwei Sun ◽  
Yang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Obesity and related metabolic disorders are associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, disrupted intestinal barrier and chronic inflammation. Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai formula (SYFSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula composed of Astragali Radix, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rheum Officinale Baill, and four other herbs. In this study, we identified that SYFSF treatment prevented weight gain, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. SYFSF also substantially improved gut barrier function, reduced metabolic endotoxemia, as well as systemic inflammation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes obtained from fecal samples demonstrated that SYFSF attenuated HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, seen an decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios. Microbial richness and diversity were also higher in the SYFSF-treated HFD group. Furthermore, similar therapeutic effects and changes in gut microbiota profile caused by SYFSF could be replicated by fecal microbiota transfer (FMT). Taken together, our study highlights the efficacy of SYFSF in preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders. Its therapeutic effect is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota, as a prebiotic.

scholarly journals The Intestinal Fate of Citrus Flavanones and Their Effects on Gastrointestinal Health

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yala Stevens ◽  
Evelien Van Rymenant ◽  
Charlotte Grootaert ◽  
John Van Camp ◽  
Sam Possemiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Citrus flavanones, with hesperidin and naringin as the most abundant representatives, have various beneficial effects, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Evidence also indicates that they may impact the intestinal microbiome and are metabolized by the microbiota as well, thereby affecting their bioavailability. In this review, we provide an overview on the current evidence on the intestinal fate of hesperidin and naringin, their interaction with the gut microbiota, and their effects on intestinal barrier function and intestinal inflammation. These topics will be discussed as they may contribute to gastrointestinal health in various diseases. Evidence shows that hesperidin and naringin are metabolized by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the (proximal) colon, resulting in the formation of their aglycones hesperetin and naringenin and various smaller phenolics. Studies have also shown that citrus flavanones and their metabolites are able to influence the microbiota composition and activity and exert beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and gastrointestinal inflammation. Although the exact underlying mechanisms of action are not completely clear and more research in human subjects is needed, evidence so far suggests that citrus flavanones as well as their metabolites have the potential to contribute to improved gastrointestinal function and health.

scholarly journals Nuciferine modulates the gut microbiota and prevents obesity in high-fat diet-fed rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1959-1975
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Weifan Yao ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Shiyun Qian ◽  
Binbin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

AbstractGut microbiota dysbiosis has a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including obesity. Nuciferine (NUC) is a main bioactive component in the lotus leaf that has been used as food in China since ancient times. Here, we examined whether the anti-obesity effects of NUC are related to modulations in the gut microbiota. Using an obese rat model fed a HFD for 8 weeks, we show that NUC supplementation of HFD rats prevents weight gain, reduces fat accumulation, and ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota suggested that NUC changed the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota in HFD-fed rats. In particular, NUC decreased the ratio of the phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, the relative abundance of the LPS-producing genus Desulfovibrio and bacteria involved in lipid metabolism, whereas it increased the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria in HFD-fed rats. Predicted functional analysis of microbial communities showed that NUC modified genes involved in LPS biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. In addition, serum metabolomics analysis revealed that NUC effectively improved HFD-induced disorders of endogenous metabolism, especially lipid metabolism. Notably, NUC promoted SCFA production and enhanced intestinal integrity, leading to lower blood endotoxemia to reduce inflammation in HFD-fed rats. Together, the anti-obesity effects of NUC may be related to modulations in the composition and potential function of gut microbiota, improvement in intestinal barrier integrity and prevention of chronic low-grade inflammation. This research may provide support for the application of NUC in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

scholarly journals Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Controls Murine Chronic Intestinal Inflammation by Modulating Immune Cell Functions and Gut Microbiota Composition

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Burrello ◽  
Maria Rita Giuffrè ◽  
Angeli Dominique Macandog ◽  
Angelica Diaz-Basabe ◽  
Fulvia Milena Cribiù ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Different gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), have been linked to alterations of the gut microbiota composition, namely dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is considered an encouraging therapeutic approach for ulcerative colitis patients, mostly as a consequence of normobiosis restoration. We recently showed that therapeutic effects of FMT during acute experimental colitis are linked to functional modulation of the mucosal immune system and of the gut microbiota composition. Here we analysed the effects of therapeutic FMT administration during chronic experimental colitis, a condition more similar to that of IBD patients, on immune-mediated mucosal inflammatory pathways. Mucus and feces from normobiotic donors were orally administered to mice with established chronic Dextran Sodium Sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis. Immunophenotypes and functions of infiltrating colonic immune cells were evaluated by cytofluorimetric analysis. Compositional differences in the intestinal microbiome were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Therapeutic FMT in mice undergoing chronic intestinal inflammation was capable to decrease colonic inflammation by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, antimicrobial peptides, and mucins. Innate and adaptive mucosal immune cells manifested a reduced pro-inflammatory profile in FMT-treated mice. Finally, restoration of a normobiotic core ecology contributed to the resolution of inflammation. Thus, FMT is capable of controlling chronic intestinal experimental colitis by inducing a concerted activation of anti-inflammatory immune pathways, mechanistically supporting the positive results of FMT treatment reported in ulcerative colitis patients.

scholarly journals Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction Accelerates Intestinal Mucosal Healing Through Modulation of Dysregulated Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier and Immune Responses in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongmei Sun ◽  
Junxiang Li ◽  
Wenting Wang ◽  
Yuyue Liu ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Healing ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cells ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a group of multifactorial and inflammatory infirmities, is closely associated with dysregulation of gut microbiota and host metabolome, but effective treatments are currently limited. Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction (QCWZD) is an effective and classical traditional herbal prescription for the treatment of IBD and has been proved to attenuate intestinal inflammation in a model of acute colitis. However, the role of QCWZD in recovery phase of colitis is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that mice treated with QCWZD showed a faster recovery from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced epithelial injury, accompanied by reduced mucosal inflammation and attenuated intestinal dysbiosis using bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing compared to those receiving sterile water. The protective effects of QCWZD are gut microbiota dependent, as demonstrated by fecal microbiome transplantation and antibiotics treatment. Gut microbes transferred from QCWZD-treated mice displayed a similar role in mucosal protection and epithelial regeneration as QCWZD on colitis in mice, and depletion of the gut microbiota through antibiotics treatments diminished the beneficial effects of QCWZD on colitis mice. Moreover, metabolomic analysis revealed metabolic profiles alternations in response to the gut microbiota reprogrammed by QCWZD intervention, especially enhanced tryptophan metabolism, which may further accelerate intestinal stem cells-mediated epithelial regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signals. Collectively, our results suggested that orally administrated QCWZD accelerates intestinal mucosal healing through the modulation of dysregulated gut microbiota and metabolism, thus regulating intestinal stem cells-mediated epithelial proliferation, and hold promise for novel microbial-based therapies in the treatment of IBD.

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