scholarly journals Active Smoking Induces Aberrations in Digestive Tract Microbiota of Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Pei Ye ◽  
Li Fang ◽  
Sheng Ge ◽  
Fan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Smoking ◽  
Functional Prediction ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Smoking Group ◽  
Functional Profiles ◽  
Microbiota Structure

Cigarette smoking could have certain effects on gut microbiota. Some pioneering studies have investigated effects of active smoking on the microbiome in local segments of the digestive tract, while active smoking-induced microbiome alterations in the whole digestive tract have not been fully investigated. Here, we developed a rat model of active smoking and characterized the effects of active smoking on the microbiota within multiple regions along the digestive tract. Blood glucose and some metabolic factors levels, the microbial diversity and composition, relative abundances of taxa, bacterial network correlations and predictive functional profiles were compared between the control group and active smoking group. We found that active smoking induced hyperglycemia and significant reductions in serum insulin and leptin levels. Active smoking induced region-specific shifts in microbiota structure, composition, network correlation and metabolism function along the digestive tract. Our results demonstrated that active smoking resulted in a reduced abundance of some potentially beneficial genera (i.e. Clostridium, Turicibacter) and increased abundance of potentially harmful genera (i.e. Desulfovibrio, Bilophila). Functional prediction suggested that amino acid, lipid, propanoate metabolism function could be impaired and antioxidant activity may be triggered. Active smoking may be an overlooked risk to health through its potential effects on the digestive tract microbiota, which is involved in the cause and severity of an array of chronic diseases.

Active Smoking Induces Aberrations in Digestive Tract Microbiota and Hyperglycemia in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Pei Ye ◽  
Li Fang ◽  
Sheng Ge ◽  
Fan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Active Smoking

Abnormal expression of uncoupling protein-2 correlates with CYP11A1 expression in polycystic ovary syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Liu ◽  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Ling-Yun He ◽  
Wu-Jian Huang ◽  
Xiao-Yu He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Protein Levels

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may result from hypersensitivity to insulin, which is negatively regulated by uncoupling protein (UCP)-2. Because cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) is closely linked to PCOS, the expression of UCP-2 and CYP11A1 in ovarian tissues from PCOS patients was examined in the present study. Twelve PCOS patients with hyperandrogenaemia who underwent laparoscopic ovarian wedge resection and 12 age-matched control patients who underwent contralateral ovarian biopsy were enrolled in the study. UCP-2 expression in early stage (primordial, primary and secondary) and late stage (sinus and mature) follicles was examined using immunohistochemistry, whereas UCP-2 and CYP11A1 mRNA and protein levels in ovarian tissue were determined using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. UCP-2 expression increased significantly with follicular development in both control and PCOS tissue, with expression in early stage follicles from PCOS patients significantly greater than that in controls. In addition, both UCP-2 and CYP11A1mRNA and protein levels, mean fasting blood glucose concentrations and fasting serum insulin levels were significantly higher in PCOS patients compared with the control group. Finally, a significant correlation between UCP-2 and CYP11A1 expression was found in PCOS but not control patients. In conclusion, in PCOS patients, there was a correlation between UCP-2 and CYP11A1 expression, which was significantly higher than in the control group. These changes in UCP-2 and CYP11A1 expression may mediate follicle development in PCOS.

microRNA-4458 Regulates Insulin Resistance in Hepatic Cells by Targeting the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1812-1817
Author(s):  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
Wenjuan Zhu ◽  
Zheng Mao ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Xiaoqin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Hepg2 Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hepatic Cells

Background: The objective of the research was to investigate the roles of miR-4458 in the regulation of insulin resistance in hepatic cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The blood samples were collected from the T2D patients and the health controls, and the liver tissues were collected from the DM and control rats. The relationship between IGF1R and miR-4458 was predicted by TargetScan and verified by the dual luciferase reporter gene system. qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of miR-4458, IGF1R, G6Pase and PEPCK. The protein expression of IGF1R, p-AKT and AKT were measured by Western blot analysis. The rat insulin ELISA Kit and glucose Uptake Colorimteric Assay Kit were used to determine the level of serum insulin and the glucose uptake. Results: miR-4458 was high expressed in T2D patients. We predicted and verified that IGF1R was a direct target of miR-4458, and the mRNA expression of IGF1R was reduced in type 2 diabetes patients. We established the diabetes model (DM) and IR HepG2 cell model, and found that the blood glucose and serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in the DM group. miR-4458 expression was up-regulated, while the expression of IGF1R and p-AKT, and p-AKT/AKT ratio were reduced in the DM group and IR HepG2 cell model. miR-4458 inhibitor and IGF1R-siRNA significantly decreased the expression of miR-4458 and IGF1R respectively. In comparison with IR+inhibitor control group, miR-4458 inhibitor increased 2-DG6P content, IGF1R expression, p-AKT expression and p-AKT/AKT ratio, reduced the expression of G6Pase and PEPCK, and all the effects were reversed by down-regulating IGF1R. Conclusion: miR-4458 regulated the insulin resistance in hepatic cells by regulating the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT signal pathway, which will be a potential target for the treatment of diabetes.

Serum Vitamin D Binding Protein Level Associated with Metabolic Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Kuliczkowska-Plaksej ◽  
Renato Pasquali ◽  
Andrzej Milewicz ◽  
Felicja Lwow ◽  
Diana Jedrzejuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin D Binding Protein ◽  
Ovary Syndrome

AbstractThe objective of the study was to measure the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) and assess their relationships with cardiovascular risk factors in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A group of 267 women, aged 20–35 years (24.7 ± 4.9): 167 with PCOS and 100 healthy women were divided according to body mass index. Biochemical and hormonal parameters were measured. Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D were calculated using the mathematical equations. The percentage of body fat and visceral fat deposit were assessed by DXA. In the normal weight control group total, free, bioavailable 25(OH)D (p<0.001 for all) were significantly higher than in its overweight/obese counterpart, while VDBP levels were comparable. In PCOS women total 25(OH)D (p<0.001), and VDBP (p –0.006) were lower in the overweight/obese subgroups than in the normal weight ones. In both groups serum VDBP levels correlated negatively with serum insulin and positively with sex hormone binding globulin. In PCOS group, in contrast to control group, VDPB was negatively correlated with abdominal fat deposit, BMI, fasting glucose and positively with HDL. Despite lower total 25(OH)D in obese PCOS women, all women with PCOS (lean and obese) had comparable free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, which might be a result of concomitantly lowered serum VDBP levels in obese PCOS women. VDBP might play important role in the regulation of availability of active fractions of 25(OH)D in PCOS women. VDBP seems to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as BMI, waist circumference, visceral fat, and fasting serum insulin in women with PCOS.

scholarly journals 362 Effect of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate adsorbent on the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and digestive tract morphology of chicks challenged with T-2 toxin

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 129-130
Author(s):  
Kun-Tan Wu ◽  
Lv-hui Sun ◽  
Jin-Tao Wei ◽  
Ni-Ya Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Calcium Aluminosilicate ◽  
Nutrients Digestibility

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent ability to reduce the toxicity of T-2 toxin in broilers. 96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups with 4 replicates of 6 birds each. The four groups 1–4 were received the basal diet (BD), BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin, BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin with 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, BD plus 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, respectively, for 2 weeks. The growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and digestive tract histopathology were analyzed. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin decreased (P &lt; 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion by 11.4–31.8% during d 1–7, d 8–14 and d 1–14. Dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin also decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the apparent metabolic rate of crude protein, calcium, and total phosphorus by 14.9–16.1% during d 8–14. These alterations induced by T-2 toxin were mitigated or prevented (P &lt; 0.05) by the supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent. Meanwhile, dietary modified HSCAS adsorbent supplementation also prevented (P &lt; 0.05) T-2 toxin-induced morphological changes and damage, such as severe degeneration and desquamation of the villous epithelial cells, congestion in intestinal lamina propria, and edema and thicken in the serosa with infiltration of numerous lymphoid cells, in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of broilers. Notably, dietary supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent alone did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) any of those parameters. In conclusion, these findings indicate this novel HSCAS could be used as a promising adsorbent for protecting against T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in chicks (This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, Projects 2018YFD0500601 and 2016YFD0501207).

scholarly journals Endothelial dysfunction precedes hypertension in diet-induced insulin resistance

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. R788-R792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad V. G. Katakam ◽  
Michael R. Ujhelyi ◽  
Margarethe E. Hoenig ◽  
Allison Winecoff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Glucose Levels

The insulin-resistant (IR) syndrome may be an impetus for the development of hypertension (HTN). Unfortunately, the mechanism by which this could occur is unclear. Our laboratory and others have described impaired endothelium-mediated relaxation in IR, mildly hypertensive rats. The purpose of the current study is to determine if HTN is most likely a cause or result of impaired endothelial function. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive a fructose-rich diet for 3, 7, 10, 14, 18, or 28 days or were placed in a control group. The control group received rat chow. After diet treatment, animals were instrumented with arterial cannulas, and while awake and unrestrained, their blood pressure (BP) was measured. Subsequently, endothelium-mediated relaxation to acetylcholine was determined (in vitro) by measuring intraluminal diameter of phenylephrine-preconstricted mesenteric arteries (∼250 μM). Serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in all groups receiving fructose feeding compared with control, whereas there were no differences in serum glucose levels between groups. Impairment of endothelium-mediated relaxation starts by day 14 [mean percent maximal relaxation (Emax): 69 ± 10% of baseline] and becomes significant by day 18 (Emax: 52 ± 11% of baseline; P < 0.01). However, the mean BP (mmHg) does not become significantly elevated until day 28 [BP: 132 ± 1 ( day 28) vs. 116 ± 3 (control); P < 0.05]. These findings demonstrate that both IR and endothelial dysfunction occur before HTN in this model and suggest that endothelial dysfunction may be a mechanism linking insulin resistance and essential HTN.

scholarly journals Nutritional role of amniotic fluid: clues from infants with congenital obstruction of the digestive tract

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. F199-F201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel J Hall ◽  
Melanie Drewett ◽  
David Burge
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
And Gender

AimsTo investigate the role played by amniotic fluid in late fetal nutrition by analysis of infants born with digestive tract atresia.MethodsBirth weight (BW), gestational age and gender of infants born with oesophageal (OA), duodenal (DA), jejunal (JA) and ileal atresia (IA) were recorded and BW Z-scores compared. Infants with incomplete obstruction (stenosis), chromosomal or syndromic conditions and multiple congenital malformations were excluded. Term infants admitted with suspected postnatal intestinal obstruction in whom no congenital malformation was found were used as a control group.ResultsA total of 584 infants were identified comprising 148 OA, 60 DA, 26 JA and 57 IA with 293 in the control group. Infants with OA and DA had statistically significantly lower BW Z-score than controls. However, BW Z-score for infants with more distal atresia (JA and IA) was similar to controls. When compared with infants with OA, BW Z-score for infants with more distal atresia was higher than that for OA. BW Z-score in infants with OA was significantly lower in those born at term compared with those born preterm (mean±SD −0.92±1.0 vs −0.48±0.87; p=0.01) with a significant negative correlation between BW Z-score and increasing gestational age (R2=0.12; p<0.0001). This effect of gestational age was not seen in other atresias.ConclusionThese observations support the concept that reduced enteral absorption of amniotic fluid due to high digestive tract obstruction in utero reduces fetal growth. The effect is greater when the obstruction is more proximal and with advancing gestation.

Catch-up Growth in Intrauterine Growth-restricted Piglets Associated with the Return of Pancreatic and Intestinal Functions via Porcine Glucagon-like peptide-2 Microspheres

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-ke Qi ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Wen-Jun Zhou ◽  
Bo Deng ◽  
Xiao-ming Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peptide Transporter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

Abstract Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal morphology and gastrointestinal function. As a gastrointestinal growth factor, the manner by which the porcine glucagon-like peptide-2 (pGLP-2) microsphere administration catches up with the growth of IUGR piglets was investigated. Methods Fourteen newborn IUGR piglets were assigned into the IUGR and pGLP-2 microsphere groups. The piglets in the pGLP-2 microsphere group were intraperitoneally administered with 100 mg of pGLP-2 microspheres on day 1 of birth. Results From days 15 to 26 of trial, the body weight of the IUGR piglets treated with pGLP-2 microspheres was significantly higher than that in the control group. Importantly, the weaning weight in the pGLP-2 group catches up with the body weight of normal birth weight piglets. IUGR piglets treated with pGLP-2 microspheres significantly showed increased pancreas weight, serum insulin content, and activities of digestive enzymes (lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase). Injection of pGLP-2 microspheres returned the intestinal absorptive capacity by significantly increasing the mRNA expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 in the jejunum, glucose transporter type 2 in the duodenum and jejunum, H + -coupled transporter, and peptide transporter 1 in the jejunum and ileum. It also returned the redox balance by increasing the catalase mRNA expression and decreasing the heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression. In addition, this improvement was associated with the significant increase in gut diameter, length, and weight induced by pGLP-2. Conclusions Injection of pGLP-2 microspheres was a suitable therapeutic strategy for compensatory growth in low birth weight IUGR piglet.

scholarly journals ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES SEEN IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

2019 ◽  
pp. 215-219
Author(s):  
SURANKITA SUKUL ◽  
JYOTIRMAYEE BAHINIPATI ◽  
ASHOK KUMAR DAS
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Objective: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of ovarian dysfunction in women in reproductive age group. It is now the leading cause of infertility among premenopausal women. PCOS women usually suffer from metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance (IR). Vitamin D has shown a significant role in glucose and insulin metabolism. Correlation studies have been done to examine the role of vitamin D in PCOS. However, still, Vitamin D status in PCOS remains varied. This study is an attempt to find out the association of Vitamin D with etiopathogenesis and metabolic risk factors seen in PCOS. Methods: Hundred subjects (50 PCOS and 50 age-matched normal control) were recruited for the study. Difference in biochemical parameters in PCOS women and normal group was measured, and association of Vitamin D with etiological and biochemical parameters in PCOS was seen. Results: There was a significant (p<0.001) increase in body mass index, serum insulin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein in PCOS. IR was observed in PCOS cases (homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function and IR = 6.40±1.96) compared to the control group (2.43±0.53). Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3 was significantly decreased in PCOS (9.04±2.60 ng/ml) compared to control group (20.06±3.28 ng/ml). Negative correlation of serum Vitamin D was found with FBS, serum insulin, IR, HI, and serum testosterone. Vitamin D with metabolic parameters also showed a statistically significant negative correlation. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may be a common comorbid manifestation of PCOS. Hence, Vitamin D supplementation may decrease the potential risk of morbidity and mortality associated with PCOS. However, further studies are needed which should include assessment of Vitamin D in women at various stages of PCOS to enhance the temporal order of Vitamin D deficiency in relation to PCOS.

91 Can propylene glycol modulate insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in superovulated dairy heifers?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
R. Dupras ◽  
L. Mills ◽  
G. Robert ◽  
C. Meunier ◽  
Y. Chorfi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Glycol Solution ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propylene glycol (PPG) on serum concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in superovulated dairy heifers. We hypothesised that administration of PPG would have a positive effect on superovulation results via increased insulin and IGF-1. A total of 20 clinically healthy Holstein heifers with an average age of 12 months were used for this experiment. Superovulation was performed using a standard protocol. Briefly, each heifer received 3mg of oestradiol-17β IM and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR) containing 1.9g of progesterone at random stages of the oestrous cycle (designated Day 0). From Day 4 to 8, heifers received a total of 200mg of NIH-follicle-stimulating hormone-P1 administered intramuscularly through 9 injections of decreasing doses (from 50 to 10mg) at 12-h intervals. On Day 7, heifers received 2 injections of 500µg of cloprostenol, a PGF2α analogue, at ~6-h intervals, after which intravaginal inserts were removed. Artificial insemination was performed on Day 10, 12h after treatment with 100µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone IM. Embryos were flushed from the uterus of donor heifers 6 days after AI. The method consisted of simultaneously using 1 catheter per uterine horn. Catheters were maintained in place to perform 2 flushes 1h apart. A total of 1L of flushing medium was used, 700 and 300mL for the first and the second flush, respectively. Embryos were assessed for viability immediately after collection using the IETS classification. Heifers were divided into 2 groups (PPG and control group). From Day 4 to 14 of the superovulation protocol, PPG group received a daily dose of 400mL of a 66.7% propylene glycol solution, whereas the control group received the same amount of water. Two months later, the same experiment was conducted by inverting the groups. At Day 4 and 14, four blood samples were collected to measure insulin and IGF-1 at 25-min intervals. The first sample (0) was taken before heifers received PPG or water. Insulin was analysed using an ELISA kit following manufacturer’s instructions, whereas IGF-1 was determined using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Embryo associated data were analysed using t-test. Both IGF-1 and insulin data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Treatment with PPG had no effect on the number of transferable embryos (8±5.1v. 7±5.5), degenerated embryos (0.5±0.8v. 1.5±2.4), or unfertilized oocytes (0.3±0.7v. 0.7±1.2) recovered. There was also no effect of PPG on IGF-1 serum concentrations at the beginning (Day 4) or the end (Day 14) of the treatment regimen. However, PPG treatment enhanced (P = 0.02) serum insulin concentrations 50min after administration on Day 4 (10.69 v. 6.88 pmol/L), as well as at 25 (19.58 v. 9.64 pmol/L) and 50min (16.67v. 8.21 pmol/L) on Day 14. It has been suggested that PPG metabolism may stimulate insulin and IGF-1 secretion, which can promote embryo development. However, in the present study, there was no effect of oral doses of PPG on IGF-1. Although higher serum concentrations of insulin were observed after PPG treatment, there was no effect of PPG treatment on the number of transferable embryos recovered following superovulation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document