scholarly journals Metabolite Changes After Metabolic Surgery – Associations to Parameters Reflecting Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Ahlin ◽  
Consuelo Cefalo ◽  
Isabel Bondia-Pons ◽  
Kajetan Trošt ◽  
Esmeralda Capristo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Mrna Levels

AimsTo test the hypothesis that adipose tissue gene expression patterns would be affected by metabolic surgery and we aimed to identify genes and metabolic pathways as well as metabolites correlating with metabolic changes following metabolic surgery.Materials and MethodsThis observational study was conducted at the Obesity Unit at the Catholic University Hospital of the Sacred Heart in Rome, Italy. Fifteen patients, of which six patients underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and nine patients underwent biliopancreatic diversion, were included. The participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Small polar metabolites were analyzed with a two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Gene expression analysis of genes related to metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids were analyzed in subcutaneous adipose tissue. All procedures were performed at study start and at follow-up (after 185.3 ± 72.9 days).ResultsTwelve metabolites were significantly changed after metabolic surgery. Six metabolites were identified as 3-indoleacetic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, valine, glutamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and alpha-tocopherol. The branched chain amino acids displayed a significant decrease together with a decrease in BCAT1 adipose tissue mRNA levels. Changes in the identified metabolites were associated to changes in lipid, insulin and glucose levels.ConclusionsOur study has identified metabolites and metabolic pathways that are altered by metabolic surgery and may be used as biomarkers for metabolic improvement.

Abstract 438: Global Gene Expression Analysis of Human Perivascular Adipocytes Reveals Reduced Expression of Insulin and Wnt Signaling Genes: Implications for Inflammatory Crosstalk

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapan K Chatterjee ◽  
David G Kuhel ◽  
David Y Hui ◽  
Neal L Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Altered Expression

Inflammatory crosstalk between PV adipose tissue and the blood vessel wall has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We reported that PV adipocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype, reduced state of differentiation, and altered expression of developmental genes as compared with subcutaneous (SQ) adipocytes derived from the same human subjects. To define global differences in gene expression patterns between PV and SQ adipocytes, genome-wide microarray studies were performed in three sets of in vitro differentiated SQ and PV adipocytes derived from unrelated human subjects. Insulin-regulated and Wnt signaling genes were markedly down-regulated in PV adipocytes. Validation of microarray data by qPCR demonstrated reductions in expression of C/EBPα, PPARγ, FABP4, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, hormone sensitive lipase and perilipin in PV compared to SQ adipocytes. We further observed that insulin-induced Akt ser-473 phosphorylation and glucose uptake were markedly reduced (∼ 3 fold and 4 fold, respectively) in differentiated PV adipocytes compared to SQ adipocytes. The mRNA levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, however, were similar in adipocytes differentiated from these two depots. Regarding the Wnt pathway, PV adipocytes exhibited dramatically elevated expression of Wnt inhibitor DKK1 (2864%) and reduced expression of Wnt 5A (50%), FDZ4 (38%), and LRP5 (38%). Further evaluation revealed that these Wnt signaling pathway genes, like those of the insulin signaling pathway, correlated with the extent of adipogenic differentiation. We propose that dysregulation of Wnt 5A/FDZ4 and insulin signaling pathways contributes to impaired adipogenic differentiation and insulin resistance in PV adipocytes. This, in turn, may contribute to heightened inflammatory crosstalk between PV adipose tissue and the vascular wall in the setting of atherosclerosis.

Plasma PTX3 protein levels inversely correlate with insulin secretion and obesity, whereas visceral adipose tissue PTX3 gene expression is increased in obesity

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (6) ◽  
pp. E1254-E1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Osorio-Conles ◽  
M. Guitart ◽  
M. R. Chacón ◽  
E. Maymo-Masip ◽  
J. M. Moreno-Navarrete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Plasma acutephase protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) concentration is dysregulated in human obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here, we explore its relationship with insulin secretion and sensitivity, obesity markers, and adipose tissue PTX3 gene expression. Plasma PTX3 protein levels were analyzed in a cohort composed of 27 lean [body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2] and 48 overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) men ( cohort 1). In this cohort, plasma PTX3 was negatively correlated with fasting triglyceride levels and insulin secretion after intravenous and oral glucose administration. Plasma PTX3 protein and PTX3 gene expression in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) whole adipose tissue and adipocyte and stromovascular fractions were analyzed in cohort 2, which was composed of 19 lean, 28 overweight, and 15 obese subjects (BMI >30 kg/m2). An inverse association with body weight and waist/hip ratio was observed in cohort 2. In VAT depots, PTX3 mRNA levels were higher in subjects with BMI >25 kg/m2than in lean subjects, positively correlated with IL-1β mRNA levels, and higher in the adipocyte than stromovascular fraction. Human preadipocyte SGBS cell line was used to study PTX3 production in response to factors that obesity entails. In SGBS adipocytes, PTX3 gene expression was enhanced by IL-1β and TNFα but not IL-6 or insulin. In conclusion, the negative correlation between PTX3 and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion suggests a role for PTX3 in metabolic control. PTX3 gene expression is upregulated in VAT depots in obesity, despite lower plasma PTX3 protein, and by some proinflammatory cytokines in cultured adipocytes.

Metallothionein gene expression and secretion in white adipose tissue

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. R2329-R2335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Trayhurn ◽  
Jacqueline S. Duncan ◽  
Anne M. Wood ◽  
John H. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Adrenoceptor Agonist

White adipose tissue (WAT) has been examined to determine whether the gene encoding metallothionein (MT), a low-molecular-weight stress response protein, is expressed in the tissue and whether MT may be a secretory product of adipocytes. The MT-1 gene was expressed in epididymal WAT, with MT-1 mRNA levels being similar in lean and obese ( ob/ ob) mice. MT-1 mRNA was found in each of the main adipose tissue sites (epididymal, perirenal, omental, subcutaneous), and there was no major difference between depots. Separation of adipocytes from the stromal-vascular fraction of WAT indicated that the MT gene (MT-1 and MT-2) was expressed in adipocytes themselves. Treatment of mice with zinc had no effect on MT-1 mRNA levels in WAT, despite strong induction of MT-1 expression in the liver. MT-1 gene expression in WAT was also unaltered by fasting or norepinephrine. However, administration of a β3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL-35153A, led to a significant increase in MT-1 mRNA. On differentiation of fibroblastic preadipocytes to adipocytes in primary culture, MT was detected in the medium, suggesting that the protein may be secreted from WAT. It is concluded that WAT may be a significant site of MT production; within adipocytes, MT could play an antioxidant role in protecting fatty acids from damage.

Gene expression analysis of the pro-oestrous-stage rat uterus reveals neuroligin 2 as a novel steroid-regulated gene

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Seung Kang ◽  
Chae-Kwan Lee ◽  
Ju-Ran Kim ◽  
Seong-Jin Yu ◽  
Sung-Goo Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Northern Blot ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Ovx Rats

In the present study, differential gene expression in the uteri of ovariectomised (OVX) and pro-oestrous rats (OVX v. pro-oestrus pair) was investigated using cDNA expression array analysis. Differential uterine gene expression in OVX rats and progesterone (P4)-injected OVX rats (OVX v. OVX + P4 pair) was also examined. The uterine gene expression profiles of these two sets of animals were also compared for the effects of P4 treatment. RNA samples were extracted from uterine tissues and reverse transcribed in the presence of [α32P]-dATP. Membrane sets of rat arrays were hybridised with cDNA probe sets. Northern blot analysis was used to validate the relative gene expression patterns obtained from the cDNA array. Of the 1176 cDNAs examined, 23 genes showed significant (>two-fold) changes in expression in the OVX v. pro-oestrus pair. Twenty of these genes were upregulated during pro-oestrus compared with their expression in the OVX rat uterus. In the OVX v. OVX + P4 pair, 22 genes showed significant (>two-fold) changes in gene expression. Twenty of these genes were upregulated in the OVX + P4 animals. The genes for nuclear factor I–XI, afadin, neuroligin 2, semaphorin Z, calpain 4, cyclase-associated protein homologue, thymosin β-4X and p8 were significantly upregulated in the uteri of the pro-oestrus and OVX + P4 rats of both experimental pairs compared with the OVX rat uteri. These genes appear to be under the control of P4. One of the most interesting findings of the present study is the unexpected and marked expression of the neuroligin 2 gene in the rat uterus. This gene is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and acts as a nerve cell adhesion factor. According to Northern blot analysis, neuroligin 2 gene expression was higher during the pro-oestrus and metoestrus stages than during the oestrus and dioestrus stages of the oestrous cycle. In addition, neuroligin 2 mRNA levels were increased by both 17β-oestradiol (E2) and P4, although P4 administration upregulated gene expression to a greater extent than injection of E2. These results indicate that neuroligin 2 gene expression in the rat uterus is under the control of both E2 and P4, which are secreted periodically during the oestrous cycle.

scholarly journals Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Features of Chicken CDS2 Splicing Variants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Xu ◽  
Shuping Zhang ◽  
Yujun Guo ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Yanqun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Exogenous Insulin ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: The CDS gene encodes the CDP-diacylglycerol synthase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) from phosphatidic acid. At present, there are no reports of CDS2 in birds. Here, we identified chicken CDS2 transcripts by combining conventional RT- PCR amplification, 5' RACE (Fig. 1A), and 3' RACE, explored the spatio-temporal expression profiles of total CDS2 and the longest transcript variant CDS2-4, and investigated the effect of exogenous insulin on total the mRNA level of CDS2 by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Four transcripts of chicken CDS2 (CDS2-1, -2, -3, and -4) were identified, which were alternatively spliced at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR). CDS2 was widely expressed in all tissues examined and the longest variant CDS2-4 was the major transcript. Both total CDS2 and CDS2-4 were prominently expressed in adipose tissue and the heart, and exhibited low expression in the liver and pectoralis of 49 day-old chickens. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that total CDS2 and CDS2-4 had different spatio-temporal expression patterns in chicken. Total CDS2 exhibited a similar temporal expression tendency with a high level in the later period of incubation (embryonic day 19 [E19] or 1-day-old) in the brain, liver, and pectoralis. While CDS2-4 presented a distinct temporal expression pattern in these tissues, CDS2-4 levels peaked at 21 days in the brain and pectoralis, while liver CDS2-4 mRNA levels were highest at the early stage of hatching (E10). Total CDS2 (P < 0.001) and CDS2-4 (P = 0.0090) mRNA levels in the liver were differentially regulated throughout development of the chicken. Exogenous insulin significantly downregulated the level of total CDS2 at 240 min in the pectoralis of Silky chickens (P < 0.01). Total CDS2 levels in the liver of Silky chickens were higher than that of the broiler in the basal state and after insulin stimulation. Conclusion: Chicken CDS2 has multiple transcripts with variation at the 3′-UTR, which was prominently expressed in adipose tissue. Total CDS2 and CDS2-4 presented distinct spatio-temporal expression patterns, and they were differentially regulated with age in liver. Insulin could regulate chicken CDS2 levels in a breed- and tissue-specific manner.

scholarly journals Maternal and Post-weaning High-Fat Diets Produce Distinct DNA Methylation Patterns in Hepatic Metabolic Pathways within Specific Genomic Contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moody ◽  
Wang ◽  
Jung ◽  
Chen ◽  
Pan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Fat Diets

Calorie-dense high-fat diets (HF) are associated with detrimental health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Both pre- and post-natal HF diets have been hypothesized to negatively impact long-term metabolic health via epigenetic mechanisms. To understand how the timing of HF diet intake impacts DNA methylation and metabolism, male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to either maternal HF (MHF) or post-weaning HF diet (PHF). At post-natal week 12, PHF rats had similar body weights but greater hepatic lipid accumulation compared to the MHF rats. Genome-wide DNA methylation was evaluated, and analysis revealed 1744 differentially methylation regions (DMRs) between the groups with the majority of the DMR located outside of gene-coding regions. Within differentially methylated genes (DMGs), intragenic DNA methylation closer to the transcription start site was associated with lower gene expression, whereas DNA methylation further downstream was positively correlated with gene expression. The insulin and phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathways were enriched with 25 DMRs that were associated with 20 DMGs, including PI3 kinase (Pi3k), pyruvate kinase (Pklr), and phosphodiesterase 3 (Pde3). Together, these results suggest that the timing of HF diet intake determines DNA methylation and gene expression patterns in hepatic metabolic pathways that target specific genomic contexts.

Effect of hypothyroidism on adenylyl cyclase activity and subtype gene expression in brown adipose tissue

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. R762-R767 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chaudhry ◽  
J. G. Granneman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) expresses several adenylyl cyclase (AC) subtypes, and adrenergic stimulation selectively upregulates AC-III gene expression. Previous studies have described synergistic interactions between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on the regulation of gene expression in BAT. Because adrenergic stimulation also increases the activity of BAT type II thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (DII) and local T3 generation is important for many functional responses in BAT, we examined the effects of thyroid hormone status on the expression of various AC subtypes. Hypothyroidism selectively increased AC-III mRNA levels in BAT but not in white adipose tissue. Of the other subtypes examined, hypothyroidism did not alter AC-VI mRNA levels and slightly reduced AC-IX mRNA levels in BAT. The increase in AC-III expression was paralleled by an increase in forskolin-stimulated AC activity in BAT membranes. Sympathetic denervation of BAT abolished the increase in both AC activity and AC-III mRNA expression produced by hypothyroidism, but did not affect the expression of other subtypes. Surgical denervation also prevented the induction of AC-III in the cold-stressed euthyroid rat, but injections of T3 failed to alter AC-III expression in intact or denervated BAT. Our results indicate that T3 does not directly affect expression of AC-III. Rather, hypothyroidism increases BAT AC-III expression indirectly via an increase in sympathetic stimulation. Furthermore, our results strongly indicate that the increase in AC activity in hypothyroid BAT is due to increased expression of AC-III.

scholarly journals GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA Levels in Canine Cumulus Cells Related to Cumulus Expansion and the Maturation Process

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Ramirez ◽  
Jaime Palomino ◽  
Karla Aspee ◽  
Monica De los Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cumulus Expansion ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Reproductive Phases

The competence to undergo expansion is a characteristic of cumulus cells (CCs). The aim was to investigate the expression of GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA in canine cumulus cells in relation to cumulus expansion and meiotic development over the estrous cycle. CCs were recovered from nonmatured and in vitro-matured (IVM) dog cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs), which were obtained from antral follicles at different phases of the estrous cycle. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to evaluate the relative abundance of GDF-9 and BMP-15 transcripts from the CCs with or without signs of expansion. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and logistic regression. The maturity of the oocyte and the expansion process affected the mRNA levels in CCs. There were differences (p < 0.05) in GDF-9 and BMP-15 gene expression in CCs isolated from nonmatured COCs when comparing the reproductive phases. Lower mRNA levels (p < 0.05) were observed in anestrus and proestrus in comparison to those in estrus and diestrus. In contrast, when comparing GDF-9 mRNA levels in IVM COCs, no differences were found among the phases of the estrous cycle in expanded and nonexpanded CCs (p < 0.05). However, the highest (p < 0.05) BMP-15 gene expression in CCs that did not undergo expansion was exhibited in anestrus and the lowest (p < 0.05) expression was observed in estrus in expanded CCs. Although the stage of the estrous cycle did not affect the second metaphase (MII )rates, the expanded CCs obtained at estrus coexisted with higher percentages of MII (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the differential expression patterns of GDF-9 and BMP-15 mRNA transcripts might be related to cumulus expansion and maturation processes, suggesting specific regulation and temporal changes in their expression.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profiling of Adipose Tissue Reveals Depot-Specific Metabolic Alterations Among Patients with Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5225-5237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Haffa ◽  
Andreana N Holowatyj ◽  
Mario Kratz ◽  
Reka Toth ◽  
Axel Benner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots

Abstract Context Adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulated energy homeostasis are key mechanisms linking obesity and cancer. Distinct adipose tissue depots strongly differ in their metabolic profiles; however, comprehensive studies of depot-specific perturbations among patients with cancer are lacking. Objective We compared transcriptome profiles of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from patients with colorectal cancer and assessed the associations of different anthropometric measures with depot-specific gene expression. Design Whole transcriptomes of VAT and SAT were measured in 233 patients from the ColoCare Study, and visceral and subcutaneous fat area were quantified via CT. Results VAT compared with SAT showed elevated gene expression of cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and key regulators of metabolic homeostasis. Increased fat area was associated with downregulated lipid and small molecule metabolism and upregulated inflammatory pathways in both compartments. Comparing these patterns between depots proved specific and more pronounced gene expression alterations in SAT and identified unique associations of integrins and lipid metabolism–related enzymes. VAT gene expression patterns that were associated with visceral fat area poorly overlapped with patterns associated with self-reported body mass index (BMI). However, subcutaneous fat area and BMI showed similar associations with SAT gene expression. Conclusions This large-scale human study demonstrates pronounced disparities between distinct adipose tissue depots and reveals that BMI poorly correlates with fat mass–associated changes in VAT. Taken together, these results provide crucial evidence for the necessity to differentiate between distinct adipose tissue depots for a correct characterization of gene expression profiles that may affect metabolic health of patients with colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue Expansion by Overfeeding Healthy Men Alters Iron Gene Expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenice Segrestin ◽  
José Maria Moreno-Navarrete ◽  
Kevin Seyssel ◽  
Maud Alligier ◽  
Emmanuelle Meugnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Lipid Storage ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Healthy Men

Abstract Context Iron overload has been associated with greater adipose tissue (AT) depots. We retrospectively studied the potential interactions between iron and AT during an experimental overfeeding in participants without obesity. Methods Twenty-six participants (mean body mass index ± SD, 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2) underwent a 56-day overfeeding (+760 kcal/d). Serum iron biomarkers (ELISA), subcutaneous AT (SAT) gene expression, and abdominal AT distribution assessed by MRI were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the intervention. Results Before intervention: SAT mRNA expression of the iron transporter transferrin (Tf) was positively correlated with the expression of genes related to lipogenesis (lipin 1, ACSL1) and lipid storage (SCD). SAT expression of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene, encoding ferritin (FT), an intracellular iron storage protein, was negatively correlated to SREBF1, a gene related to lipogenesis. Serum FT (mean, 92 ± 57 ng/mL) was negatively correlated with the expression of SAT genes linked to lipid storage (SCD, DGAT2) and to lipogenesis (SREBF1, ACSL1). After intervention: Overfeeding led to a 2.3 ± 1.3-kg weight gain. In parallel to increased expression of lipid storage–related genes (mitoNEET, SCD, DGAT2, SREBF1), SAT Tf, SLC40A1 (encoding ferroportin 1, a membrane iron export channel) and hephaestin mRNA levels increased, whereas SAT FTL mRNA decreased, suggesting increased AT iron requirement. Serum FT decreased to 67 ± 43 ng/mL. However, no significant associations between serum iron biomarkers and AT distribution or expansion were observed. Conclusion In healthy men, iron metabolism gene expression in SAT is associated with lipid storage and lipogenesis genes expression and is modulated during a 56-day overfeeding diet.

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