scholarly journals Gut Microbiota: Novel Therapeutic Target of Ginsenosides for the Treatment of Obesity and Its Complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongxi Zhuang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Zhengtao Wang ◽  
Lili Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites ◽  
Endogenous Substances ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Obesity, generally characterized by excessive lipid accumulation, is a metabolic threat worldwide due to its rapid growth in global prevalence. Ginsenosides are crucial components derived from natural plants that can confer metabolic benefits for obese patients. Considering the low bioavailability and degradable properties of ginsenosides in vivo, it should be admitted that the mechanism of ginsenosides on anti-obesity contribution is still obscure. Recently, studies have indicated that ginsenoside intervention has beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and its complications because it allows for the correction of gut microbiota dysbiosis and regulates the secretion of related endogenous metabolites. In this review, we summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenetic process of obesity, and explore the mechanism of ginsenosides for ameliorating obesity, which can modulate the composition of gut microbiota by improving the metabolism of intestinal endogenous substances and alleviating the level of inflammation. Ginsenosides are expected to become a promising anti-obesity medical intervention in the foreseeable clinical settings.

scholarly journals The DNA Sensor AIM2 Protects against Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes by Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis via the IL-18 Pathway

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Antônio Leite ◽  
Gabriela Pessenda ◽  
Isabel C. Guerra-Gomes ◽  
Alynne Karen Mendonça de Santana ◽  
Camila André Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Dna Sensor ◽  
Proinflammatory Response

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Nod2, Nlrp3, Tlr2, Trl4, and Tlr9, are directly involved in type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, the role of the cytosolic DNA sensor, AIM2, in T1D pathogenesis is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C57BL/6 mice lacking AIM2 (AIM2−/−) are prone to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, compared to WT C57BL/6 mice. The AIM2−/− mice phenotype is associated with a greater proinflammatory response in pancreatic tissues, alterations in gut microbiota and bacterial translocation to pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). These alterations are related to an increased intestinal permeability mediated by tight-junction disruption. Notably, AIM2−/− mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) are protected from STZ-induced T1D and display a lower pancreatic proinflammatory response. Mechanistically, the AIM2 inflammasome is activated in vivo, leading to an IL-18 release in the ileum at 15 days after an STZ injection. IL-18 favors RegIIIγ production, thus mitigating gut microbiota alterations and reinforcing the intestinal barrier function. Together, our findings show a regulatory role of AIM2, mediated by IL-18, in shaping gut microbiota and reducing bacterial translocation and proinflammatory response against insulin-producing β cells, which ultimately results in protection against T1D onset in an STZ-induced diabetes model.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota, obesity and prebiotics

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BARCZYNSKA ◽  
K. BANDURSKA ◽  
K. SLIZEWSKA ◽  
M. LITWIN ◽  
M. SZALECKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Healthy Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Over the past few decades there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity in both children and adults. Obesity is a disease that has reached epidemic levels on a global scale. The development of obesity is associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies indicate that intestinal microorganisms play an important function in maintaining normal body weight. One of the objectives in the gut microbiota research is to determine the role it plays and can it be a reliable biomarker of disease risk, including the predisposition to obesity. This article discusses (1) the role of prebiotics and gut microbiota in maintaining a healthy body weight and (2) potential influence on the gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Metabolism of Chemical Constituents of Berberis kansuensis Extract Based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS Technique

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Du ◽  
Tong Xu ◽  
Huan Yi ◽  
Xinmei Xu ◽  
Chengcheng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Orbitrap Ms

AbstractThe dried stem bark of Berberis kansuensis is a commonly used Tibetan herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Its main chemical components are alkaloids, such as berberine, magnoflorine and jatrorrhizine. However, the role of gut microbiota in the in vivo metabolism of these chemical components has not been fully elucidated. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS) technology was applied to detect and identify prototype components and metabolites in rat intestinal contents and serum samples after oral administration of a B. kansuensis extract. A total of 16 prototype components and 40 metabolites were identified. The primary metabolic pathways of the chemical components from B. kansuensis extract were demethylation, desaturation, deglycosylation, reduction, hydroxylation, and other conjugation reactions including sulfation, glucuronidation, glycosidation, and methylation. By comparing the differences of metabolites between diabetic and pseudo-germ-free diabetic rats, we found that the metabolic transformation of some chemical components in B. kansuensis extract such as bufotenin, ferulic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, magnoflorine, and 8-oxyberberine, was affected by the gut microbiota. The results revealed that the gut microbiota can affect the metabolic transformation of chemical constituents in B. kansuensis extract. These findings can enhance our understanding of the active ingredients of B. kansuensis extract and the key role of the gut microbiota on them.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota facilitates dietary heme-induced epithelial hyperproliferation by opening the mucus barrier in colon

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (32) ◽  
pp. 10038-10043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noortje Ijssennagger ◽  
Clara Belzer ◽  
Guido J. Hooiveld ◽  
Jan Dekker ◽  
Saskia W. C. van Mil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Mucus Barrier

Colorectal cancer risk is associated with diets high in red meat. Heme, the pigment of red meat, induces cytotoxicity of colonic contents and elicits epithelial damage and compensatory hyperproliferation, leading to hyperplasia. Here we explore the possible causal role of the gut microbiota in heme-induced hyperproliferation. To this end, mice were fed a purified control or heme diet (0.5 μmol/g heme) with or without broad-spectrum antibiotics for 14 d. Heme-induced hyperproliferation was shown to depend on the presence of the gut microbiota, because hyperproliferation was completely eliminated by antibiotics, although heme-induced luminal cytotoxicity was sustained in these mice. Colon mucosa transcriptomics revealed that antibiotics block heme-induced differential expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and cell turnover genes, implying that antibiotic treatment prevented the heme-dependent cytotoxic micelles to reach the epithelium. Our results indicate that this occurs because antibiotics reinforce the mucus barrier by eliminating sulfide-producing bacteria and mucin-degrading bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia). Sulfide potently reduces disulfide bonds and can drive mucin denaturation and microbial access to the mucus layer. This reduction results in formation of trisulfides that can be detected in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, trisulfides can serve as a novel marker of colonic mucolysis and thus as a proxy for mucus barrier reduction. In feces, antibiotics drastically decreased trisulfides but increased mucin polymers that can be lysed by sulfide. We conclude that the gut microbiota is required for heme-induced epithelial hyperproliferation and hyperplasia because of the capacity to reduce mucus barrier function.

Towards a disease-associated common trait of gut microbiota dysbiosis: The pivotal role of Akkermansia muciniphila

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1002-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loris Riccardo Lopetuso ◽  
Andrea Quagliariello ◽  
Mario Schiavoni ◽  
Valentina Petito ◽  
Alessandra Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

scholarly journals Qing-Re-Xiao-Zheng Formula Modulates Gut Microbiota and Inhibits Inflammation in Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yabin Gao ◽  
Ruibing Yang ◽  
Lan Guo ◽  
Yaoxian Wang ◽  
Wei Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Evidence indicates that the metabolic inflammation induced by gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to diabetic kidney disease. Prebiotic supplementations to prevent gut microbiota dysbiosis, inhibit inflammatory responses, and protect the renal function in DKD. Qing-Re-Xiao-Zheng formula (QRXZF) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula that has been used for DKD treatment in China. Recently, there are growing studies show that regulation of gut microbiota is a potential therapeutic strategy for DKD as it is able to reduce metabolic inflammation associated with DKD. However, it is unknown whether QRXZF is effective for DKD by regulating of gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the reno-protective effect of QRXZF by exploring its potential mechanism between gut microbiota and downstream inflammatory pathways mediated by gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the kidney. High-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin injection-induced DKD mice model was established to assess the QRXZF effect in vivo. Mice treated with QRXZF for 8 weeks had significantly lower levels of urinary albumin, serum cholesterol and triglycerides. The renal injuries observed through histological analysis were attenuated as well. Also, mice in the QRXZF group had higher levels of Zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression, lower levels of serum fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and less-damaged colonic mucosa as compared to the DKD group, implying the benefit role for the gut barrier integrity. QRXZF treatment also reversed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of gut-derived LPS. Notably, the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which are important inflammation pathways in DKD, were suppressed in the QRXZF groups. In conclusion, our results indicated that the reno-protective effects of QRXZF was probably associated with modulating gut microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory responses in the kidney.

scholarly journals Obesity-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis can be ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplantation: a multiomics approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Guirro ◽  
Andrea Costa ◽  
Andreu Gual-Grau ◽  
Pol Herrero ◽  
Helena Torrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Obese Subject ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Obesity Therapy ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hypercaloric Diet ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

AbstractObesity and its comorbidities are currently considered an epidemic, and the involved pathophysiology is well studied. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity. Diet and antibiotics are known to play crucial roles in changes in the microbiota ecosystem and the disruption of its balance; therefore, the manipulation of gut microbiota may represent a strategy for obesity treatment. Fecal microbiota transplantation, during which fecal microbiota from a healthy donor is transplanted to an obese subject, has aroused interest as an effective approach for the treatment of obesity. To determine its success, a multiomics approach was used that combined metagenomics and metaproteomics to study microbiota composition and function.To do this, a study was performed in rats that evaluated the effect of a hypercaloric diet on the gut microbiota, and this was combined with antibiotic treatment to deplete the microbiota before fecal microbiota transplantation to verify its effects on gut microbiota-host homeostasis. Our results showed that a high-fat diet induces changes in microbiota biodiversity and alters its function in the host. Moreover, we found that antibiotics depleted the microbiota enough to reduce its bacterial content. Finally, we assessed the use of fecal microbiota transplantation as an obesity therapy, and we found that it reversed the effects of antibiotics and reestablished the microbiota balance, which restored normal functioning and alleviated microbiota disruption.

scholarly journals Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Selected Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13440
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Sędzikowska ◽  
Leszek Szablewski
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. These microbiota, particularly those of the intestines, play an important, beneficial role in digestion, metabolism, and the synthesis of vitamins. Their metabolites stimulate cytokine production by the human host, which are used against potential pathogens. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by several internal and external factors, including diet, age, disease, and lifestyle. Such changes, called dysbiosis, may be involved in the development of various conditions, such as metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s thyroidis and Graves’ disease; they can also play a role in nervous system disturbances, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. An association has also been found between gut microbiota dysbiosis and cancer. Our health is closely associated with the state of our microbiota, and their homeostasis. The aim of this review is to describe the associations between human gut microbiota and cancer, and examine the potential role of gut microbiota in anticancer therapy.

Effects of food additives on gut microbiota: friend or foe?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-964
Author(s):  
Elif Inan-Eroglu ◽  
Aylin Ayaz
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Model Studies

PurposeRecent evidence suggests that especially processed foods may lead to undesirable metabolic effects in gut microbiota. The emulsifiers and artificial sweeteners that are added to processed foods may play a role in the progression of the diseases through the modulation of microbiota in mice. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of emulsifiers and artificial sweeteners.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a narrative review of the effects of emulsifiers and artificial sweeteners which are mainly in consumed in the Western diet, to the gut microbiota by mainly focusing on the experimental studies.FindingsAlthoughin vivostudies and animal model studies showed various adverse effects of sweeteners and emulsifiers to microbiota, studies should be conducted in humans to investigate the effects of these food additives to human microbiota by making dietary interventions in the context of ethical rules.Originality/valueIn future, studies will allow us to draw more definitive conclusion whether human population consuming sweeteners and emulsifiers are at risk.

The gut microbiota changes in obese people: a new perspective for the modern medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovico Abenavoli ◽  
Anna Caterina Procopio ◽  
Emidio Scarpellini
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Modern Era

: Obesity is one of the major health problems of the modern era. Obesity has been associated with rapidly rising growth rates that affect every age group of the population indiscriminately, particularly the younger ones. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to identify increasingly effective therapies in order to avoid the possible complications of the syndrome. In this context, the microbota can represent one of the therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of obesity. We highlight the role of the microbiota as a therapeutic target in obesity.

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