Electroacupuncture Combined With Diet Treatment Has a Therapeutic Effect on Perimenopausal Patients With Abdominal Obesity by Improving the Community Structure of Intestinal Flora

Background: This study explored the influences of electroacupuncture combined with dietary intervention on the intestinal flora in perimenopausal patients with abdominal obesity by using the 16s rRNA sequencing technology.Methods: Perimenopausal patients with abdominal obesity were divided into the Electroacupuncture group and the Control group. Patients in the Control group received healthy lifestyle education, while those in the Electroacupuncture group received electroacupuncture combined with dietary intervention. Before and after treatment, the weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were recorded; the levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting insulin (FINS), and fasting blood glucose (FGB) were evaluated; and the abundance, diversity, and species differences of intestinal flora were analyzed using 16s rRNA sequencing technology.Results: The body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, WHR, and WHtR of patients in the Electroacupuncture group after treatment were lower than those before treatment. Compared with the Control group, patients in the Electroacupuncture group after treatment displayed lower waist circumference, WHtR, WHR, TG, and LDL levels as well as species abundance, higher species diversity, and lager species difference in the intestinal flora. Besides, the proportions of Klebsiella and Kosakonia in the intestinal flora of patients in the Electroacupuncture group after treatment were larger than those before treatment.Conclusion: Electroacupuncture combined with diet treatment generated a therapeutic effect on abdominal obesity in perimenopausal patients by improving the community structure of intestinal flora.

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The role of postprandial very-low-density lipoprotein in the development of atrial remodeling in metabolic syndrome

Lipids in Health and Disease ◽

10.1186/s12944-020-01386-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hsiang-Chun Lee ◽

Shyi-Jang Shin ◽

Jih-Kai Huang ◽

Ming-Yen Lin ◽

Yu-Hsun Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Atrial Remodeling ◽

Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Hip Circumference

Abstract Background Negatively charged very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-χ) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients exerts cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells and atrial myocytes. Atrial cardiomyopathy, manifested by atrial remodeling with a dilated diameter, contributes to atrial fibrillation pathogenesis and predicts atrial fibrillation development. The correlation of VLDL-χ with atrial remodeling is unknown. This study investigated the association between VLDL-χ and remodeling of left atrium. Methods Consecutively, 87 MetS and 80 non-MetS individuals between 23 and 74 years old (50.6% men) without overt cardiovascular diseases were included in the prospective cohort study. Blood samples were collected while fasting and postprandially (at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after a unified meal). VLDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation; the percentile concentration of VLDL-χ (%) was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The correlations of left atrium diameter (LAD) with variables including VLDL-χ, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, and blood pressure, were analyzed by multiple linear regression models. A hierarchical linear model was conducted to test the independencies of each variable’s correlation with LAD. Results The mean LAD was 3.4 ± 0.5 cm in non-MetS subjects and 3.9 ± 0.5 cm in MetS patients (P < 0.01). None of the fasting lipid profiles were associated with LAD. VLDL-χ, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure were positively correlated with LAD (all P < 0.05) after adjustment for age and sex. Significant interactions between VLDL-χ and blood pressure, waist circumference, and hip circumference were observed. When adjusted for obesity- and blood pressure-related variables, 2-h postprandial VLDL-χ (mean 1.30 ± 0.61%) showed a positive correlation with LAD in MetS patients. Each 1% VLDL-χ increase was estimated to increase LAD by 0.23 cm. Conclusions Postprandial VLDL-χ is associated with atrial remodeling particularly in the MetS group. VLDL-χ is a novel biomarker and may be a therapeutic target for atrial cardiomyopathy in MetS patients. Trial registration ISRCTN 69295295. Retrospectively registered 9 June 2020.

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Long-Term Lifestyle Intervention in Elderly With Metabolic Syndrome

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/1054773817749923 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 658-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shu-Hung Chang ◽

Nai-Hui Chien ◽

Ching-Yi Yu

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Control Group ◽

Elderly Adults ◽

Community Based

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a long-term community-based lifestyle intervention on the biochemical indicators and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among elderly adults. This was a randomized controlled trial in northern Taiwan from August 2013 to February 2015. Sixty-nine elderly adults participated in this study. There were three measurements. The experimental group participated in exercise and diet interventions. The control group participated in the exercise intervention. Repeated measurement and ANCOVA were performed to evaluate the effectiveness. After 18 months, body weight (1.06 kg), body mass index (1.21 kg/m2), waist circumference (3.32 cm), blood pressure, and prevalence (30.4%) of metabolic syndrome were significantly reduced in all subjects. There were significant differences in waist circumference and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the two groups. This intervention can lower the indicators and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Exercise and diet interventions could promote further metabolic changes.

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Effect of Daily Avocado Consumption on Vascular Health in Adults With Abdominal Obesity: A Sub-Study of the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial, a Randomized Controlled Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab033_010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 10-10

Author(s):

Kristin Davis ◽

Kristina Petersen ◽

Penny Kris-Etherton

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Group Differences ◽

Control Group ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Habitual Diet

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of providing 1 avocado per day for consumption over a 6-month period on cardiovascular health compared to habitual dietary intake in individuals with abdominal obesity. Methods The Habitual diet and Avocado Trial (HAT), a multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial, included participants ≥25 years of age with an elevated waist circumference (≥88 cm women; ≥102 cm men). Participants were randomized to either an experimental group (AVO: consumed 1 avocado/day for 6 months) or a control group (HD: consumed < 2 avocados/month for 6 months). At the Pennsylvania State University, University Park (n = 126), vascular health was measured using a SphygmoCor XCEL (AtCor Medical) at baseline and at the end of the study period. Outcomes include central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness. Mixed models were used to examine between-group differences in change across 6 months. Results The sample was 77% female (BMI 34 ± 4 kg/m2, waist circumference 105 ± 12 cm). No significant between-group differences in 6-month change were observed for cSBP (AVO: 1.06 mmHg 95% CI − 1.57, 3.69; HD: 0.35 mmHg 95% CI −2.26, 2.96; P = 0.62), cDBP (AVO: 0.07 mmHg 95% CI −1.82, 1.96; HD: −0.91 mmHg 95% CI − 2.79, 0.97; P = 0.34), or PWV (AVO: −0.18 m/s 95% CI −0.53, 0.17; HD: 0.08 m/s 95% CI −0.27, 0.43; P = 0.17). Conclusions Results suggest that providing adults with abdominal obesity 1 avocado per day to consume for 6 months is not associated with a statistically significant improvement in central blood pressure or PWV, compared to adults following their habitual diet. Additional research using larger samples and longer intervention periods is needed to clarify whether habitual avocado consumption yields clinically significant benefits to cardiovascular health. Funding Sources Hass Avocado Board and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (1UL1TR002014-01).

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Changes in metabolic syndrome and risk of psoriasis: a nationwide population-based study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-03174-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyun Ji Lee ◽

Kyung Do Han ◽

Hae Eun Park ◽

Ju Hee Han ◽

Chul Hwan Bang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Health Insurance ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Population Based ◽

Control Group ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Population Based Study ◽

The Relationship

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with psoriasis, but it remains unclear whether risk of psoriasis remains in patients whose MetS diagnosis changes. To assess the relationship between risk of psoriasis and changes in MetS components. We obtained data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea and divided the participants into four groups: individuals without MetS (control); individuals with MetS in 2009, but without MetS in 2012 (pre-MetS); individuals without MetS in 2009, but with newly diagnosed MetS in 2012 (post-MetS); and individuals with MetS during the 2009–2012, period (continuous-MetS). We calculated the risk of psoriasis for each group. Risk of psoriasis was similar in the control and pre-MetS groups but was significantly higher in the post-MetS group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.12) and in the continuous-MetS group (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07–1.15) than in the control group. Among MetS components, waist circumference showed the strongest association with psoriasis, followed by high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Risk of psoriasis was higher in patients with continuous- or post-MetS than in those with pre-MetS (regardless of prior MetS status).

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Effectiveness of Electroacupuncture for Simple Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/2367610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Yanling Gao ◽

Yi Wang ◽

Jing Zhou ◽

Zhihai Hu ◽

Yin Shi

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Fat ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Group Analysis ◽

Biomedical Literature ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Control Group ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Waist Hip Ratio ◽

Simple Obesity

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture in the treatment of simple obesity. Methods. Randomized clinical trials concerning electroacupuncture as a treatment of simple obesity published prior to October 31, 2019, were searched in the following Chinese and English databases: Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. After data collection and quality evaluation, meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software and Stata 15.0 software. Results. A total of 13 studies involving 937 patients with simple obesity were included in the meta-analysis. Results revealed that the total effective rate (RR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.13, 1.48]; P=0.0002), BMI (MD = −1.82, 95% CI [−2.21, −1.43]; P<0.000), waist circumference (MD = −2.39, 95% CI [−3.95, −0.84]; P=0.003), hip circumference (MD = 0.31, 95% CI [−2.37, 2.99]; P=0.82), waist-hip ratio (MD = −0.05, 95% CI [−0.07, −0.03]; P<0.00), and body fat rate (MD = −1.56, 95% CI [−2.35, −0.78]; P=0.0001) in the electroacupuncture group were superior to those in the control group. Analysis of acupoint clustering and correlation using SPSS 24.0 and Clementine 12.0 revealed the highest statistical support for acupoint groups CV12-CV4 and CV12-ST25-CV4, while ST36-CV12-ST25, SP6, and ST40-ST24-SP15-ST37-CV4 were found to be validly clustered acupoints. Conclusion. For treating simple obesity, electroacupuncture is superior to other interventions such as acupuncture, acupoint catgut embedding therapy, and simple lifestyle modification for improvement in body fat rate, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, although not hip circumference. Acupoint analysis revealed that ST25, CV12, CV4, SP6, and ST36 can form the basis for electroacupuncture therapy for the treatment of simple obesity.

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Impact of Abdominal Obesity on Thyroid Auto-Antibody Positivity: Abdominal Obesity Can Enhance the Risk of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Men

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2020/6816198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jazyra Zynat ◽

Suli Li ◽

Yanrong Ma ◽

Li Han ◽

Fuhui Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽

Large Population ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Logistic Analysis

Background. The interrelation between obesity and autoimmune thyroid diseases is complex and has not been confirmed. The aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and obesity, especially abdominal obesity, in a large population. Methods. A total of 2253 residents who had lived in Xinjiang for more than 3 years were enrolled. Serum thyroid hormone concentration, thyroid autoantibodies, lipid parameters, Weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were measured. Results. The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positive was 32.1% (21.2% in men and 37% in women, P<0.01). Compared with women, men had significantly higher TG levels, waist circumference, and hip circumference levels (P<0.01), while women showed higher TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels (P<0.01). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 71.1% in men and 63.5% in women. Men had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than women (56.6% in men and 47.6% in women, P<0.01). TPOAb correlates positively with waist circumference (r = 0.100, P<0.05) in men. Binary logistic analysis showed that TPOAb positivity had increased risks of abdominal obesity in men, and the OR was 1.1044 (95% CI 1.035, 1.151, P<0.05). Conclusion. Our results indicate that men had higher lipid levels, thicker waist circumference, and higher prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for TPOAb positivity in men, suggesting that abdominal obesity can enhance the risk of thyroid autoimmunity in men.

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A High-Tryptophan Diet Reduces Seizure-Induced Respiratory Arrest and Alters the Gut Microbiota in DBA/1 Mice

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.762323 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Yue ◽

Mingfei Cai ◽

Bo Xiao ◽

Qiong Zhan ◽

Chang Zeng

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Respiratory Arrest ◽

Acoustic Stimulation ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Control Group ◽

Unexpected Death ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Background and Aims: Central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) defects are responsible for the occurrence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The DBA/1 mouse is an animal model of SUDEP since the mouse exhibits audiogenic seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA). The synthesis of central 5-HT is closely related to the gut microbiota. Moreover, emerging studies suggest a possible role for the microbiota in mitigating seizure likelihood. Based on this, we aimed to explore the effect of a high-tryptophan diet (HTD) on SUDEP as well as the synthesis and metabolism of central 5-HT. Furthermore, we investigated the involvement of the gut microbiota in this process.Methods: All DBA/1 mice were subjected to acoustic stimulation to induce seizures. Only those mice that exhibited S-IRA were randomly assigned to the normal diet (ND) group (n = 39) or HTD group (n = 53). After 1 month of dietary intervention, (1) S-IRA rates were evaluated, (2) the concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the plasma and brain were determined by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography, and (3) the fecal flora biodiversity and species composition were analyzed by 16S rDNA microbiota profiling.Results: The S-IRA rate in DBA/1 mice was significantly reduced in the HTD group compared with that in the control group. HTD increased the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in both the telencephalon and midbrain. HTD significantly elevated the species richness and diversity of the gut microbiota. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the gut microbiota composition between the two groups, and the intestinal flora was dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria after HTD.Conclusions: HTD is efficient in lowering S-IRA rates and elevating the central 5-HT level in DBA/1 mice. The gut microbiota was altered after HTD intervention. The significant increase in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria may be related to the SUDEP-protective effect of HTD. Our findings shed light on a candidate choice of dietary prevention for SUDEP.

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The role of cholecalciferol in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome

V F Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.17816/2313-8726-2021-8-1-48-54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

Aigul T. Safi ◽

Aigerim B. Ospanova ◽

Svetlana Yu. Kalinchenko ◽

Mekan R. Orazov

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Main Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Nominal Data ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Significant Difference

Objective to evaluate and compare clinical, anamnestic and laboratory data of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and without syndrome, including the level of vitamin 25(OH) D3. Material and methods. In this work, 81 patients were examined, who, at the 1st stage of the study, were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of signs of PCOS. The main group included 51 patients with signs of PCOS. The control group included 30 healthy women without signs of PCOS, matched by sex and age with the main group. The main and control groups were compared by clinical and anamnestic data, including birth weight, by the presence of complications of pregnancy and childbirth in their mothers during their gestation, by the level of vitamin D. PCOS was verified on the basis of diagnostic criteria Rotterdam (2003) and International guidelines on PCOS (2018). Vitamin 25(OH)D3 was determined by mass spectrometry (ng/ml). At the 2nd stage of the study, the main group with PCOS was divided into 2 subgroups depending on the waist circumference (WT). Subsequently, the subgroups were compared with each other in the same parameters as at stage 1, as well as in the level of insulin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). To reflect the statistical results, the parametric parameters of the Students t-test were applied for two independent samples with equal or different variance. For nominal data Pearsons Chi-test, when the means are not calculated and a test is carried out for the presence of a relationship between nominal variables. Results. There was no statistically significant difference in vitamin 25(OH)D3 levels in patients with and without PCOS. Statistically significant differences in vitamin 25(OH)D3 levels were found in women with PCOS, depending on the waist circumference (WT). In these subgroups, differences were also found in the level of insulin, LDL, TG. Conclusion. The values of the level of vitamin 25(OH)D3 do not differ in the groups of patients with PCOS and without PCOS, but significantly correlate with the metabolic profile of patients.

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The effect of interval, continuous and combined aerobic exercise on IGF-1 hormone and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD

Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.34172/mj.2021.071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 456-468

Author(s):

Zahra Bayat ◽

Abbasali Gaeini ◽

Reza Nuri

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background. IGF-1 hormone decreases in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The effect of exercise on this hormone requires further researches. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise on IGF-1 hormone and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. Methods. In this study, forty female type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD (mean age 50.6 ± 4.5 years, height 1.58 ± 0.07 m, weight 74.4 ± 9.9 kg) were randomized into four groups. The exercise training groups performed exercises by cycle ergometer three days a week for eight weeks. The groups included: interval aerobic exercise group (75-80% maximum heart rate), continuous aerobic exercise group (60-75% maximum heart rate), combined exercise group (interval and continuous), and control group. Variance analysis was used for analysis and comparison between groups. The t-dependent test was used for intra-group compression (α≤0.05). Results. Decreased body weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body fat percentage, body fat mass, and increased IGF-1 were significant in all three exercise groups (P≤0.05). In the control group, increased hip circumference and decreased IGF-1 were significant (P≤0.05). Among the three exercise groups, the interval aerobic exercise group had the most effect on improving type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. Comparing between the groups, IGF-1, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio were significant in the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise groups compared to the control group (P≥0.05). Conclusion. Interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise improves body composition and hormone IGF-1, and according to the findings, interval aerobic exercise had the greatest effect on diabetic patients with NAFLD. Therefore, it is recommended that these patients participate in aerobic exercise regularly, especially interval aerobic exercise.

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Characteristics of Intestinal Flora in Pregnant Women with Mild Thalassemia Revealed by Metagenomics

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.5812/jjm.119925 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Yong-Zhi Lun ◽

Wei Qiu ◽

Wenqi Zhao ◽

Hua Lin ◽

Mintao Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Control Group ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Sequencing Technology ◽

Illumina Hiseq ◽

Multiple Comparison Test ◽

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

Background: At present, there is no report that the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia is different from that of healthy pregnant women. Objectives: This study compared the composition and changes of the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia to those of healthy pregnant women using metagenomic sequencing technology and evaluated the potential microecological risk for pregnant women and the fetus. Methods: The present study was carried out on 14 mild thalassemia pregnant women with similar backgrounds in the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Fujian, China. In the same period, 6 healthy pregnant women were selected as the control group. The genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from the sable stool samples of pregnant women. Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology was adopted after library preparation. Prodigal software (ver 2.6.3, Salmon software (ver 1.6.0, and Kraken software (ver 2) were used to analyze the sequence data. Moreover, analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple-comparison test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used as statistical methods. Results: The characteristics of the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia differed significantly from those of healthy pregnant women, showing an increase in some conditionally pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Prevotella stercorea rose and Escherichia coli) and a decrease in some probiotic bacteria, which might affect pregnant women and cause physiological function damage to their offspring by changing metabolic pathways; however, further validation is needed. Conclusions: The diversity and composition of intestinal flora in pregnant women with mild thalassemia vary significantly from those in healthy pregnant women, especially at the genus and species levels, representing more profound alterations in intestinal microecology.

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