scholarly journals Sex-Differences in the Oxygenation Levels of Intercostal and Vastus Lateralis Muscles During Incremental Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximiliano Espinosa-Ramírez ◽  
Eduardo Moya-Gallardo ◽  
Felipe Araya-Román ◽  
Santiago Riquelme-Sánchez ◽  
Guido Rodriguez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Locomotor Muscles

This study aimed to examine sex differences in oxygen saturation in respiratory (SmO2-m.intercostales) and locomotor muscles (SmO2-m.vastus lateralis) while performing physical exercise. Twenty-five (12 women) healthy and physically active participants were evaluated during an incremental test with a cycle ergometer, while ventilatory variables [lung ventilation (V.E), tidal volume (Vt), and respiratory rate (RR)] were acquired through the breath-by-breath method. SmO2 was acquired using the MOXY® devices on the m.intercostales and m.vastus lateralis. A two-way ANOVA (sex × time) indicated that women showed a greater significant decrease of SmO2-m.intercostales, and men showed a greater significant decrease of SmO2-m.vastus lateralis. Additionally, women reached a higher level of ΔSmO2-m.intercostales normalized to V.E (L⋅min–1) (p < 0.001), whereas men had a higher level of ΔSmO2-m.vastus lateralis normalized to peak workload-to-weight (watts⋅kg–1, PtW) (p = 0.049), as confirmed by Student’s t-test. During an incremental physical exercise, women experienced a greater cost of breathing, reflected by greater deoxygenation of the respiratory muscles, whereas men had a higher peripheral load, indicated by greater deoxygenation of the locomotor muscles.

scholarly journals The effect of the fraction of inspired oxygen on the NIRS-derived deoxygenated hemoglobin “breakpoint” during ramp-incremental test

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (2) ◽  
pp. R399-R409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael de Almeida Azevedo ◽  
Jorge E. Béjar Saona ◽  
Erin Calaine Inglis ◽  
Danilo Iannetta ◽  
Juan M. Murias
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Fraction Of Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Deoxygenated Hemoglobin

During ramp-incremental (RI) exercise to exhaustion, the near-infrared spectroscopy-derived deoxygenated hemoglobin ([HHb]) signal in the vastus lateralis muscle shows a linear increase up to a point at which a plateau-like response is manifested ([HHb]bp). This study investigated if 1) the [HHb]bp is affected by different fractions of inspired O2 ([Formula: see text]) [hypoxia (16%; HYPO); normoxia (21%; NORM); hyperoxia (30%; HYPER)]; and 2) an abrupt change to hyperoxic-inspired gas just before the occurrence of the [HHb]bp (HYPERSWITCH) would affect the [HHb] plateau-like response. Ten physically active male participants reported to the laboratory on four separate occasions to perform an RI test to exhaustion in NORM, HYPO, and HYPER and an RI test to exhaustion with an abrupt increase in [Formula: see text] (30%; HYPERSWITCH) 15 W before the power output (PO) associated with [HHb]bp in normoxia. PO, [HHb], tissue O2 ([Formula: see text]), and pulse O2 saturation ([Formula: see text]) were recorded continuously. Peak PO was significantly lower in HYPO (290 ± 21 W) and higher in HYPER (321 ± 22 W) and HYPERSWITCH (320 ± 19 W) compared with NORM (311 ± 18 W). The PO associated with [HHb]bp was not different between NORM and HYPER (246 ± 23 vs. 247 ± 24 W), but it was lower in HYPO (198 ± 31 W) than NORM and HYPER. The PO associated with the [HHb]bp in HYPERSWITCH (240 ± 23) was not different compared with NORM. HYPER and HYPERSWITCH resulted in greater [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] compared with NORM. These results suggest that the [HHb]bp response is not dependent of O2 driving pressure and that other physiological mechanisms might determine its occurrence.

Glycogen utilization in rat respiratory muscles during intense running

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 917-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Green ◽  
M. E. Ball-Burnett ◽  
M. A. Morrissey ◽  
J. Kile ◽  
G. C. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Recruitment Strategy ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Locomotor Muscles

Glycogen concentration in the adult rat diaphragm and intercostal muscles has been examined following heavy treadmill exercise to determine the recruitment strategy and the significance of glycogen as a substrate to satisfy the elevated energy requirements accompanying hyperpnea. Short-term continuous running at 60 m/min and a 12° grade resulted in a reduction (p < 0.05) in the concentration of glycogen (39%) in the costal region of the rat diaphragm. Similarly, glycogen concentration was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with this exercise protocol in all respiratory muscles studied, with the exception of the sternal region of the diaphragm. With the less intense running protocols, glycogen degradation continued to be pronounced (p < 0.05) in the majority of the respiratory muscles sampled. The significance of muscle glycogen as a substrate for energy metabolism in the respiratory muscles was not affected by the procedure used to prepare the animal for tissue sampling (Somnitol, diethyl ether, decapitation). Examination of selected locomotor muscles revealed extensive glycogen loss in muscles composed of essentially slow oxidative fibres (soleus), fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (vastus lateralis red), and fast glycolytic fibres (vastus lateralis white). It is concluded that during heavy exercise in the rat, recruitment of motor units occurs in all regions of the diaphragm and in the intercostal muscles. At least for the costal region of the diaphragm and as evidenced by the modest (two- to four-fold) but significant (p < 0.05) increases in lactate concentration, the increased ATP requirements in these muscles are met to a large degree by increases in aerobic metabolism. It is concluded that endogenous glycogen is an important substrate for energy metabolism during intense running in both the respiratory and locomotor muscles regardless of fibre composition.

Effect of a Reduced-CHO Diet on the Rate of Perceived Exertion Curve During an Incremental Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Assuncao Ferreira ◽  
Raul Osiecki ◽  
Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva ◽  
Michel Cardoso de Angelis-Pereira ◽  
Fernando Roberto De-Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Proportional Increase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a reduced-carbohydrate (reduced-CHO) diet on the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) curve during an incremental test. Nine physically active men performed a progressive incremental test on a cycle ergometer (25 W·2 min−1) after 72 hr on either a control diet (60% CHO) or a reduced-CHO diet (30% CHO). Lactate and RPE thresholds were identified using the Dmax method (DmaxLa and DmaxRPE, respectively). Power output, heart rate and RPE scores in DmaxLa and DmaxRPE were similar between the diets and were not different from each other, regardless of the diet. Lactate values were consistently higher (p < .05) in the control diet compared with the reduced-CHO diet during power output after the lactate breakpoint; however, they were not accompanied by a proportional increase in RPE scores. These results suggest that DmaxRPE and DmaxLa are not dissociated after a short-period reduced-CHO diet, whereas the lactate values after the lactate threshold are reduced with a reduced-CHO diet, although they are not accompanied by alterations in RPE.

scholarly journals Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Alcohol Consumers

2021 ◽  
pp. 089011712098583
Author(s):  
Mats Hallgren ◽  
Davy Vancampfort ◽  
Thi-Thuy-Dung Nguyen ◽  
Elin Ekblom-Bak ◽  
Peter Wallin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Alcohol Abstainers

Purpose: To describe physical activity habits, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels among alcohol abstainers, hazardous and non-hazardous drinkers. Design: Cross-sectional study with data collected between 2017-19. Setting: Sweden. Subjects: Adults aged 18-65 years (n = 47,559; 59.4% male). Measures: During a routine health assessment, participants answered validated single-item questions regarding: habitual physical activity, structured exercise, and the percentage of time spent sedentary during leisure-time (past 30 days), and completed a 6-minute cycle ergometer test (V02max) to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participants were categorized as alcohol abstainers, non-hazardous drinkers or hazardous drinkers (low/high) based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) cut-points for men and women. Analysis: Logistic regression models stratified by sex and age. Results: Compared to non-hazardous drinkers, the heaviest drinkers were less physically active (males: OR = 1.38, CI = 1.13-1.67, p = .001; females: OR = 1.41, CI = 1.01-1.97, p = .040) and more sedentary during leisure time (males: OR = 1.94, CI = 1.62-2.32, p = .000; females: OR = 1.62, CI = 1.21-2.16, p = .001). Apart from young females, the heaviest drinkers also did less structured exercise than non-hazardous drinkers (males: OR = 1.22, CI = 1.15-1.51, p = .000; females: OR = 1.43, CI = 1.15-1.78, p = .001). The strongest associations were seen among adults aged 40-65 years (shown here). High-hazardous drinking was associated with low CRF among older males only (OR = 1.19, CI = 1.00-1.41). Conclusion: Middle-aged adults with AUDIT-C scores of ≥6 (women) and ≥7 (men) were less physically active and more sedentary during leisure time and may be appropriate targets for physical activity interventions.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the intensity and qualitative dimensions of exertional dyspnea in physically active young adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 998-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Cory ◽  
Michele R. Schaeffer ◽  
Sabrina S. Wilkie ◽  
Andrew H. Ramsook ◽  
Joseph H. Puyat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Exertional Dyspnea ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Shallow Breathing ◽  
Active Adults

Understanding sex differences in the qualitative dimensions of exertional dyspnea may provide insight into why women are more affected by this symptom than men. This study explored the evolution of the qualitative dimensions of dyspnea in 70 healthy, young, physically active adults (35 M and 35 F). Participants rated the intensity of their breathing discomfort (Borg 0-10 scale) and selected phrases that best described their breathing from a standardized list (work/effort, unsatisfied inspiration, and unsatisfied expiration) throughout each stage of a symptom-limited incremental-cycle exercise test. Following exercise, participants selected phrases that described their breathing at maximal exercise from a list of 15 standardized phrases. Intensity of breathing discomfort was significantly higher in women for a given ventilation, but differences disappeared when ventilation was expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary ventilation. The dominant qualitative descriptor in both sexes throughout exercise was increased work/effort of breathing. At peak exercise, women were significantly more likely to select the following phrases: “my breathing feels shallow,” “I cannot get enough air in,” “I cannot take a deep breath in,” and “my breath does not go in all the way.” Women adopted a more rapid and shallow breathing pattern and had significantly higher end-inspiratory lung volumes relative to total lung capacity throughout exercise relative to men. These findings suggest that men and women do not differ in their perceived quality of dyspnea during submaximal exercise, but subjective differences appear at maximal exercise and may be related, at least in part, to underlying sex differences in breathing patterns and operating lung volumes during exercise.

scholarly journals Sex differences in respiratory and circulatory cost during hypoxic walking: potential impact on oxygen saturation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Horiuchi ◽  
Yoko Kirihara ◽  
Yoshiyuki Fukuoka ◽  
Herman Pontzer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Potential Impact

Plasma glucose kinetics during exercise in subjects with high and low lactate thresholds

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1873-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
W. M. Kohrt ◽  
R. J. Spina ◽  
J. P. Kirwan ◽  
D. M. Bier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Group A

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate of plasma glucose oxidation during exercise is inversely related to muscle respiratory capacity. To this end, 14 subjects were studied: in 7 of these subjects, the blood lactate threshold (LT) occurred at a relatively high intensity [i.e., at 65 +/- 2% of peak cycle ergometer oxygen uptake (VO2 peak)], whereas in the other 7 subjects, LT occurred at a relatively low intensity (i.e., at 45 +/- 2% of VO2 peak). VO2peak did not differ between the two groups, but citrate synthase activity in the vastus lateralis muscle was 53% higher (P < 0.05) in the high LT group. A primed continuous infusion of [U-13C]glucose was used to quantify rates of glucose appearance (Ra), disappearance (Rd), and oxidation (R(ox)) during 90 min of exercise at 55% VO2peak. Although both absolute and relative rates of oxygen uptake during exercise were similar in the two groups, mean Ra and Rd were 17% lower (P < 0.001) in the high LT group, and mean R(ox) was 25% lower (21.0 +/- 2.6 vs. 27.9 +/- 2.6 mumol.min-1.kg-1; P < 0.001). The percentage of total energy derived from glucose oxidation was inversely related to muscle citrate synthase activity (r = -0.85; P < 0.01). These data support the concept that skeletal muscle respiratory capacity has a major role in determining the metabolic response to submaximal exercise.

scholarly journals Comprehensive exercise training improves ventilatory muscle function and reduces dyspnea perception in patients with COPD

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Cortopassi ◽  
A.A.M. Castro ◽  
E.F. Porto ◽  
M. Colucci ◽  
G. Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Exercise Programme ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Before And After

Background. Comprehensive exercise training (CET) is an efficient strategy to decrease dyspnea perception in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may result in significant improvement in ventilatory muscles function. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of general exercise training on dyspnea perception and on respiratory muscles strength in COPD patients. Methods. Consecutive COPD patients were enrolled to complete a CET programme. The patients underwent a routine that included a global warm up, upper and lower limbs endurance exercise as well as stretching and relaxation. Before and after the CET programme, patients completed maximal inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures measurements, maximal incremental test, endurance test, and 6-min walk distance (6MWD). Results. 71 patients (52 male). Mean age 67.6±8.6 years, FEV1 (%) 44.2±16.2 and Mahler dyspnea scale 6.4±1.8. The results before and after the exercise programme were: PImax 64.7±22.9 vs. 75.5±23.7 cmH2O (p=0.001), PEmax 110.8±28.1 vs. 120.4±28.1 cmH2O (p=0.004), 6MWD 510.6±90.3 vs. 528.2±99.7 metres (p=0.88), time of incremental test 672±135 vs. 856±226 sec (p&lt;0.0001). Compared with the pre exercise programme, we observed a significant reduction on Borg dyspnea scale (6.1±2.8 to 3.6±2.3, p&lt;0.0001) as well as a longer test time (504±218 to 1.038±841, p&lt;0.0001) at the end of the endurance test after CET programme. Improvement of PImax correlated negatively with dyspnea perception at iso-time during the endurance test (r= -0.33, p=0.03). Conclusions. Our results confirm that CET is associated with significant improvement in PImax, PEmax and provide evidence demonstrating that CET reduces dyspnea perception in patients with COPD.

scholarly journals Effect of a Taped Filter Mask on Perceived Breathlessness, Heart Rate, Lactate and Oxygen Saturation During a Graded Exercise Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoi Lam Ng ◽  
Johannes Trefz ◽  
Martin Schönfelder ◽  
Henning Wackerhage
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
The Face

Abstract Background: Face masks are an effective, non-pharmacological strategy to reduce the transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other pathogens. However, it is a challenge to keep masks sealed during exercise, as ventilation can increase from 5-10 L/min at rest to up to 200 L/min so that masks may be blown away from the face. To reduce leakage e.g. during exercise, a face mask was developed that is taped onto the face. The aim of this study was to investigate during a graded cycle ergometry test the effect of a taped mask on the perception of breathlessness, heart rate, lactate, and oxygen saturation when compared to a surgical mask and no mask.Methods: Four trained and healthy males and females each (n=8 in total) performed incremental cycle ergometer tests until voluntary exhaustion under three conditions: (1) No mask/control, (2) surgical mask or (3) taped mask. During these tests, we measured perception of breathlessness, heart rate, the concentration of blood lactate and peripheral oxygen saturation and analysed the resultant data with one or two-way repeated measures ANOVAs. We also used a questionnaire to evaluate mask comfort and analysed the data with paired t-tests. Results: When compared to wearing no mask, a taped face mask significantly reduces the maximal workload in a graded exercise test by 12±6% (p=0.001). Moreover, with a taped face mask, subjects perceive severe breathlessness at 12±9% lower workload (p=0.012) and oxygen saturation at 65% of the maximal workload is 1.5% lower (p=0.018) when compared to wearing no mask. Heart rate and the concentration of lactate were not significantly different at any workload. When compared to wearing a surgical mask, wearing a taped face mask has a significantly better wearing comfort (p=0.038), feels better on the skin (p=0.004), there is a lower sensation of moisture (p=0.026) and wearers perceive that less heat is generated (p=0.021). We found no sex/gender differences for any parameters. Conclusions: A taped mask is well tolerated during light and moderate exercise intensity but reduces maximal exercise capacity.

scholarly journals An Extended Study on Training and Physical Exercise in Esports

2019 ◽  
pp. 270-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kari ◽  
Miia Siutila ◽  
Veli-Matti Karhulahti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Qualitative Interview ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
The World ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Effect

This chapter is an extended revision of the authors' earlier study (2016) on the training routines of professional and high-level esport players, with added focus on their physical exercise. The study is methodologically mixed with a quantitative survey sample (n=115) and a qualitative interview sample (n=7). Based on this data, high-level esport players train approximately 5.28 hours every day around the year, and professional esport players at least the same amount. Approximately 1.08 hours of that training is physical exercise. More than half (55.6%) of the professional and high-level esport players believe that integrating physical exercise into their training programs has a positive effect on esport performance; however, no less than 47.0% do the physical exercise chiefly to maintain their overall state of health. Accordingly, the study indicates that professional and high-level esport players are physically active as well: those of age 18 and older exercising more than three times the daily 21-minute physical activity recommendation given by the World Health Organization.

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