scholarly journals Distribution Dynamics and Roles of Starch in Non-photosynthetic Vegetative Organs of Santalum album Linn., a Hemiparasitic Tree

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Ren Zhou ◽  
Ning Nan Zhang ◽  
Yi Min Zhao ◽  
Lei Dai ◽  
Da Ping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Distribution Dynamics ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Storage Starch

Allocation dynamics of stored starch plays essential roles in the development and growth of trees. Previous studies focused on the dynamics and the characteristics of starch in autotrophic trees. However, although starch granules have been detected in the organs or tissues of some parasitic plants, studies on the allocation dynamics and roles of storage starch in them are limited. Therefore, we determined and estimated the allocation dynamics and roles of starch in Santalum album Linn., a hemiparasitic tree, using morphological and physiological methods. Our findings showed abundant starch in the stem and root of S. album at the early seedling stage. Although S. album seedlings attached to the host showed no significant changes in starch levels throughout the experiment, unattached and host-removed seedlings exhibited a gradual decrease in the starch content over time. When the starch content of unattached seedlings was less than 1%, they started to die. Starch accumulated to high levels in developing and active haustoria; however, starch levels were low in the inactive haustoria. The present study suggests that starch may provide energy to seedlings that have no host, allowing them to survive during the unattached phase, thus increasing their chance to attach to host roots by extending their survival duration. In addition, we speculate that storage starch is potentially involved in the development of haustoria and in the physiological processes of S. album related to the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients from its host.

High-Pressure Homogenization Alters Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Chinese Yam (Dioscorea Opposita Thunb.) Starch

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Wang Yi-Wei ◽  
He Yong-Zhao ◽  
An Feng-Ping ◽  
Huang Qun ◽  
Zeng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Cross Polarization ◽  
Chinese Yam ◽  
Crystal Type

In this study, Chinese yam starch-water suspension (8%) were subjected to high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 100 MPa for increasing cycle numbers, and its effect of on the physicochemical properties of the starch was investigated. Results of the polarizing microscope observations showed that the starch granules were disrupted (i.e. greater breakdown value) after HPH treatment, followed by a decrease in cross polarization. After three HPH cycles, the crystallinity of starch decreased, while the crystal type remained unaltered. Meanwhile, the contents of rapidly digestible starch and slowly digestible starch were increased. On the contrary, resistant starch content was decreased. Our results indicate that HPH treatment resulted in reduction of starch crystallinity and increase of starch digestibility.

Variation of resistant starch content in different processing types and their starch granules properties in rice

2021 ◽  
pp. 118742
Author(s):  
Hui You ◽  
Cheng Liang ◽  
Ouling Zhang ◽  
Haoyang Xu ◽  
Liang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Granules

scholarly journals Evaluation of size distribution of starch granules in selected wheat varieties by the Low Angle Laser Light Scattering method

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Capouchová ◽  
J. Petr ◽  
D. Marešová
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Laser Light Scattering ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Intensity Of Cultivation ◽  
Total Starch

    The distribution of the size of wheat starch granules using the method LALLS (Low Angle Laser Light Scattering), followed by the evaluation of the effect of variety, experimental site and intensity of cultivation on the vol. % of the starch A (starch granules > 10 μm) was determined. The total starch content and crude protein content in dry matter of flour T530 in selected collection of five winter wheat varieties were determined. Vol. % of the starch A in evaluated collection of wheat varieties varied between 65.31 and 72.34%. The effect of a variety on the vol. % of starch A seemed to be more marked than the effect of site and intensity of cultivation. The highest vol. % of starch A reached evaluated varieties from the quality group C, i.e. varieties unsuitable for baking utilisation (except variety Contra with high total content of starch in dry matter of flour T530, but relatively low vol. % of starch A). A low vol. % of starch A was also found in the variety Hana (very good variety for baking utilisation). Certain variety differences followed from the evaluation of distribution of starch fractions of starch granules, forming starch A. In the case of varieties Hana, Contra and Siria higher representation of fractions up to 30 μm was recorded, while starch A in the varieties Estica andVersailleswas formed in higher degree by size fractions of starch granules over 30 μm and particularly size fraction > 50 μm was greatest in these varieties of all evaluated samples. With increasing total starch content in dry matter of flour T530 the crude protein content decreased; the vol. % of starch A not always increased proportionally with increasing total starch content.

scholarly journals Starch Granule Size Distribution and Pasting Characteristic Response to Post-Anthesis Combined Stress of Waterlogging and Shading

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Huawei Li ◽  
Zongshuai Wang ◽  
Qicui Zhuo ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Fahong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Pasting Characteristics

The combined stress of waterlogging and shading (WS) caused by continuous rain threatens the production of high-quality weak gluten wheat in China (Triticum aestivum L.). To evaluate its influences on wheat quality formation, Yangmai 158 was chosen to be subjected to WS at 0–7 days after anthesis (DAA, WS0–7), 8–15 DAA (WS8–15), 16–23 DAA (WS16–23), and 24–31 DAA (WS24–31), respectively, with non-stressed plants as control (Non-WS). Compared with Non-WS, WS reduced the amylopectin content and enhanced amylose content in the mature grains. WS enhanced the number and surface but reduced the size of the starch granules. The number, volume, and surface area percentages of B-type starch granules were enhanced, and the number and volume percentages of A-type starch granules were reduced by WS. The peak viscosity and gelatinization temperature were enhanced and the low viscosity and final viscosity were decreased by WS. WS applied at the mid-grain-filling stage (WS8–15 and WS16–23) had greater modification on the starch content, granule size distribution and pasting characteristics than that applied at early (WS0–7) or late (WS24–31). The changes of starch pasting characteristics under WS had a significant correlation with the amylase and amylopectin content, amylase/amylopectin, and the ratio of the volume percent of B-type and A-type starch granules.

Distribution of non-structural carbohydrates in the vegetative organs of upland rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niedja Bezerra Costa ◽  
Gustavo de Andrade Bezerra ◽  
Geovanni de Oliveira Pinheiro Filho ◽  
Moemy Gomes de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage

ABSTRACT Rice is one of the main foods consumed by half of the world’s population. The rice crop requires plenty of water, but upland rice is cultivated in a non-flooded environment, although its productivity is lower than that of lowland rice. Rice grains mostly consist of starch, which is synthesized from the non-structural carbohydrates imported from the vegetative organs. The long-term storage of carbohydrates plays a remarkable role in maintaining the supply of photoassimilates during grain filling if photosynthesis does not meet energy demand. Therefore, the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates is central to the productivity of rice crops. The present study aimed to determine the non-structural carbohydrate content and soluble carbohydrate profiles in different vegetative organs of upland rice of the genotype BRS Esmeralda. The content was determined at the end of vegetative development. The identification and quantification of carbohydrates were performed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Fully expanded leaf blades, expanding leaf blades, and expanding stems exhibited the soluble carbohydrate content of 59.7, 53.3, and 52.3 mg g-1 DM, respectively. The stem was found to be the main organ for the long-term storage of non-structural carbohydrates, wherein the starch content was 36.1 mg g-1 DM. It also contained soluble carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The non-structural carbohydrates were found in low amounts in the roots, showing that this organ does not store long-term carbohydrates.

Preparation and Characterization of Enzymatically-Treated Granular Cassava Starch and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1503-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamol Maikrang ◽  
Klanarong Sriroth ◽  
Kunruedee Sangseethong ◽  
Amnat Jarerat
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Porous Surfaces ◽  
Starch Blends ◽  
Scanning Electron

Raw cassava starch was treated with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase in aqueous solution under annealing condition to obtain starch granules with rough and porous surfaces. Many different pits and pores formed by the activity of the enzymes on the surface granules and were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained starch granules with rough surfaces were mechanically blended with poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) at different ratios by using a single screw extruder. The results showed that the samples comprised of enzymatically treated starch blends had higher elongation than those comprised of untreated starch blends. At 10% starch content, the treated starch/PBAT blend had about 37.55% more elongation than the untreated starch/PBAT blend. This resulted in the improved compatibility of the starch granules and PBAT matrix in the blends as confirmed by SEM.

The NAC transcription factor NAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat developing endosperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 5794-5807
Author(s):  
Yunchuan Liu ◽  
Jian Hou ◽  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
Uzma Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Nac Transcription Factor ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Endosperm

Abstract Starch is a major component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and is an important part of the human diet. The functions of many starch synthesis genes have been elucidated. However, little is known about their regulatory mechanisms in wheat. Here, we identified a novel NAC transcription factor, TaNAC019-A1 (TraesCS3A02G077900), that negatively regulates starch synthesis in wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms. TaNAC019-A1 was highly expressed in the endosperm of developing grains and encoded a nucleus-localized transcriptional repressor. Overexpression of TaNAC019-A1 in rice and wheat led to significantly reduced starch content, kernel weight, and kernel width. The TaNAC019-A1-overexpression wheat lines had smaller A-type starch granules and fewer B-type starch granules than wild-type. Moreover, TaNAC019-A1 could directly bind to the ‘ACGCAG’ motif in the promoter regions of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 1 (TaAGPS1-A1, TraesCS7A02G287400) and TaAGPS1-B1 (TraesCS7B02G183300) and repress their expression, thereby inhibiting starch synthesis in wheat endosperm. One haplotype of TaNAC019-B1 (TaNAC019-B1-Hap2, TraesCS3B02G092800) was positively associated with thousand-kernel weight and underwent positive selection during the Chinese wheat breeding process. Our data demonstrate that TaNAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat endosperm and provide novel insight into wheat yield improvement.

scholarly journals TheYABBYGenes of Leaf and Leaf-Like Organ Polarity in Leafless PlantMonotropa hypopitys

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Shchennikova ◽  
Marya A. Slugina ◽  
Alexey V. Beletsky ◽  
Mikhail A. Filyushin ◽  
Andrey A. Mardanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Monotropa Hypopitys ◽  
Different Tissues

Monotropa hypopitysis a mycoheterotrophic, nonphotosynthetic plant acquiring nutrients from the roots of autotrophic trees through mycorrhizal symbiosis, and, similar to other extant plants, forming asymmetrical lateral organs during development. The members of the YABBY family of transcription factors are important players in the establishment of leaf and leaf-like organ polarity in plants. This is the first report on the identification ofYABBYgenes in a mycoheterotrophic plant devoid of aboveground vegetative organs. SevenM. hypopitys YABBYmembers were identified and classified into four clades. By structural analysis of putative encoded proteins, we confirmed the presence of YABBY-defining conserved domains and identified novel clade-specific motifs. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses of different tissues revealedMhyYABBYtranscriptional patterns, which were similar to those of orthologousYABBYgenes from other angiosperms. These data should contribute to the understanding of the role of theYABBYgenes in the regulation of developmental and physiological processes in achlorophyllous leafless plants.

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