scholarly journals Hijacking the Mustard-Oil Bomb: How a Glucosinolate-Sequestering Flea Beetle Copes With Plant Myrosinases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Sporer ◽  
Johannes Körnig ◽  
Natalie Wielsch ◽  
Steffi Gebauer-Jung ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flea Beetle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Sequestration Rate ◽  
Myrosinase Activity

Myrosinase enzymes play a key role in the chemical defense of plants of the order Brassicales. Upon herbivory, myrosinases hydrolyze the β-S-linked glucose moiety of glucosinolates, the characteristic secondary metabolites of brassicaceous plants, which leads to the formation of different toxic hydrolysis products. The specialist flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, is capable of accumulating high levels of glucosinolates in the body and can thus at least partially avoid plant myrosinase activity. In feeding experiments with the myrosinase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1 × tgg2 (tgg) mutant and the corresponding Arabidopsis Col-0 wild type, we investigated the influence of plant myrosinase activity on the metabolic fate of ingested glucosinolates in adult P. armoraciae beetles. Arabidopsis myrosinases hydrolyzed a fraction of ingested glucosinolates and thereby reduced the glucosinolate sequestration rate by up to 50% in adult beetles. These results show that P. armoraciae cannot fully prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis; however, the exposure of adult beetles to glucosinolate hydrolysis products had no impact on the beetle’s energy budget under our experimental conditions. To understand how P. armoraciae can partially prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis, we analyzed the short-term fate of ingested glucosinolates and found them to be rapidly absorbed from the gut. In addition, we determined the fate of ingested Arabidopsis myrosinase enzymes in P. armoraciae. Although we detected Arabidopsis myrosinase protein in the feces, we found only traces of myrosinase activity, suggesting that P. armoraciae can inactivate plant myrosinases in the gut. Based on our findings, we propose that the ability to tolerate plant myrosinase activity and a fast glucosinolate uptake mechanism represent key adaptations of P. armoraciae to their brassicaceous host plants.

scholarly journals A specialist flea beetle manipulates and tolerates the activated chemical defense in its host plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Sporer ◽  
Johannes Koernig ◽  
Natalie Wielsch ◽  
Steffi Gebauer-Jung ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gut Content ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Sequestration Rate ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Myrosinase Activity

Glucosinolates, the characteristic secondary metabolites of Brassicales, are hydrolyzed upon herbivory by myrosinases to toxic and deterrent defense metabolites. The specialist flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, sequesters glucosinolates in the body despite myrosinase activity, but it is unknown whether plant myrosinase activity influences sequestration and how beetles prevent the hydrolysis of ingested glucosinolates. In feeding experiments performed with the myrosinase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1tgg2 (tgg) mutant and the corresponding wild type, we found that plant myrosinases reduced the glucosinolate sequestration rate by up to 50% and hydrolyzed a fraction of ingested glucosinolates in adult beetles. Although these results show that P. armoraciae cannot fully prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis, we observed no negative influence on beetle performance. To understand how P. armoraciae can avoid the hydrolysis of some ingested glucosinolates, we analyzed their fate directly after ingestion. P. armoraciae rapidly absorbed glucosinolates across the gut epithelium, a strategy that has been proposed to prevent hydrolysis in the gut lumen of sequestering insects. Moreover, beetle gut content suppressed in vitro myrosinase activity, and almost no myrosinase activity was detectable in the feces, which indicates that ingested myrosinases are inactivated in the beetle gut. In summary, we show that P. armoraciae uses several strategies to prevent the hydrolysis of ingested glucosinolates but can also tolerate the formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products.

Men’s Hunger, Food Consumption, and Preferences for Female Body Types

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Guéguen
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Female Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Nelson and Morrison (2005 , study 3) reported that men who feel hungry preferred heavier women. The present study replicates these results by using real photographs of women and examines the mediation effect of hunger scores. Men were solicited while entering or leaving a restaurant and asked to report their hunger on a 10-point scale. Afterwards, they were presented with three photographs of a woman in a bikini: One with a slim body type, one with a slender body type, and one with a slightly chubby body. The participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results showed that the participants entering the restaurant preferred the chubby body type more while satiated men preferred the thinner or slender body types. It was also found that the relation between experimental conditions and the choices of the body type was mediated by men’s hunger scores.

Critical analysis and unique management of Gridhrasi w.s.r. to Sciatica - A Case Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Rangarajan B. ◽  
Dr. Muralidhara .
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Total Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lower Back

Gridhrasi (Sciatica) is a disorder in which low back pain is found, that spreads through the hip, to the back of the thigh and down the inside of the leg. Mechanical low back pain (LBP) remains the second most common symptom related reason for seeing a physician. 85% of total population will experience an episode of mechanical LBP at some point during their lifetime. Fortunately, the LBP resolves for the vast majority within 2-4 weeks. There are many causes for low back pain, however true sciatica is a symptom of inflammation or compression of the sciatica nerve. The sciatica nerve carries impulses between nerve roots in the lower back and the muscles and nerve of the buttocks, thighs and lower legs. Compression of a nerve root often occurs as a result of damage to one of the discs between the vertebrae. In some cases, sciatic pain radiate from other nerves in the body. This is called referred pain. Pain associated with sciatica often is severe, sharp and shooting. It may be accompanied by other symptom, such as numbness, tingling, weakness and sensitivity to touch. There is only conservative treatment giving short term relief in pain or surgical intervention with side effect. But these are not successful and therefore those who are suffering from this are always in search of result oriented remedy. Walking distance and SLR test were taken for assessment parameter, VAS score was adopted for pain. Before treatment patient was not able to walk even 4 to 5 steps due to severe pain, was brought on stretcher and his SLR was 30° of right side. After 22 days of treatment he was able to walk up to 500 meters without any difficulty, SLR was changed to 60° and patient had got 80 % relief in pain. This case report showed that Ayurvedic protocol is potent and safe in the treatment of Gridhrasi.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Metabolism, and Liver Regeneration Pathways Are Activated in Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1 Mice upon Short-Term Nitisinone Discontinuation

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Haaike Colemonts-Vroninks ◽  
Jessie Neuckermans ◽  
Lionel Marcelis ◽  
Paul Claes ◽  
Steven Branson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
Tyrosinemia Type 1 ◽  
Hereditary Tyrosinemia

Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an inherited condition in which the body is unable to break down the amino acid tyrosine due to mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, coding for the final enzyme of the tyrosine degradation pathway. As a consequence, HT1 patients accumulate toxic tyrosine derivatives causing severe liver damage. Since its introduction, the drug nitisinone (NTBC) has offered a life-saving treatment that inhibits the upstream enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD), thereby preventing production of downstream toxic metabolites. However, HT1 patients under NTBC therapy remain unable to degrade tyrosine. To control the disease and side-effects of the drug, HT1 patients need to take NTBC as an adjunct to a lifelong tyrosine and phenylalanine restricted diet. As a consequence of this strict therapeutic regime, drug compliance issues can arise with significant influence on patient health. In this study, we investigated the molecular impact of short-term NTBC therapy discontinuation on liver tissue of Fah-deficient mice. We found that after seven days of NTBC withdrawal, molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, and liver regeneration were mostly affected. More specifically, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and several toxicological gene classes related to reactive oxygen species metabolism were significantly modulated. We observed that the expression of several key glutathione metabolism related genes including Slc7a11 and Ggt1 was highly increased after short-term NTBC therapy deprivation. This stress response was associated with the transcriptional activation of several markers of liver progenitor cells including Atf3, Cyr61, Ddr1, Epcam, Elovl7, and Glis3, indicating a concreted activation of liver regeneration early after NTBC withdrawal.

Contributions of Lactobacillus plantarum PC170 administration on the recovery of gut microbiota after short-term ceftriaxone exposure in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-509
Author(s):  
R. Cheng ◽  
H. Liang ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
J. Guo ◽  
Z. Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to determine the impact of Lactobacillus plantarum PC170 concurrent with antibiotic treatment and/or during the recovery phase after antibiotic treatment on the body weight, faecal bacterial composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration, and splenic cytokine mRNA expression of mice. Orally administrated ceftriaxone quantitatively and significantly decreased body weight, faecal total bacteria, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Lactobacillus plantarum, and faecal SCFAs concentration. Ceftriaxone treatment also dramatically altered the faecal microbiota with an increased Chao1 index, decreased species diversities and Bacteroidetes, and more Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. After ceftriaxone intervention, these changes all gradually started to recover. However, faecal microbiota diversities were still totally different from control by significantly increased α- and β-diversities. Bacteroidetes all flourished and became dominant during the recovery process. However, mice treated with PC170 both in parallel with and after ceftriaxone treatment encouraged more Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria, and the diversity by which to make faecal microbiota was very much closer to control. Furthermore, the expression of splenic pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA in mice supplemented with PC170 during the recovery phase was significantly lower than natural recovery. These results indicated that antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, even with short-term intervention, could dramatically damage the structure of gut microbiota and their abilities to produce SCFAs with loss of body weight. Although such damages could be partly recovered with the cessation of antibiotics, the implication of antibiotics to gut microbiota might remain even after antibiotic treatment. The selected strain PC170 might be a potential probiotic because of its contributions in helping the host animal to remodel or stabilise its gut microbiome and enhancing the anti-inflammatory response as protection from the side effects of antibiotic therapy when it was administered in parallel with and after antibiotic treatment.

Zinc Regulation in the Lobster Homarus Gammarus: Importance of Different Pathways of Absorption and Excretion

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bryan ◽  
L. G. Hummerstone ◽  
Eileen Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Homarus Gammarus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Concentration

Zinc is one of the most important of the essential trace metals and more than 90 zinc-containing enymes and proteins have been discovered: furthermore, zinc increases the activity of many other enzymes (Vallee, 1978). It is not surprising, therefore, that in some groups of animals the body concentration is regulated against fluctuations in intake. Decapod crustaceans comprise one such group, although the ways in which regulation is achieved vary from species to species. In the freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, excretion in the faeces is a major pathway for removing zinc (Bryan, 1967a) whereas in the shore crab Carcinus maenas losses over the body surface also assume considerable importance (Bryan, 1966). On the other hand, preliminary work on the lobster Homarus gammarus (formerly H. vulgaris) suggests that in this species urinary excretion plays a major role in regulation (Bryan, 1964). The present work continues the study of zinc regulation in lobsters and its main aims are: (1) to measure rates of absorption from sea water over a wide range of concentrations and study the uptake mechanism; (2) to examine absorption from the stomach under different conditions; (3) to determine the relative importance of different pathways for the removal of zinc in response to various levels of intake.

scholarly journals Lalabet Financial Analysis: Study of Islamic Economics at Micro Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Ainorrofiqie Ainorrofiqie ◽  
Umrotul Khasanah ◽  
Akhmad Djalaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Family ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

This research aims to explore the model of financial management tradition Lalabet in the village of Babbalan District Batuan Sumenep. This study is based on the fact that occurred in the community about the implementation of traditions carried out by the heirs to family members who died. Interpretative qualitative research is used and an in-depth understanding of a problem that occurs is emphasized more. Based on the results of this study, the financial management tradition Lalabet can be done based on accounting equations. The accounts contained in the accounting equation is not used in its entirety and are reported as are generally financial statements. In this case, the source of funds in carrying out Lalabet tradition is sourced from personal money, money and donations from the family, money from Muslimat, debt, and money or goods from Lalabet's proceeds. The impact is the onset of debt both short-term and long-term. While the expenditure is in the form of costs in taking care of the body, costs for tahlilan (petto'arean), pa'polo, nyatos, nyataon, nyaebu, mangaji, ngin-tangin, nyalenin mayyid, and ajege makam (kep-sekep).

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY FOR PREVENTION OF OBESITY: AN OVERVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotibala Banjare
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Oral Supplements

Obesity is a medical condition arises as a result of an imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis which leads to accumulation of excess fat. Obesity is linked with major health complications such as diabetes, cardiac disorder, cancer, hypertension, sleep apnoea, etc. Weight loss through medication and healthy food balance can prevent obesity and associated disorders. Though, diet based therapy and drugs have short term effect with lacunae. At present, no reliable and established oral supplements are available to take care of obesity. Nanotechnology is a briskly emerging area of science and technology for food modulation at molecular and atomic level. The unique size and superior properties of nanomaterial have huge application in biology and medicine for food and drug development. Nanotechnology is playing an important role in the food industry for unindustrialized improved food, uptake, absorption, and bioavailability of nutrients to the body. Balanced or better-modified nutrients food, restricted calorie measures and commercial availability is geared through Nanoscience for control of obesity. Nanoparticle Targeted drug therapy, particularly for adipose tissue, may provide a new generation formulation for therapeutics of obesity.

scholarly journals The Immune System Can Hear Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Zhang ◽  
Tianyuan Zou ◽  
Dongye Guo ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
Yilin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intensity Noise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy

As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.

scholarly journals Age, but not short-term intensive swimming, affects chondrocyte turnover in zebrafish vertebral cartilage

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Liang Jian ◽  
Wei-Chun HuangFu ◽  
Yen-Hua Lee ◽  
I-Hsuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
Intensive Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Brdu Labeling

Both age and intensive exercise are generally considered critical risk factors for osteoarthritis. In this work, we intend to establish zebrafish models to assess the role of these two factors on cartilage homeostasis. We designed a swimming device for zebrafish intensive exercise. The body measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) and the histology of spinal cartilages of 4- and 12-month-old zebrafish, as well the 12-month-old zebrafish before and after a 2-week exercise were compared. Our results indicate that both age and exercise affect the body length and body weight, and the micro-computed tomography reveals that both age and exercise affect the spinal BMD. However, quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry indicate that short-term intensive exercise does not affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) of spinal cartilage. On the other hand, the cartilage ECM significantly grew from 4 to 12 months of age with an increase in total chondrocytes. dUTP nick end labeling staining shows that the percentages of apoptotic cells significantly increase as the zebrafish grows, whereas the BrdU labeling shows that proliferative cells dramatically decrease from 4 to 12 months of age. A 30-day chase of BrdU labeling shows some retention of labeling in cells in 4-month-old spinal cartilage but not in cartilage from 12-month-old zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish chondrocytes are actively turned over, and indicate that aging is a critical factor that alters cartilage homeostasis. Zebrafish vertebral cartilage may serve as a good model to study the maturation and homeostasis of articular cartilage.

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