scholarly journals The Effects of Turnip Mosaic Virus Infections on the Deposition of Secondary Cell Walls and Developmental Defects in Arabidopsis Plants Are Virus-Strain Specific

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia López-González ◽  
Concepción Gómez-Mena ◽  
Flora Sánchez ◽  
Mathias Schuetz ◽  
A. Lacey Samuels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Two isolates of Turnip mosaic virus (UK 1 and JPN 1), representative of two different viral strains, induced differential alterations on secondary cell wall (SCW) development in Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting cell-type specific effects of these viral infections. These potential effects were analyzed in inflorescence stems and flowers of infected plants, together with other possible cellular effects of the infections. Results obtained from macroscopic and histochemical analyses showed that infection with either virus significantly narrowed stem area, but defects in SCW were only found in JPN 1 infections. In flowers, reduced endothecium lignification was also found for JPN 1, while UK 1 infections induced severe floral cell and organ development alterations. A transcriptomic analysis focused on genes controlling and regulating SCW formation also showed notable differences between both viral isolates. UK 1 infections induced a general transcriptional decrease of most regulatory genes, whereas a more complex pattern of alterations was found in JPN 1 infections. The role of the previously identified viral determinant of most developmental alterations, the P3 protein, was also studied through the use of viral chimeras. No SCW alterations or creeping habit growth were found in infections by the chimeras, indicating that if the P3 viral protein is involved in the determination of these symptoms, it is not the only determinant. Finally, considerations as to the possibility of a taxonomical reappraisal of these TuMV viral strains are provided.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-382
Author(s):  
Mario Dioguardi ◽  
Angela Pia Cazzolla ◽  
Claudia Arena ◽  
Diego Sovereto ◽  
Giorgia Apollonia Caloro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Meta Analyses

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an emerging viral disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to severe respiratory infections in humans. The first reports came in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China. It was immediately clear that children developed a milder disease than adults. The reasons for the milder course of the disease were attributed to several factors: innate immunity, difference in ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor expression, and previous infections with other common coronaviruses (CovH). This literature review aims to summarize aspects of innate immunity by focusing on the role of ACE2 expression and viral infections in children in modulating the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles deemed potentially eligible were considered, including those dealing with COVID-19 in children and providing more up-to-date and significant data in terms of epidemiology, prognosis, course, and symptoms, focusing on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease in children. The bibliographic search was conducted using the search engines PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were entered in PubMed and Scopus: COVID-19 AND ACE2 AND Children; COVID-19 AND Immunity innate AND children. The search identified 857 records, and 18 studies were applicable based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that addressed the issues of COVID-19 concerning the role of ACE2 expression in children. The scientific literature agrees that children develop milder COVID-19 disease than adults. Milder symptomatology could be attributed to innate immunity or previous CovH virus infections, while it is not yet fully understood how the differential expression of ACE2 in children could contribute to milder disease.

scholarly journals Molecular and Biological Characterisation of Turnip mosaic virus Isolates Infecting Poppy (Papaver somniferum and P. rhoeas) in Slovakia

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Glasa ◽  
Katarína Šoltys ◽  
Lukáš Predajňa ◽  
Nina Sihelská ◽  
Slavomíra Nováková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Virus Isolates

In recent years, the accumulated molecular data of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates from various hosts originating from different parts of the world considerably helped to understand the genetic complexity and evolutionary history of the virus. In this work, four complete TuMV genomes (HC9, PK1, MS04, MS15) were characterised from naturally infected cultivated and wild-growing Papaver spp., hosts from which only very scarce data were available previously. Phylogenetic analyses showed the affiliation of Slovak Papaver isolates to the world-B and basal-B groups. The PK1 isolate showed a novel intra-lineage recombination pattern, further confirming the important role of recombination in the shaping of TuMV genetic diversity. Biological assays indicated that the intensity of symptoms in experimentally inoculated oilseed poppy are correlated to TuMV accumulation level in leaves. This is the first report of TuMV in poppy plants in Slovakia.

scholarly journals Cell-type-specific role for nucleus accumbens neuroligin-2 in depression and stress susceptibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Heshmati ◽  
Hossein Aleyasin ◽  
Caroline Menard ◽  
Daniel J. Christoffel ◽  
Meghan E. Flanigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Dopamine D2 ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Chronic Social Defeat Stress ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Cell Adhesion Proteins

Behavioral coping strategies are critical for active resilience to stress and depression; here we describe a role for neuroligin-2 (NLGN-2) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Neuroligins (NLGN) are a family of neuronal postsynaptic cell adhesion proteins that are constituents of the excitatory and inhibitory synapse. Importantly, NLGN-3 and NLGN-4 mutations are strongly implicated as candidates underlying the development of neuropsychiatric disorders with social disturbances such as autism, but the role of NLGN-2 in neuropsychiatric disease states is unclear. Here we show a reduction in NLGN-2 gene expression in the NAc of patients with major depressive disorder. Chronic social defeat stress in mice also decreases NLGN-2 selectively in dopamine D1-positive cells, but not dopamine D2-positive cells, within the NAc of stress-susceptible mice. Functional NLGN-2 knockdown produces bidirectional, cell-type-specific effects: knockdown in dopamine D1-positive cells promotes subordination and stress susceptibility, whereas knockdown in dopamine D2-positive cells mediates active defensive behavior. These findings establish a behavioral role for NAc NLGN-2 in stress and depression; provide a basis for targeted, cell-type specific therapy; and highlight the role of active behavioral coping mechanisms in stress susceptibility.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of the Potyvirus P3 Protein of Turnip mosaic virus as a Symptom and Avirulence Determinant in Brassicas

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol E. Jenner ◽  
Xiaowu Wang ◽  
Kenta Tomimura ◽  
Kazusato Ohshima ◽  
Fernando Ponz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Napus Line ◽  
The Uk

Two isolates of the potyvirus Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), UK 1 and CDN 1, differ both in their general symptoms on the susceptible propagation host Brassica juncea and in their ability to infect B. napus lines possessing a variety of dominant resistance genes. The isolate CDN 1 produces a more extreme mosaic in infected brassica leaves than UK 1 and is able to overcome the resistance genes TuRB01, TuRB04, and TuRB05. The resistance gene TuRB03, in the B. napus line 22S, is effective against CDN 1 but not UK 1. The nucleic acid sequences of the UK 1 and CDN 1 isolates were 90% identical. The C-terminal half of the P3 protein was identified as being responsible for the differences in symptoms in B. juncea. A single amino acid in the P3 protein was found to be the avirulence determinant for TuRB03. Previous work already has identified the P3 as an avirulence determinant for TuRB04. Our results increase the understanding of the basis of plant-virus recognition, show the importance of the potyviral P3 gene as a symptom determinant, and provide a role in planta for the poorly understood P3 protein in a normal infection cycle.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of l-Dopa Decarboxylase in Flaviviridae Virus Infections

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frakolaki ◽  
Kalliampakou ◽  
Kaimou ◽  
Moraiti ◽  
Kolaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Dopa Decarboxylase ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Functional Complex

l-dopa decarboxylase (DDC) that catalyzes the biosynthesis of bioactive amines, such as dopamine and serotonin, is expressed in the nervous system and peripheral tissues, including the liver, where its physiological role remains unknown. Recently, we reported a physical and functional interaction of DDC with the major signaling regulator phosphoinosite-3-kinase (PI3K). Here, we provide compelling evidence for the involvement of DDC in viral infections. Studying dengue (DENV) and hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection in hepatocytes and HCV replication in liver samples of infected patients, we observed a negative association between DDC and viral replication. Specifically, replication of both viruses reduced the levels of DDC mRNA and the ~120 kDa SDS-resistant DDC immunoreactive functional complex, concomitant with a PI3K-dependent accumulation of the ~50 kDa DDC monomer. Moreover, viral infection inhibited PI3K-DDC association, while DDC did not colocalize with viral replication sites. DDC overexpression suppressed DENV and HCV RNA replication, while DDC enzymatic inhibition enhanced viral replication and infectivity and affected DENV-induced cell death. Consistently, we observed an inverse correlation between DDC mRNA and HCV RNA levels in liver biopsies from chronically infected patients. These data reveal a novel relationship between DDC and Flaviviridae replication cycle and the role of PI3K in this process.

scholarly journals Patterns of recombination in turnip mosaic virus genomic sequences indicate hotspots of recombination

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazusato Ohshima ◽  
Yasuhiro Tomitaka ◽  
Jeffery T. Wood ◽  
Yoshiteru Minematsu ◽  
Hiromi Kajiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Sequence Composition ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Complete Genomic

Potyviruses have variable single-stranded RNA genomes and many show clear evidence of recombination. This report studied the distribution of recombination sites in the genomes of 92 isolates of the potyvirus Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV); 42 came from the international gene sequence databases and an additional 50 complete genomic sequences were generated from field samples collected in Europe and Asia. The sequences were examined for evidence of recombination using seven different sequence comparison methods and the exact position of each site was confirmed by sequence composition analysis. Recombination sites were found throughout the genomes, except in the small 6K1 protein gene, and only 24 of the genomes (26 %) showed no evidence of recombination. Statistically significant clusters of recombination sites were found in the P1 gene and in the CI/6K2/VPg gene region. Most recombination sites were bordered by an upstream (5′) region of GC-rich and downstream (3′) region of AU-rich sequence of a similar length. Correlations between the presence and type of recombination site and provenance, host type and phylogenetic relationships are discussed, as is the role of recombination in TuMV evolution.

scholarly journals The Potential of Telomeric G-Quadruplexes Containing Modified Oligoguanosine Overhangs in Activation of Bacterial Phagocytosis and Leukotriene Synthesis in Human Neutrophils

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Golenkina ◽  
Galina M. Viryasova ◽  
Nina G. Dolinnaya ◽  
Valeria A. Bannikova ◽  
Tatjana V. Gaponova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
New Generation

Human neutrophils are the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. They eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis, which activate the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway resulting in synthesis of leukotrienes. Using HPLC analysis, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods, we studied the effect of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) able to fold into G-quadruplex structures on the main functions of neutrophils. Designed ODNs contained four human telomere TTAGGG repeats (G4) including those with phosphorothioate oligoguanosines attached to the end(s) of G-quadruplex core. Just modified analogues of G4 was shown to more actively than parent ODN penetrate into cells, improve phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, affect 5-LOX activation, the cytosol calcium ion level, and the oxidative status of neutrophils. As evident from CD and UV spectroscopy data, the presence of oligoguanosines flanking G4 sequence leads to dramatic changes in G-quadruplex topology. While G4 folds into a single antiparallel structure, two main folded forms have been identified in solutions of modified ODNs: antiparallel and dominant, more stable parallel. Thus, both the secondary structure of ODNs and their ability to penetrate into the cytoplasm of cells are important for the activation of neutrophil cellular effects. Our results offer new clues for understanding the role of G-quadruplex ligands in regulation of integral cellular processes and for creating the antimicrobial agents of a new generation.

scholarly journals Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer Immunotherapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Lasfar ◽  
Walid Abushahba ◽  
Murugabaskar Balan ◽  
Karine A. Cohen-Solal
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Interferon Lambda ◽  
New Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Type Iii Ifn

The discovery of the interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) family has considerably contributed to our understanding of the role of interferon not only in viral infections but also in cancer. IFN-λproteins belong to the new type III IFN group. Type III IFN is structurally similar to type II IFN (IFN-γ) but functionally identical to type I IFN (IFN-α/β). However, in contrast to type I or type II IFNs, the response to type III IFN is highly cell-type specific. Only epithelial-like cells and to a lesser extent some immune cells respond to IFN-λ. This particular pattern of response is controlled by the differential expression of the IFN-λreceptor, which, in contrast to IFN-α, should result in limited side effects in patients. Recently, we and other groups have shown in several animal models a potent antitumor role of IFN-λthat will open a new challenging era for the current IFN therapy.

Role of a Newly Cloned Alternative Oxidase Gene (BjAOX1a) in Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) Resistance in Mustard

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhu ◽  
Yanman Li ◽  
Neelam Ara ◽  
Jinghua Yang ◽  
Mingfang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Tumv Resistance

scholarly journals Gamma Delta T Cells and Their Involvement in COVID-19 Virus Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg von Massow ◽  
Steve Oh ◽  
Alan Lam ◽  
Kenth Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
The Relationship

The global outbreak of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in 2020 has killed millions of people worldwide and forced large parts of the world into lockdowns. While multiple vaccine programs are starting to immunize the global population, there is no direct cure for COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 infection. A common symptom in patients is a decrease in T cells, called lymphopenia. It is as of yet unclear what the exact role of T cells are in the immune response to COVID-19. The research so far has mainly focused on the involvement of classical αβ T cells. However, another subset of T cells called γδ T cells could have an important role to play. As part of the innate immune system, γδ T cells respond to inflammation and stressed or infected cells. The γδ T cell subset appears to be particularly affected by lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients and commonly express activation and exhaustion markers. Particularly in children, this subset of T cells seems to be most affected. This is interesting and relevant because γδ T cells are more prominent and active in early life. Their specific involvement in this group of patients could indicate a significant role for γδ T cells in this disease. Furthermore, they seem to be involved in other viral infections and were able to kill SARS infected cells in vitro. γδ T cells can take up, process and present antigens from microbes and human cells. As e.g. tumour-associated antigens are presented by MHC on γδ T cells to classical T-cells, we argue here that it stands to reason that also viral antigens, such as SARS-Cov-2-derived peptides, can be presented in the same way. γδ T cells are already used for medical purposes in oncology and have potential in cancer therapy. As γδ T cells are not necessarily able to distinguish between a transformed and a virally infected cell it could therefore be of great interest to investigate further the relationship between COVID-19 and γδ T cells.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document