scholarly journals Climate Change–Induced Stress Reduce Quantity and Alter Composition of Nectar and Pollen From a Bee-Pollinated Species (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Descamps ◽  
Muriel Quinet ◽  
Anne-Laure Jacquemart
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
The Impact

In temperate ecosystems, elevated temperatures, and drought occur especially during spring and summer, which are crucial periods for flowering, pollination, and reproduction of a majority of temperate plants. While many mechanisms may underlie pollinator decline in the wake of climate change, the interactive effects of temperature and water stress on the quantity and quality of floral nectar and pollen resources remain poorly studied. We investigated the impact of temperature rise (+3 and +6°C) and water stress (soil humidity lower than 15%) on the floral resources produced by the bee-pollinated species Borago officinalis. Nectar volume decreased with both temperature rise and water stress (6.1 ± 0.5 μl per flower under control conditions, 0.8 ± 0.1 μl per flower under high temperature and water stress conditions), resulting in a 60% decrease in the total quantity of nectar sugars (mg) produced per flower. Temperature rise but not water stress also induced a 50% decrease in pollen weight per flower but a 65% increase in pollen polypeptide concentration. Both temperature rise and water stress increased the total amino acid concentration and the essential amino acid percentage in nectar but not in pollen. In both pollen and nectar, the relative percentage of the different amino acids were modified under stresses. We discuss these modifications in floral resources in regards to plant–pollinator interactions and consequences on plant pollination success and on insect nutritional needs.

A Framework for Understanding Adaptation by Manufacturing Industries

2017 ◽  
pp. 302-313
Author(s):  
Saon Ray
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
Regulatory Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medium Firms

This chapter discusses what constitutes adaptation responses by firms in the face of climate change. There are four integral components of adaptation activities undertaken by firms: assessment of risk, understanding of vulnerability, understanding the regulatory barriers to overcome the vulnerability, and, finally, adoption of policies to overcome the vulnerability. While it is easy to understand these components separately, their interdependencies make the overall picture more complicated. Also complicating the issue is the fact that most small and medium firms do not have the capacity and resources to predict the impact of such changes on their operations, and hence, to quickly make the adjustments necessary to overcome them. The response of firms also depends on the nature of the climate risk they face, whether it is sea-level rise, or temperature rise.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Drought Stress and Soil Cultivation in Chardonnay and Xynisteri Grape Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Chrysargyris ◽  
Panayiota Xylia ◽  
Vassilis Litskas ◽  
Menelaos Stavrinides ◽  
Lisa Heyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Mediterranean Areas ◽  
The Impact

Cyprus has a long tradition in grape cultivation and wine making and grapevine is important for the sustainability of the agricultural sector, like in other Mediterranean areas. Water scarcity, which is projected to increase due to climate change, could negatively affect the sector. In this research, the effects of irrigation and tillage treatments on various aspects of vine growth and product quality (e.g., yield, physiology and quality attributes), were studied in Chardonnay and Xynisteri cultivars grown in clay soils in Cyprus. Regarding soil properties and water content, N and K were more abundant in the soil than P and through the growing period irrigation tended to increase electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil. Soil water content (volumetric) was 22%–27.5% and 13%–16%, when irrigation was applied or not, respectively. Vegetative soil cover occupied 50%–55% of the surface and contained species typically present in Mediterranean farms (e.g., Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae). Tillage increased yield in Xynisteri (4–5 kg plant−1) but negatively affected other parameters such as chlorophyll levels (in Xynisteri). In combination with irrigation, tillage increased antioxidant activity in Chardonnay (assessed by FRAP and DPPH), at harvest. Total phenolics at harvest were higher in the grape juice of Xynisteri, compared to Chardonnay (30–40 and 20–25 mg GA g−1 fresh weight, respectively). Irrigation influenced phytohormone levels in the two cultivars. ABA increased in non-irrigated Xynisteri, reflecting an increased capacity to react towards water stress. Water stress is considered to increase polyphenols in grapes, but in the case of Xynisteri it seems that irrigation water is required to obtain better quality grapes as without irrigation volumetric water content (VWC) is close to the permanent wilting point. Titratable acidity and total tannins decreased in Chardonnay, when tillage and irrigation were applied. In addition, tillage and irrigation tended to elevate the pH of the grape juice. Tillage and irrigation on the other hand, had no effect on the levels of ascorbic acid and total anthocyanin content. The results of this research may help to select management strategies that support the adaptation of viticulture to climate change in Cyprus and other Mediterranean areas.

scholarly journals Effects of global climate change on chlorophyll-a concentrations in a tropical aquatic system during a cyanobacterial bloom: a microcosm study

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meirielle Euripa Pádua de Moura ◽  
Lorraine Dos Santos Rocha ◽  
João Carlos Nabout
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Rainfall Frequency ◽  
The Impact

Recent studies have investigated the impact of climate change on aquatic environments, and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is a quick and reliable variable for monitoring such changes. This study evaluated the impact of rainfall frequency as a diluting agent and the effect of increased temperature on Chl-a concentrations in eutrophic environments during a bloom of cyanobacteria. This was based on the hypothesis that the concentration of Chl-a will be higher in treatments in which the rainfall frequency is not homogeneous and that warmer temperatures predicted due to climate change should favor higher concentrations of Chl-a. The experiment was designed to investigate three factors: temperature, precipitation and time. Temperature was tested with two treatment levels (22°C and the future temperature of 25°C). Precipitation was tested with four treatments (no precipitation, a homogeneous precipitation pattern, and two types of concentrated precipitation patterns). Experiments were run for 15 days, and Chl-a concentration was measured every five days in each of the temperature and precipitation treatments. The water used in the microcosms was collected from a eutrophic lake located in Central Brazil during a bloom of filamentous cyanobacteria (Geilterinema amphibium). Chl-a levels were high in all treatments. The higher temperature treatment showed increased Chl-a concentration (F=10.343; P=0.002); however, the extreme precipitation events did not significantly influence Chl-a concentrations (F=1.198; P=0.326). Therefore, the study demonstrates that future climatic conditions (projected to 2100), such as elevated temperatures, may affect the primary productivity of aquatic environments in tropical aquatic systems.

Drought and water management in the German agricultural sector - a participatory system dynamics approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Valencia ◽  
Sabine Egerer ◽  
María Máñez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

<p>Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns caused by climate change may potentially affect water availability for agriculture and increase the risk of crop loss in Northeast Lower Saxony (NELS), Germany. The drought of 2018 showed that an intensification of irrigation might be a temporary solution. However, a long-term increase in water extraction, especially during drought periods, is not a sustainable solution. To assess possible water management solutions, we implement a participatory system dynamics approach, namely Group Model Building, to develop a qualitative system dynamics model (QSDM) describing the agricultural system and its relation to water resources in NELS.</p><p>The development of the QSDM seeks to understand the complexity of the interactions between agriculture and hydrological systems, recognize the stakeholders’ needs and identify risks and weaknesses of both systems. By understanding this, we expect to reinforce the adaptation process, reduce conflict and be able to suggest tailored solutions and adaptation measures. The QSDM incorporates a wide range of perceptions, as twenty stakeholders ranging from farmers, government agencies, environmental protection organizations and local water authorities were involved in the QSDM development. Their perceptions were recorded in the QSDM through individual interviews and a group workshop.</p><p>Through the QSDM, we identified and mapped the structure and connections between agriculture and the water balance. It was also possible to identify the strongest feedback loops governing both sectors as well as their influence on the current situation. The loops represent behaviors and structures, which might become unmanageable under climate change conditions. The causal loops include the different uses for the available water of the region, the impact of irrigation, the significance of crop selection and the importance of sustainable soil management.</p><p>By analyzing the system this way, we confirmed that climate change poses a risk to the region as elevated temperatures could increase the crop water demand and increase the need for irrigation. In the same way, changes in the rain patterns could affect the water balance of the region. The agricultural system has, however, potential to adapt by implementing new water management strategies such as restructuring water rights, water storage and reuse and conjunctive water use. Other measures include increasing the irrigation efficiency, changing crops and enhancing the soil quality, among others.</p>

scholarly journals Increasing Rainfall and Runoff in Alpine Mountainous Areas Can't Completely Eliminate Drought Driven by Temperature Rise 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Deng ◽  
Zhifeng Guo ◽  
Fuquan Ni ◽  
Lianqing Xue ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Runoff Change ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Drought research under climate change is of great scientific significance. For Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC), temperature and rainfall in climate change, which factor has a greater impact on runoff change in alpine mountainous areas? Can the increase of rainfall in the alpine mountainous area completely eliminate the drought driven by temperature rise? This study takes the upper reaches of Heihe River basin (URHRB) as an example, the URHRB's Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is constructed. Based on 58 scenarios and The Budyko Framework, here we show that a)climate change has a greater contribution to runoff than LUCC, effect of increased rainfall greater than temperature rising on runoff in alpine mountainous area; b)the drought of 57.14% of UHRRB’s sub-basins have eased, 42.86% of the sub-basins is more serious, the increase in rainfall can't completely eliminate the drought driven by temperature rise. This study coupling SWAT simulation with Budyko Framework and other methods solves the problem of lack of data in alpine mountainous areas, and more accurately quantifies the impact of climate change, LUCC on runoff changes, realizing theoretical and method innovation. The results of this study provide a scientific paradigm for solving scientific problems in similar regions in China and other countries, and have important promotion value.

Seasonal and Long-Term Changes to Pavement Life Caused by Rising Temperatures from Climate Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne F. Knott ◽  
Jo E. Sias ◽  
Eshan V. Dave ◽  
Jennifer M. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

Pavements are vulnerable to reduced life with climate-change-induced temperature rise. Greenhouse gas emissions have caused an increase in global temperatures since the mid-20th century and the warming is projected to accelerate. Many studies have characterized this risk with a top-down approach in which climate-change scenarios are chosen and applied to predict pavement-life reduction. This approach is useful in identifying possible pavement futures but may miss short-term or seasonal pavement-response trends that are essential for adaptation planning. A bottom-up approach focuses on a pavement’s response to incremental temperature change resulting in a more complete understanding of temperature-induced pavement damage. In this study, a hybrid bottom-up/top-down approach was used to quantify the impact of changing pavement seasons and temperatures on pavement life with incremental temperature rise from 0 to 5°C at a site in coastal New Hampshire. Changes in season length, seasonal average temperatures, and temperature-dependent resilient modulus were used in layered-elastic analysis to simulate the pavement’s response to temperature rise. Projected temperature rise from downscaled global climate models was then superimposed on the results to determine the timing of the effects. The winter pavement season is projected to end by mid-century, replaced by a lengthening fall season. Seasonal pavement damage, currently dominated by the late spring and summer seasons, is projected to be distributed more evenly throughout the year as temperatures rise. A 7% to 32% increase in the asphalt-layer thickness is recommended to protect the base and subgrade with rising temperatures from early century to late-mid-century.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide enrichment restrains the impact of drought on three maize hybrids differing in water stress tolerance in water stressed environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyoung Yang ◽  
Richard C. Sicher ◽  
Moon S. Kim ◽  
Vangimalla R. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
The Impact

Three maize genotypes were grown in controlled environment chambers with ambient (38 Pa) or elevated (70 Pa) carbon dioxide and water stress treatments were initiated 17 days after sowing. Shoot dry weight of the drought tolerant hybrid in both CO2 treatments was 44 to 73% less than that of the intermediate and sensitive hybrids when seedlings were well watered. Decreased shoot and root dry weights of the tolerant maize hybrid due to drought were about one-half that of the other two hybrids. Genotypic differences were observed in decreases of soil water content, leaf water potential, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to drought. Eleven of 19 amino acids measured in this study increased, methionine was unchanged and alanine and aspartate decreased in response to drought in the ambient CO2 treatment. Increased amino acid levels under elevated CO2 were observed at the end of the experiment. Significant genotypic differences were detected for amino acid responses to drought. Effects of drought on all three genotypes were mitigated by CO2 enrichment. Decreased shoot growth likely improved the stress tolerance of a highly drought resistant maize hybrid by reducing moisture loss, improving soil moisture content and increasing leaf water potential.

scholarly journals The impact of climate change policy on the risk of water stress in southern and eastern Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 064039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Gao ◽  
C Adam Schlosser ◽  
Charles Fant ◽  
Kenneth Strzepek
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Using flower strips to promote green lacewings to control cabbage insect pests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Alcalá Herrera ◽  
Belén Cotes ◽  
Nuria Agustí ◽  
Marco Tasin ◽  
Mario Porcel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Green Lacewings ◽  
Cabbage Pests ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHabitat management improves biological control by increasing the abundance and fitness of natural enemies through the provision of floral resources along field edges or between crops. Among the natural enemies reliant on flower resources, green lacewings often stand out due to their abundance, predation capacity and polyphagy. We evaluated the impact of tailored flower strips on the enhancement of natural enemies, especially green lacewings, in three organic cabbage (Brassica oleracea) farms in Southern Sweden. Insects were sampled from the flower strips, and cabbage pests and predators were visually recorded in the crop. In a laboratory assay, the pollen feeding preferences of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) were evaluated in a dual-choice test. The pollen consumed by the Chrysopidae was extracted from laboratory and field specimens, then quantified and identified. Flower strips were found to attract predators and parasitoids, whose abundance increased as flowers bloomed. Cabbage plants next to the flower strips showed lower pest infestation as compared to cabbage plant control, although no significant differences were observed in the number of predators. Chrysopidae used flower strips as feeding, reproduction and shelter sites and mainly consumed pollen from Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Under laboratory conditions, C. carnea showed a preference for P. tanacetifolia and Coriandrum sativum L. pollen over Borago officinalis L. and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. We show that tailored flower strips could be an efficient tool for enhancing beneficial arthropods and should be considered in integrated pest management for cabbage crops.

scholarly journals The effects of country-level population policy for enhancing adaptation to climate change

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4429-4440 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Gunasekara ◽  
S. Kazama ◽  
D. Yamazaki ◽  
T. Oki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
High Water ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The effectiveness of population policy in reducing the combined impacts of population change and climate change on water resources is explored. One no-policy scenario and two scenarios with population policy assumptions are employed in combination with water availability under the SRES scenarios A1b, B1 and A2 for the impact analysis. The population data used are from the World Bank. The river discharges per grid of horizontal resolution 0.5° are obtained from the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) of the University of Tokyo, Japan. Unlike the population scenarios utilized in the SRES emission scenarios and the newest representative concentration pathways, the scenarios employed in this research are based, even after 2050, on country-level rather than regional-level growth assumptions. Our analysis implies that the heterogeneous pattern of population changes across the world is the dominant driver of water stress, irrespective of future greenhouse gas emissions, with highest impacts occurring in the already water-stressed low latitudes. In 2100, Africa, Middle East and parts of Asia are under extreme water stress under all scenarios. The sensitivity analysis reveals that a small reduction in populations over the region could relieve a large number of people from high water stress, while a further increase in population from the assumed levels (SC1) might not increase the number of people under high water stress considerably. Most of the population increase towards 2100 occurs in the already water-stressed lower latitudes. Therefore, population reduction policies are recommended for this region as a method of adaptation to the future water stress conditions. Population reduction policies will facilitate more control over their future development pathways, even if these countries were not able to contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission cuts due to economic constraints. However, for the European region, the population living in water-stressed regions is almost 20 times lower than that in the lower latitudes. For countries with high population momentum, the population policy scenario with fertility-reduction assumptions gained a maximum of 6.1 times the water availability in Niger and 5.3 times that in Uganda compared with the no-policy scenario. Most of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. These countries represent 24.5% of the global population in the no-policy scenario, and the scenario with fertility-reduction assumptions reduces it to 8.7% by 2100. This scenario is also effective in reducing the area under extreme water stress in these countries. However, the policy scenario with assumptions of population stabilization at the replacement fertility rate increases the water stress in high-latitude countries. Nevertheless, the impact is low due to the high per capita water availability in the region. This research is expected to widen the understanding of the combined impacts of climate change in the future and of the strategies needed to enhance the space for adaptation.

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