scholarly journals Almost Everyone Loses Meaning in Life From Social Exclusion, but Some More Than the Others: A Comparison Among Victims, Voluntary, and Forced Rejecters

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyue Zhang ◽  
Junqing Huang ◽  
Hedan Duan ◽  
Ofir Turel ◽  
Qinghua He
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Victim Group ◽  
Recall Paradigm

Social exclusion has been a major societal concern because it hinders the attainment of needs for belonging and relationship. While we know much about the effects of social exclusion on victims and perpetrators, there is limited insight regarding how different types of rejecters (voluntary vs. forced) might affect important outcomes. The purpose of this study is to bridge this gap and to examine how different types of social exclusion (forced and voluntary) influence meaning in the life of participants. To this end, we conducted two experiments using two social exclusion paradigms: the recall paradigm and the Cyberball game. The results of the two experiments were consistent. Both experiments revealed that (1) the meaning in the life of the victim group and the forced rejecter group (i.e., those who were forced to exclude others) was significantly lower than this of the control group and the voluntary rejecter group (i.e., those choosing to exclude others). There were no significant differences between the victim group and the forced rejecter group, and there were no significant differences between the voluntary rejecter group and the control group. These results reveal that social exclusion not only negatively affects the victims of exclusion but also reduces the meaning in the life of forced rejecters. These findings are specific, and they show that the types of will in exclusion can create differences in the effects of social exclusion on the rejecters.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Types of Internal Curing Liquid on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) Mortar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Guang-Zhu Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Yong Wang ◽  
Tae-Wan Kim ◽  
Jong-Yeon Lim ◽  
Yi Han
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Internal Curing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alkali Activated Slag ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Activated Slag ◽  
Alkali Activated

This study shows the effect of different types of internal curing liquid on the properties of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortar. NaOH solution and deionized water were used as the liquid internal curing agents and zeolite sand was the internal curing agent that replaced the standard sand at 15% and 30%, respectively. Experiments on the mechanical properties, hydration kinetics, autogenous shrinkage (AS), internal temperature, internal relative humidity, surface electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and setting time were performed. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the setting times of AAS mortars with internal curing by water were longer than those of internal curing by NaOH solution. (2) NaOH solution more effectively reduces the AS of AAS mortars than water when used as an internal curing liquid. (3) The cumulative heat of the AAS mortar when using water for internal curing is substantially reduced compared to the control group. (4) For the AAS mortars with NaOH solution as an internal curing liquid, compared with the control specimen, the compressive strength results are increased. However, a decrease in compressive strength values occurs when water is used as an internal curing liquid in the AAS mortar. (5) The UPV decreases as the content of zeolite sand that replaces the standard sand increases. (6) When internal curing is carried out with water as the internal curing liquid, the surface resistivity values of the AAS mortar are higher than when the alkali solution is used as the internal curing liquid. To sum up, both NaOH and deionized water are effective as internal curing liquids, but the NaOH solution shows a better performance in terms of reducing shrinkage and improving mechanical properties than deionized water.

CONCENTRATIONS DE LA PROGESTERONE, DES OESTROGENES ET DU CORTISOL DANS LE PLASMA DES VACHES AYANT DONNE NAISSANCE A DES JUMEAUX OU AYANT EU DES RETENTIONS PLACENTAIRES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MATTON ◽  
V. ADELAKOUN ◽  
J. J. DUFOUR
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Foetal Membranes ◽  
Plasma Steroids ◽  
Peripartum Period

Plasma steroids (cortisol, progesterone, estrone and estradiol) were studied during the peripartum period in cows with three different types of parturition: unifoetal normal (VUN), unifoetal with retained placenta (VRP), multifoetal with or without retained placenta (VG). In the control group, cortisol rose gradually from 8 ng/ml on day −7 to 11 ng/ml on the day of parturition and thereafter came back to the level of day −7. In the VRP group, cortisol was slightly lower than in the control on day −7 and it did not vary significantly before or after parturition. In the group of cows with multiple births, where retained placenta was encountered in 3/4 cases, cortisol was much higher than in control animals. Plasma progesterone decreased gradually from 5.5 ng/ml to less than 1 ng/ml on the day of parturition in the control group. In the group VRP and VG, it was significantly higher than in the control on the 2 days before and on the day of parturition. The patterns of estrone and estradiol were similar in the groups VUN and VRP until the first day following parturition, but much higher in the cows giving birth to twins. During the postpartum period, the drop in estrogens was much slower in the VRP and VG groups than in the VUN control group. These results suggest that retention of the placenta is not linked with the plasma concentration of cortisol but rather associated with an increased level of progesterone on the day of parturition and that the slower decrease in estrogen levels after parturition would be the result of the persisting attachment of the foetal membranes.

scholarly journals Does Social Exclusion Alter Sensory and Pain Thresholds in Children and Adolescents with Functional Abdominal Pain? – Results from a Preliminary Study

Pain Medicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1472-1478
Author(s):  
Marco Daniel Gulewitsch ◽  
Aiste Jusyte ◽  
Katja Weimer ◽  
Michael Schönenberg
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Sensory Threshold ◽  
Functional Abdominal Pain ◽  
Pain Thresholds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Objective Functional abdominal pain (AP) is a prevalent issue in childhood and adolescence. The contribution of psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of this health problem is rather unclear, and experimental studies about underlying mechanisms are lacking. This study investigates whether experimentally induced social exclusion decreases sensory and pain thresholds in children suffering from AP. Subjects Twenty children/adolescents with AP and 22 healthy controls. Methods Children/adolescents participated in the Cyberball paradigm, which affects an experience of social exclusion. Thermal sensory and pain thresholds were measured before and after Cyberball. Results Children/adolescents with AP showed a divergent reaction regarding their sensory threshold after social exclusion: The control group exhibited a tendency toward a decreased sensory threshold whereas the AP group remained stable. Concerning the pain threshold, no effect of social exclusion could be identified. The increase of both thresholds (“numbing”) after Cyberball was positively correlated with symptoms of mental health issues. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate changes in sensory and pain thresholds following painful social interactions in a sample of children/adolescents with a chronic pain condition. Results suggest that AP and control children differ in their reaction of sensory thresholds, which might indicate an altered processing of social exclusion. Replication and further methodological improvements are needed.

Music-Assisted Training for Dart Throwing Novices: Post-Training Effects on Heart Rate and Performance Accuracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110506
Author(s):  
Ivor T. H. Tso ◽  
James C. L. Law ◽  
Thomson W. L. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Throwing Accuracy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Athletes Heart

While previous research has suggested that lowering athletes’ heart rates can enhance sports performance, it is unknown whether slow-paced music might induce a lower heart rate and thereby improve some types of motor performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of different types of music during dart-throw training on both heart rate and dart-throwing performance in 45 ( M age = 19.7, SD = 0.31 years) novice dart throwers who were randomly assigned to either a Slow Music Group (SMG), a Fast Music Group (FMG), or a Control Group (CG). All participants completed three dart-throwing blocks - Pre-Test, Practice, and Post-Test. During the Practice block, participants practiced dart-throwing with either slow-paced, fast-paced or no music according to their assigned group. We recorded the participants’ heart rates and total dart-throwing accuracy scores during Pre-Test and Post-Test. Music-assisted dart-throw training with slow-paced music was effective in significantly inhibiting a performance-related increase in heart rate and was associated with the greatest dart throwing improvement after training.

The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Health, and Well-Being

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Kristine Klussman ◽  
Julia Langer ◽  
Austin Lee Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Activity Intensity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract. Background: Most people are comfortable asserting the beneficial effects of physical exercise on mental health and well-being. However, little research has examined how different types of physical activity affect these outcomes. Aims: The current study sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of the differential relationships between different types of physical activity and various aspects of health and well-being. In addition, we sought to understand the role of self-connection in these relationships. Method: One hundred forty-three participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure their current weekly activity as well as their current health and well-being. Specifically, we examined three intensities of activity (walking, moderate, and vigorous) and three types of activity (team-based, community-based, and not team nor community-based) on self-reported health, anxiety, depression, affect, flourishing, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and meaning in life. In addition, we examined self-connection as a possible moderator of these relationships. Results: Results suggested that physical activity was inconsistently related to health and well-being, and activity intensity and type were important to understanding these relationships. In contrast, self-connection reliably related to health and well-being and moderated the relationship between activity type and the presence of meaning. Limitations: The cross-sectional, self-report nature of the study limits its contribution. In addition, we only examined a subset of all physical activities that people engage in. Conclusion: In all, results suggest that the relationships between physical activity, mental health, and well-being are tenuous, at best. Future research needs to examine these relationships further and continue to examine self-connection to determine how to best increase health and well-being through physical activity.

scholarly journals A Metabolomic Approach for the In Vivo Study of Gold Nanospheres and Nanostars after a Single-Dose Intravenous Administration to Wistar Rats

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enea ◽  
Araújo ◽  
Almeida ◽  
Soares ◽  
Gonçalves-Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gold Nanospheres ◽  
Gold Nanostars ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanoplatforms for drug therapy, diagnostic and imaging. However, biological comparison studies for different types of AuNPs fail in consistency due to the lack of sensitive methods to detect subtle differences in the expression of toxicity. Therefore, innovative and sensitive approaches such as metabolomics are much needed to discriminate toxicity, specially at low doses. The current work aims to compare the in vivo toxicological effects of gold nanospheres versus gold nanostars (of similar ~40 nm diameter and coated with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid) 24 h after an intravenous administration of a single dose (1.33 × 1011 AuNPs/kg) to Wistar rats. The biodistribution of both types of AuNPs was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The metabolic effects of the AuNPs on their main target organ, the liver, were analyzed using a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach. Conventional toxicological endpoints, including the levels of ATP and reduced and oxidized glutathione, were also investigated. The results show that AuNPs preferentially accumulate in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen and lungs. In other organs (kidney, heart, brain), Au content was below the limit of quantification. Reduced glutathione levels increased for both nanospheres and nanostars in the liver, but ATP levels were unaltered. Multivariate analysis showed a good discrimination between the two types of AuNPs (sphere- versus star-shaped nanoparticles) and compared to control group. The metabolic pathways involved in the discrimination were associated with the metabolism of fatty acids, pyrimidine and purine, arachidonic acid, biotin, glycine and synthesis of amino acids. In conclusion, the biodistribution, toxicological, and metabolic profiles of gold nanospheres and gold nanostars were described. Metabolomics proved to be a very useful tool for the comparative study of different types of AuNPs and raised awareness about the pathways associated to their distinct biological effects.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of a WeChat-based life review programme for patients with cancer: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e020239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Huimin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Review ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionPatients with cancer often suffer from considerable distress. Life review is a process of recalling, evaluating and integrating life experiences to alleviate a sense of despair and achieve self-integrity. Empirical data have supported the fact that life review is an effective psychological intervention, but it is not always accessible to patients with cancer. There is little evidence of internet-based life review programmes tailored to patients with cancer. This study aims to develop a WeChat-based life review programme and evaluate its effectiveness on the psycho-spiritual well-being of patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods and analysisA single-centre randomised parallel group superiority design will be used. Patients with cancer will be randomised, to either a control group, or to an experimental group receiving a 6-week WeChat-based life review programme. The programme, which was mainly developed based on Erikson’s psycho-social development theory and Reed’s self-transcendence theory, provides synchronous and asynchronous communication modes for patients to review their life. The former is real-time communication, providing an e-life review interview guided by a facilitator online. The latter is not simultaneously dialogic and is used to interact with patients before and after a life review interview through Memory Prompts, Review Extraction, Mind Space and E-legacy products. The primary outcomes include anxiety, depression and self-transcendence, and the secondary outcomes are meaning in life and hope. These will be measured at baseline, and immediately, at 3 months, and at 6 months after the programme’s conclusion.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained from the Biological and Medical Research Ethics Committee of the corresponding author’s university (IRB Ref No: 2016/00020). The trial results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberChiCTR-IOR-17011998.

scholarly journals In VitroAdherence of Oral Bacteria to Different Types of Tongue Piercings

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Pereira Borges ◽  
Julio Cesar Campos Ferreira-Filho ◽  
Julia Medeiros Martins ◽  
Caroline Vieira Alves ◽  
Bianca Marques Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scanning Electron

The purpose of this work was to verifyin vitroadherence ofE. corrodensandS. oralisto the surface of tongue piercings made of surgical steel, titanium, Bioplast, and Teflon. For this, 160 piercings were used for the count of Colony Forming Units (CFU) and 32 piercings for analysis under scanning electron microscopy. Of these, 96 (24 of each type) were individually incubated in 5 mL of BHI broth and 50 μL of inoculum at 37°C/24 h. The other 96 piercings formed the control group and were individually incubated in 5 mL of BHI broth at 37°C/24 h. Plates were incubated at 37°C/48 h for counting of CFU/mL and data were submitted to statistical analysis (pvalue<0.05). ForE. corrodens, difference among types of material was observed (p<0.001) and titanium and surgical steel showed lower bacterial adherence. The adherence ofS. oralisdiffered among piercings, showing lower colonization (p<0.007) in titanium and surgical steel piercings. The four types of piercings were susceptible to colonization byE. corrodensandS. oralis, and bacterial adhesion was more significant in those made of Bioplast and Teflon. The piercings presented bacterial colonies on their surface, being higher in plastic piercings probably due to their uneven and rough surface.

95 THE EFFECT OF FREEZING TECHNIQUES ON QUALITY OF CAT TESTICULAR SPERM

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
M. Techakumphu ◽  
S. Buarpung ◽  
T. Tharasanit
Keyword(s):  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Testicular Sperm ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Senior Research ◽  
Conventional Freezing

Cryopreservation of testicular tissue is beneficial for valuable animals that die unexpectedly or when elective castration is required. Until recently, knowledge regarding cryopreservation of testicular tissue/sperm in the domestic cat has been limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of freezing techniques and cryoprotectants on quality of testicular sperm. In Experiment 1, each testis was cut into 10 equal small pieces (∼2 × 3 × 5 mm) and cryopreserved in freezing medium containing with 5% (v/v) glycerol using conventional (10 min in liquid nitrogen vapors) or controlled-rate freezing techniques. In Experiment 2, testicular tissues were conventionally frozen with different types of 5% (v/v) cryoprotectants [glycerol (Gly), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), 1,2-propanediol (PrOH), or ethylene glycol (EG)]. Non-cryopreserved testicular sperm was used as a control. After thawing, testicular sperm were extracted and examined for viability and DNA integrity using non-membrane-permeable DNA staining (Ethidium homodimer-1) and TUNEL assay, respectively. Viability of testicular sperm cryopreserved by controlled-rate cryopreservation (45.9 ± 3.7) was significantly lower than non-frozen control (60.3 ± 0.9) and conventional freezing technique (55.0 ± 2.7). Gly (58.2 ± 2.6) and EG (53.3 ± 2.3) yielded a similar viability compared with non-frozen control (P > 0.05), whereas DMSO and PrOH demonstrated an inferior cryoprotectant for feline testicular sperm (% viability for DMSO and PrOH: 46.3 ± 3.3 and 44.3 ± 2.9, respectively). In both experiments, DNA integrity of frozen–thawed testicular sperm did not significantly differ from the control group. In conclusion, cat testicular tissue can be frozen as small pieces using both conventional technique and controlled rate freezing. However, freezing technique and type of cryoprotectant markedly affect the post-thawed quality of testicular sperm. Further study requires examination of the optimal cooling rate during cryopreservation and also the fertilizability of frozen–thawed testicular sperm. This study was financially supported by CHE-TRF Senior Research Scholars RTA-5080010.

The Effects of Involuntary Athletic Career Termination on Psychological Distress

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia-Maria Wippert ◽  
Jens Wippert
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
National Team ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Social Evaluative Threat ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Baseline Test ◽  
Career Termination ◽  
Mediator Variable

As career termination is an incisive event in life, it is therefore important to understand the effects of different types of retirement on an athlete’s biography. Thus, the present longitudinal study is concerned with the effects of career termination of professional national team-athletes on the development of psychopathological symptoms, locus of control, self-concept, and mood, with special consideration of the mediator variable “subjective control of event-onset.” Data were collected from 42 professional athletes (17 of whom experienced an unexpected dismissal and 4 voluntarily retired) using standardized questionnaires (SCL-90-R, ASTS, FKK) 10 days before event entrance (baseline-test), 10 days after, 3 weeks after, and 5.5 months after onset of career termination. Although the baseline data did not reveal personality differences between the groups, dismissed athletes showed significantly stronger psychological distress after event onset. They displayed a stronger initial reaction, a more severe crisis, and longer transition periods than the control group. Results are discussed in connection with the combination of social evaluative threat and forced failure during event onset and their strong effects on distress after career termination.

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