Straw Removal Effects on Sugarcane Root System and Stalk Yield

The sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) mechanical harvesting system leaves a large amount of straw mulch on the soil surface. The straw mulch may affect soil conditions, root regrowth, and sugarcane yield. Thus, this study assessed the response of sugarcane root system growth and stalk yield to different rates of straw removal. An experiment was conducted in a Rhodic Kandiudox with sand clay loam texture to test the impact of four rates of straw removal: no removal (18.9 Mg ha−1 of dry mass); moderate removal (8.7 Mg ha−1); high removal (4.2 Mg ha−1) and total removal on sugarcane root system and stalk yield. Higher concentrations of roots (60%) were found in the first 40 cm of soil. Moderate straw removal resulted in higher root mass (3.6 Mg ha−1) and stalk production (23 Mg ha−1 of dry mass). However, no straw removal reduced root mass by <40% (2099 kg ha−1) and reduced stalk yield by >20% (105 Mg ha−1). Through regression analysis, it was estimated that retaining between 8.5 and 13 Mg ha−1 of straw resulted in the highest root mass and stalk yield. Managing straw removal to retain a moderate amount enables producers to sustain suitable soil conditions for sugarcane root growth and stalk production while providing straw for industrial use.

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Effects of large macropores on soil evaporation in salt marshes

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1843 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tingzhang Zhou ◽

Pei Xin ◽

Jirka Jirka Šimůnek

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Salt Marshes ◽

Evaporation Rate ◽

Preferential Flow ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Evaporation ◽

Infrared Light ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Set Up ◽

The Impact

<p>The occurrence of macropores in salt marsh sediments is a natural and ubiquitous phenomenon. Although they are widely assumed to significantly affect water flow in salt marshes, the effects are not well understood. We conducted physical laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to examine the impact of macropores on soil evaporation. Soil columns packed with either sand or clay and with or without macropores were set up with water tables in the columns set at different levels. A high potential evaporation rate was induced by infrared light and a fan. The results showed that in the soil with a low saturated hydraulic conductivity (and thus a low transport capacity), macropores behaved as preferential flow paths, delivering water from the groundwater towards the soil surface and maintaining a high evaporation rate in comparison with the soil without macropores. This effect was more pronounced for sediments with lower hydraulic conductivities and shallower groundwater tables. These results not only improve our understanding of water flow and soil conditions in salt marshes but also shed light on soil evaporation in other hydrological systems.</p>

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The impact of anthropogenically -controlled factors on the formation of root mass and yield of rice under drip irrigation in the lower volga region

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka ◽

10.31857/s2500-26272019541-43 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 41-43

Author(s):

I. P. Kruzhilin ◽

N. N. Dubenok ◽

M. A. Ganiev ◽

K. A. Rodin ◽

A. B. Nevezhina

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Water Regime ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Great Influence ◽

Root Weight ◽

Aerobic Rice ◽

Root Mass ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Soil Wetting ◽

The Impact

The results of studies on the influence of water or nutrient regimes of the soil on the formation of the root system of rice when watering drip system. Thus, while maintaining the water regime of the soil not less than 80% of HB in the 0.6 m layer, the root mass was in the three years in the 0.4 m layer 4.96, and 0.6 m - 5.64 t/ha. In the variant where soil moisture was maintained at least 80% HB and the depth of soil wetting until the end of the tillering phase by 0.4 with a further decrease to 0.6 m, the plants differed in maximum foliage and habitus, which contributed to an increase in the root mass of aerobic rice in the layer of 0.4 m to 5.40, and in the layer of 0.6 m 6.14 t/ha. In the variant of the water regime of the soil with a moisture content of not less than 80% HB from sowing to the end of the tillering phase in a layer of 0.4 m, followed by a decrease to 0.6 m, and from wax to full ripeness of grain not less than 70% HB the volume of roots compared to the second option for three years in a layer of 0.4 m became less by 0.18 t/ha, and in a layer of 0.6 0.20 t/ha, but more than the first in a layer of 0.4 m by 0.26 m and 0.6 m 0.30 t/ha. Also had a great influence on the root system of aerobic rice. Thus, its lowest value, 5.46 t/ha for the three years, was formed when making N95P62K75 (5 t/ha). Making N114P74K90 (6 t/ha) increased root weight by 0.48 t/ha regarding the N95P62K75 dose (5 t/ha), but was below making N137P90K108 (7 t/ha) 0.60 t/ha. In the result of the conducted researches it was established that maximum yield of grain (of 6.95 t/ha) was obtained in variant water regime of soil 80% of NV in layers of 0.4 and 0.6 m, making N137P90K108 (7 t/ha). The minimum yield, 4.88 t/ha, was obtained in the variant of soil water regime of 80% of NV in a layer of 0.6 m with the introduction of N95P62K75 (5 t/ha).

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Dry Mass and Nitrogen Distribution in Papaya Seedlings in Response to Varied Fertilization of Divided Root Systems

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.428d ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 428D-428

Author(s):

Thomas E. Marler ◽

Haluk M. Discekici

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Root System ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Root Systems ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Root Mass ◽

Constant Mass ◽

Nitrogen Distribution ◽

Split Root ◽

Total Plant

`Known You 1' papaya seedlings were grown in split-root containers and fertilizer was applied to one (1/2) or two (2/2) halves of the root system to determine the influence on transport of assimilates from canopy to roots and transport of nitrogen from fertilized roots to non-fertilized roots and canopy. Following 6 weeks of growth, the plants were bare-rooted and the root system halves and canopy were dried to constant mass at 70°C. Tissue was then analyzed for total nitrogen content. Fertilization increased root mass more than 250% and total plant mass 300% compared with control plants, which received no fertilization during the 6 weeks. Total root or plant mass did not differ between the 1/2 and 2/2 plants. Roots were evenly distributed between the two halves for 2/2 plants, but the fertilized half in the 1/2 plants accounted for 60% of the total root mass. Nitrogen content of roots and canopy were increased by fertilization. Nitrogen content of the non-fertilized roots of 1/2 plants was not different from that of the fertilized roots. These results indicate that fertilizing a portion of the papaya root system increased the sink activity of that portion and that the absorbed nitrogen from that portion is efficiently transported throughout the plant.

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Growth Promotion of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) Using Commercial Strains of Trichoderma spp.

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n4p493 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 493

Author(s):

Franciely Magalhães Barroso ◽

Paulo Henrique Pereira Costa Muniz ◽

Mariany Dalila Milan ◽

Wanderson Silva dos Santos ◽

Natália Cássia de Faria Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Petroselinum Crispum ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Root Mass ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Shoot Mass

The growth of plants by the use of Trichoderma occurs through distinct mechanisms, among which it can highlight the synthesis of phytohormones and auxins analogues. The objective of this work was to evaluate Trichoderma spp. commercial strains in the promoting seedlings growth and in the productivity of parsley plants. In laboratory assay, seeds of parsley cv. ‘Graúda Portuguesa’ were treated with 2 mL of Trichoderma suspension (2.5 × 108 ml-1 conidia per 100 g of seeds) submitted to growth test until 28 days after sowing (DAS). For the greenhouse experiment, parsley seedlings were transplanted into 3.0 L pots containing soil, which was previously treated with 5 mL Trichoderma suspension, totaling 1.5 × 108 conidia per pot. In both, a control without Trichoderma application was included, being arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The evaluations were: percentage of germination (PG), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), total length (TL = RL + SL), fresh root mass (FRM), fresh shoot mass (FSM), total fresh mass (TFM = FRM + FSM), root dry mass (RDM), shoot dry mass (SDM), total dry mass (BIO = RDM + SDM), root mass ratio (RMR = RDM/BIO), shoot mass ratio (SMR = SDM/BIO), aerial part/root system retio (AP/RS = SDM/RDM) and productivity at 110 DAS. Althougth no diferences was observed among the Trichoderma treatments and the control about yield, Trichoderma spp. strains provided better TFM (18.98 to 22.92 mg), BIO (3.37 to 4.31 mg) and root system superior to the control (14.20 and 2.44 mg, respectively) under greenhouse conditions. T. harzianum ESALQ1306 was the better strain in laboratory assyas, suggsting this isolate for applied in the seeds when it aims the promotion of initial growth.

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Hybrid variation for root system efficiency in maize: potential links to drought adaptation

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp15308 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 502 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Erik J. van Oosterom ◽

Zongjian Yang ◽

Fenglu Zhang ◽

Kurt S. Deifel ◽

Mark Cooper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Soil Water ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Root Mass ◽

System Efficiency ◽

Drought Adaptation ◽

Mass Allocation

Water availability can limit maize (Zea mays L.) yields, and root traits may enhance drought adaptation if they can moderate temporal patterns of soil water extraction to favour grain filling. Root system efficiency (RSE), defined as transpiration per unit leaf area per unit of root mass, represents the functional mass allocation to roots to support water capture relative to the allocation to aerial mass that determines water demand. The aims of this study were to identify the presence of hybrid variation for RSE in maize, determine plant attributes that drive these differences and illustrate possible links of RSE to drought adaptation via associations with water extraction patterns. Individual plants for a range of maize hybrids were grown in large containers in shadehouses in Queensland, Australia. Leaf area, shoot and root mass, transpiration, root distribution and soil water were measured in all or selected experiments. Significant hybrid differences in RSE existed. High RSE was associated with reduced dry mass allocation to roots and more efficient water capture per unit of root mass. It was also weakly negatively associated with total plant dry mass, reducing preanthesis water use. This could increase grain yield under drought. RSE provides a conceptual physiological framework to identify traits for high-throughput phenotyping in breeding programs.

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Root System Characteristics of Papaya Plants Grown on a Slope

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.685b ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 685b-685

Author(s):

Thomas E. Marler ◽

Haluk M. Discekici

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Distribution ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Root Mass ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Primary Lateral ◽

System Characteristics

`Red Lady' papaya transplants were planted on a slope with a 30% to 35% grade and grown for 5 months. Excavation was used to determine root distribution on the uphill and downhill sides of the plants. Roots were separated into the taproot system and lateral roots on the uphill and downhill sides. The line intersect method was used to determine length of the lateral roots, and length of the taproot system was measured directly. All roots were dried at 70°C. The taproot system accounted for 2% of the total root length and 66% of the total root mass. Of the 130-m of lateral roots, 71% were located on the downhill side. Similarly, 69% of the dry mass of the lateral root system was located on the downhill side. Primary lateral roots on the uphill side of each plant developed horizontally, but some secondary lateral roots developed against gravity to maintain a portion of the root system close to the surface of the slope. Some of these lateral roots developed at angles of 55° to 60° above the horizontal.

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The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-1-24-28 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

Mihail Zver'kov

Keyword(s):

Block Diagram ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Control Measures ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Effective Pressure ◽

Long Distance ◽

Splash Erosion ◽

Rain Drops ◽

Artificial Rain ◽

The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

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HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine ◽

10.31473/2305-5987-2020-2-27(41)-15 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N. Maidanovych ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Winter Period ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Average Annual Temperature ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

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Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1241

Author(s):

Stanko Vršič ◽

Marko Breznik ◽

Borut Pulko ◽

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Human Impacts ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Management ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Soil Biodiversity ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Green Cover ◽

The Impact

Earthworms are key indicators of soil quality and health in vineyards, but research that considers different soil management systems, especially in Slovenian viticultural areas is scarce. In this investigation, the impact of different soil management practices such as permanent green cover, the use of herbicides in row and inter-row areas, use of straw mulch, and shallow soil tillage compared to meadow control for earthworm abundance, were assessed. The biomass and abundance of earthworms (m2) and distribution in various soil layers were quantified for three years. Monitoring and a survey covering 22 May 2014 to 5 October 2016 in seven different sampling dates, along with a soil profile at the depth from 0 to 60 cm, were carried out. Our results showed that the lowest mean abundance and biomass of earthworms in all sampling periods were registered along the herbicide strip (within the rows). The highest abundance was found in the straw mulch and permanent green cover treatments (higher than in the control). On the plots where the herbicide was applied to the complete inter-row area, the abundance of the earthworm community decreased from the beginning to the end of the monitoring period. In contrast, shallow tillage showed a similar trend of declining earthworm abundance, which could indicate a deterioration of soil biodiversity conditions. We concluded that different soil management practices greatly affect the soil’s environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), especially in the upper soil layer (up to 15 cm deep), which affects the abundance of the earthworm community. Our results demonstrated that these practices need to be adapted to the climate and weather conditions, and also to human impacts.

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Synergy between a shallow root system with a DRO1 homologue and localized P application improves P uptake of lowland rice

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89129-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aung Zaw Oo ◽

Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ◽

Mana Mukai ◽

Tomohiro Nishigaki ◽

Toshiyuki Takai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Crop Production ◽

Soil Surface ◽

P Uptake ◽

Ore Deposits ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Genetic Traits ◽

P Use Efficiency ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

P Application

AbstractImproved phosphorus (P) use efficiency for crop production is needed, given the depletion of phosphorus ore deposits, and increasing ecological concerns about its excessive use. Root system architecture (RSA) is important in efficiently capturing immobile P in soils, while agronomically, localized P application near the roots is a potential approach to address this issue. However, the interaction between genetic traits of RSA and localized P application has been little understood. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their parent of rice (qsor1-NIL, Dro1-NIL, and IR64, with shallow, deep, and intermediate root growth angles (RGA), respectively) were grown in flooded pots after placing P near the roots at transplanting (P-dipping). The experiment identified that the P-dipping created an available P hotspot at the plant base of the soil surface layer where the qsor1-NIL had the greatest root biomass and root surface area despite no genotyipic differences in total values, whereby the qsor1-NIL had significantly greater biomass and P uptake than the other genotypes in the P-dipping. The superior surface root development of qsor1-NIL could have facilitated P uptakes from the P hotspot, implying that P-use efficiency in crop production can be further increased by combining genetic traits of RSA and localized P application.

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