scholarly journals Effect of Planting Density in Two Thistle Species Used for Vegetable Rennet Production in Marginal Mediterranean Areas

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Stefano Zenobi ◽  
Marco Fiorentini ◽  
Lucia Aquilanti ◽  
Roberta Foligni ◽  
Cinzia Mannozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Cynara Cardunculus ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Spontaneous Growth ◽  
Mediterranean Areas

In Mediterranean cropping systems, it is important to utilize marginal lands for the cultivation of non-food crops. Spontaneous thistle genera such as Cynara cardunculus L. and Onopordum tauricum Willd. are native to southern Europe. Previous research has focused on their spontaneous growth in the environment or ability to supply biofuel. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of two different planting densities on the flower differentiation, vegetable rennet production and weed control of O. tauricum Willd. and C. cardunculus L. in rainfed unfertilized Mediterranean cropping systems. The results showed that plant density influenced most of the biomass parameters for O. tauricum Willd. but no significant differences were observed for C. cardunculus L. Higher densities of both species were beneficial for weed control. We recommend the use of C. cardunculus L. and O. tauricum Willd. as suitable species for vegetable rennet production in Mediterranean organic cropping systems.

Influence of Management on Long-Term Seedbank Dynamics of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Cropping Systems of Southern Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

A field study was undertaken to investigate the influence of different management strategies on rigid ryegrass plant density and seedbank dynamics over 4 yr. Even though weed seedbank declined by 86% after oaten hay in year 1, the residual seedbank enabled rigid ryegrass to reinfest field peas the next year, and the population rebounded sharply when weed control relied solely on PPI trifluralin. However, use of POST clethodim followed by crop-topping for seed-set prevention of rigid ryegrass in field pea was highly effective and caused a further decline in the weed seedbank. Integration of effective management tactics over 3 yr significantly reduced rigid ryegrass weed and spike density (90 and 81%) in the final year of the 4-yr cropping sequence. Use of oaten hay in year 1, followed by effective weed control in field pea and wheat crops, depleted the high initial seedbank (4,820 seeds m−2) to moderate levels (< 200 seeds m−2) within 3 yr. Effective weed-management treatments depleted the rigid ryegrass seedbank, reduced in-crop weed infestation, and returned higher grain yields and profitability. The results of this study clearly show that large rigid ryegrass populations can be managed effectively without reducing crop productivity and profitability provided multiyear weed-management programs are implemented effectively.

Camelina (Camelina sativa) Tolerance to Selected Preemergence Herbicides

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Jha ◽  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Camelina is an emerging oilseed crop suitable for biofuel production in dryland cropping systems of the northwestern United States. Currently, camelina growers have limited herbicide options available for weed control. Tolerance of camelina to PRE applications of quinclorac,S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, pendimethalin, and pyroxasulfone was evaluated at two locations (Kalispell in 2009 and 2010, and Huntley in 2010 and 2011) in Montana. Susceptibility to each herbicide was determined at three different rates. Quinclorac applied PRE at 280 to 840 g ai ha−1did not significantly injure camelina, and had no negative effect on plant density, biomass, flowering, and yield at either location.S-Metolachlor at 1,060 to 2,140 g ai ha−1caused less than 20% injury to camelina, with no reductions in plant density, biomass, and yield compared with the nontreated check. Dimethenamid-P applied at 630 g ai ha−1did not affect camelina density, biomass, flowering, and yield; however, at the 1,260 g ha−1rate, injury was as high as 60% (in the coarse-textured Kalispell soil), and plant density and yield were reduced as much as 50 and 31%, respectively, in addition to delayed flowering. Despite causing some visual injury to camelina, crop yield was not reduced by pendimethalin at the 1,060 or 2,130 g ai ha−1rate. Pyroxasulfone caused significant crop injury, stand loss, and yield reductions, and thus does not appear to be a viable option for weed control in camelina. Camelina plants that exhibited early-season injury showed robust growth and compensatory abilities, with lack of significant effect of herbicides on late-season plant height and biomass at least in one of the two locations. On the baseis of this research, quinclorac was the safest of all herbicides tested in camelina. Dimethenamid-P,S-metolachlor, and pendimethalin also may have an acceptable level of crop safety at lower use rates for possible registration in camelina.

scholarly journals Optimizing plant density of promising Rice genotypes in northwest Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
B Karmakar ◽  
MA R Sarkar ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
SM Haefele
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Rice Cropping Systems

A study was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, regional station farm, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during 2010 and 2011 wet seasons to determine the effect of plant density on the performance of different genotypes. Three plant densities (20- × 15-, 20- × 20- and 25- × 15-cm spacing) and six genotypes (BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57, IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123, IR83381-B-B-6-1 and Binadhan-7) were tested in a strip-plot design with three replications, placing planting densities in the vertical plots and genotypes in the horizontal plots. Planting density × genotype produced significant effect on grain yield in 2011 but not in 2010. BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57 and IR83381-B-B-6-1 produced the highest grain yield in 20- × 15-cm spacing, while the other genotypes (IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123 and Binadhan-7) produced the higher yields in 25- × 15- or 20- × 20-cm spacing. In both years, genotypes had significant effects on grain yield, all yield components, growth duration, plant height, tillers hill-1 and tillers m-2, but not on straw and biological yield. Among the genotypes, IR83377-B-B-93-3 gave the highest mean grain yield (5.11 t ha-1) followed by IRRI 123 (4.97 t ha-1). The lowest mean yield (4.04 t ha-1) was found in BRRI dhan57 followed by IR83381-B-B-6-1 (4.14 t ha-1). Planting density had significant effects on grain yield, panicles hill-1, panicles m-2, tillers hill-1 and tillers m-2, and closer spacing reduced the number of days to flowering and maturity. Short duration rice genotypes achieved higher grain yields in closer spacing while longer duration genotypes produced higher grain yields in wider spacing. Results of this investigation suggest that the optimal plant density is dependent on varietal characteristics, and that current fixed planting densities used in many rice cropping systems are probably not adequate.Bangladesh Rice j. 2014, 18(1&2): 1-7

scholarly journals LED Lighting and High-Density Planting Enhance the Cost-Efficiency of Halimione portulacoides Extraction Units for Integrated Aquaculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4995
Author(s):  
Marco Custódio ◽  
Paulo Cartaxana ◽  
Sebastián Villasante ◽  
Ricardo Calado ◽  
Ana Isabel Lillebø
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
High Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Integrated Aquaculture ◽  
Halimione Portulacoides ◽  
White Leds ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Aquaculture Effluents

Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that can be used to extract dissolved inorganic nutrients from saline aquaculture effluents under a production framework commonly known as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen (common name: sea purslane) is an edible saltmarsh halophyte traditionally consumed by humans living near coastal wetlands and is considered a promising extractive species for IMTA. To better understand its potential for IMTA applications, the present study investigates how artificial lighting and plant density affect its productivity and capacity to extract nitrogen and phosphorous in hydroponic conditions that mimic aquaculture effluents. Plant growth was unaffected by the type of artificial lighting employed—white fluorescent lights vs. blue-white LEDs—but LED systems were more energy-efficient, with a 17% reduction in light energy costs. Considering planting density, high-density units of 220 plants m−2 produced more biomass per unit of area (54.0–56.6 g m−2 day−1) than did low-density units (110 plants m−2; 34.4–37.1 g m−2 day−1) and extracted more dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Overall, H. portulacoides can be easily cultivated hydroponically using nutrient-rich saline effluents, where LEDs can be employed as an alternative to fluorescent lighting and high-density planting can promote higher yields and extraction efficiencies.

scholarly journals Optimizing Planting Density and Impact of Panicle Types on Grain Yield and Microclimatic Response Index of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guotao Yang ◽  
Xuechun Wang ◽  
Farhan Nabi ◽  
Hongni Wang ◽  
Changkun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
High Plant Density

AbstractThe architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

scholarly journals Appraisal of cowpea cropping systems and farmers’ perceptions of production constraints and preferences in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Baba Mohammed ◽  
Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo ◽  
Muhammad Lawan Umar ◽  
Mohammad Faguji Ishiyaku ◽  
Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Sole Cropping

Abstract Background Low plant density and wide intra-plant spacing in traditional cowpea cropping systems are among the factors responsible for low yield on farmers’ fields. Sole cropping and improved intercropping systems have been advocated in the last few years to increase yield in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria. This study investigated the level of adoption of high yielding cowpea cropping systems including factors that influenced their use and farmers’ perceived production constraints and preferences. A total of 420 farmers across 36 villages of northern Nigeria were interviewed, and data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics to appraise farmers predominant cowpea cropping systems and factors that determine the use of sole versus intercropping were identified with the aid of binary logit regression. Furthermore, pairwise comparison ranking was deployed to understand farmers’ view of cowpea production constraints and preferred traits. Results The results revealed that, many of the farmers (42%) still grow cowpeas in the traditional intercropping and a good number (25%) cultivate the crop as a sole crop, while 23% had fields of cowpeas in both sole and intercropping systems. Farmers reported the incidence of high insect pests, limited access to land, desire to have multiple benefits, and assurance in the event of crop failure as reasons for preference for intercropping over sole planting. The pairwise comparison ranking of constraints and preferences revealed insect pests, Striga, drought and poor access to fertilizers as major constraints to increased productivity. Many farmers indicated high yield as the most preferred trait. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for increased education and training of cowpea farmers on the importance of growing cowpeas in sole cropping and or improved intercropping systems. Genetic improvement efforts should focus on developing cowpea varieties that address farmers production constraints and reflect the diversity of consumers’ preferences for the crop. Hence, breeding for resistance to insect pests and high yield is recommended as an important priority of cowpea breeding programmes in the region.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Planting Densities on Photosynthesis in Maize Determined via Prompt Fluorescence, Delayed Fluorescence and P700 Signals

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Wanying Chen ◽  
Bo Jia ◽  
Junyu Chen ◽  
Yujiao Feng ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence ◽  
Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Transport Chain

The mutual shading among individual field-grown maize plants resulting from high planting density inevitably reduces leaf photosynthesis, while regulating the photosynthetic transport chain has a strong impact on photosynthesis. However, the effect of high planting density on the photosynthetic electron transport chain in maize currently remains unclear. In this study, we simultaneously measured prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence (PF), modulated 820 nm reflection (MR) and delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence (DF) in order to investigate the effect of high planting density on the photosynthetic electron transport chain in two maize hybrids widely grown in China. PF transients demonstrated a gradual reduction in their signal amplitude with increasing planting density. In addition, high planting density induced positive J-step and G-bands of the PF transients, reduced the values of PF parameters PIABS, RC/CSO, TRO/ABS, ETO/TRO and REO/ETO, and enhanced ABS/RC and N. MR kinetics showed an increase of their lowest point with increasing high planting density, and thus the values of MR parameters VPSI and VPSII-PSI were reduced. The shapes of DF induction and decay curves were changed by high planting density. In addition, high planting density reduced the values of DF parameters I1, I2, L1 and L2, and enhanced I2/I1. These results suggested that high planting density caused harm on multiple components of maize photosynthetic electron transport chain, including an inactivation of PSII RCs, a blocked electron transfer between QA and QB, a reduction in PSI oxidation and re-reduction activities, and an impaired PSI acceptor side. Moreover, a comparison between PSII and PSI activities demonstrated the greater effect of plant density on the former.

Response of two sunflower hybrids to planting dates and densities

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Allam ◽  
G. R. El-Nagar ◽  
A. H. Galal
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Head Diameter

This investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Assiut University during the summers of 2000 and 2001 to study the responses of two sunflower hybrids (Vidoc and Euroflora) to planting dates (May 1st, June 1st and July 1st) and planting densities (55,533, 83,300 and 166,600 plants/ha). The results indicated that the two varieties differed highly significantly in all studied traits except oil yield/ha. The highest seed yield (3.64 t/ha) was obtained with the variety Vidoc. In addition, the results revealed that the planting date exerted a highly significant influence on all vegetative growth traits along with yield and its components. Increasing plant density increased the seed and oil yield/ha. By contrast, the stem diameter, head diameter, 100-seed weight and seed yield/plant decreased with increasing plant density. The interaction between varieties and plant density had a highly significant effect on head diameter. The greatest head diameter (20.06 cm) was recorded for the variety Vidoc planted at lower density. Concerning the interaction between planting density and planting date, the highest seed yield (4.47 t/ha) was obtained from dense plants at the early sowing date, and the highest oil % (45.32) at the late planting date and the lowest plant density. The second order interaction exerted a highly significant influence on stem and head diameter in addition to seed yield/plant, where the highest value (78.13 g/plant) was obtained with the variety Vidoc planted on May 1st at the lowest plant density.

scholarly journals Effect of plant density on stem and flower quality of single-stem ornamental sunflower genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Emina Mladenović ◽  
Sandra Cvejić ◽  
Siniša Jocić ◽  
Nemanja Ćuk ◽  
Jelena Čukanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Ammi Analysis ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality

The aim of this research was to determine the optimum planting density for the production of high-quality cut flowers with desirable characteristics. 25 single-stem ornamental sunflower genotypes were planted at different densities and evaluated for flowering time, flower diameter, and stem circumference and length over a two-year production cycle. Three spacing patterns were used: 25 × 25 cm, 30 × 30 cm, and 70 × 30 cm, which led to the planting densities of 160 000, 90 000, and 60 000 plants/ha, respectively. The plant density had the most important effect on the stem circumference, flower diameter, and stem length (total variation 52, 60, and 58%, AMMI analysis) and a small effect on the flowering time (total variation 1%, AMMI analysis). Based on environment-focused scaling, all high-density environments could be suitable for the production of single-stem sunflower genotypes. The results demonstrated the adaptation of several sunflower genotypes G9, G11, G12, G21, and G22 as the most suitable based on the optimum flower diameter, stem circumference, and stem length. These results may lead to progress in growing ornamental sunflowers as a cut flower.

scholarly journals Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Kernel Abortion and Stem Lodging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Noor Shah ◽  
Mohsin Tanveer ◽  
Asad Abbas ◽  
Mehmet Yildirim ◽  
Anis Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
High Plant Density

High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document