scholarly journals Winter Rye Cover Crop with Liquid Manure Injection Reduces Spring Soil Nitrate but Not Maize Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Everett ◽  
Melissa L. Wilson ◽  
Randall J. Pepin ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Significant Difference

In maize-based cropping systems, leaching of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) to drainage tile and groundwater is a significant problem. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a winter rye cover crop planted after silage maize or soybean harvest and injected with liquid manure could decrease soil NO3-N without reducing the yield of the following maize crop. An experiment was conducted at 19 sites with predominant occurrence of Mollisols (15 out of 19 sites) in the upper Midwest USA immediately after soybean or maize silage harvest to compare a drilled rye cover crop and a non-cover crop control. Later in the fall, liquid swine or dairy manure was injected into the cover crop and control plots. Rye was terminated the following spring using herbicide, usually before reaching 20 to 25 cm in height, and incorporated with tillage at most sites, after which maize was planted and harvested as silage or grain. Across sites, soil NO3-N at rye termination was reduced by 36% (range = 4% to 67%) with rye compared to no rye. Nitrogen in aboveground rye biomass at termination ranged from 5 to 114 kg N ha−1 (mean = 51 kg N ha−1). Across sites, there was no significant difference in yield of maize silage or grain between treatments. These results demonstrate in a Mollisol-dominated region the potential of a winter rye cover crop planted before manure application to effectively reduce soil NO3-N without impacting yield of the following maize crop, thereby reducing risk of negative environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Cover Cropping on Weed Seedbanks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Nichols ◽  
Lydia English ◽  
Sarah Carlson ◽  
Stefan Gailans ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Crop Biomass

Cool-season cover crops have been shown to reduce soil erosion and nutrient discharge from maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems. However, their effects on long-term weed dynamics are not well-understood. We utilized five long-term research trials in Iowa to quantify germinable weed seedbank densities and compositions after 10+ years of cover cropping treatments. All five trials consisted of zero-tillage maize-soybean rotations managed with and without the inclusion of a yearly winter rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop. Seedbank sampling was conducted in the early spring before crop planting at all locations, with three of the five trials having grown a soybean crop the preceding year, and two a maize crop. Two of the trials (both previously soybean) showed significant and biologically relevant decreases (4,070 and 927 seeds m−2, respectively) in seedbank densities in cover crop treatments compared to controls. In another two trials, one previously maize and one previously soybean, no difference was detected in seedbank densities. In the fifth trial (previously maize), there was a significant, but biologically unimportant increase of 349 seeds m−2. All five trials' weed communities were dominated by common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.)], and changes in seedbank composition from cover-cropping were driven by changes in this species. Although previous studies have shown that increases in cover crop biomass are strongly correlated with weed suppression, in our study we did not find a relationship between seedbank changes and the mean amount of cover crop biomass produced over a 10-years period (experiment means ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1), the stability of the cover crop biomass production, nor the amount produced going into the previous crop's growing season. We conclude that long-term use of a winter rye cover crop in a maize-soybean system has the potential to meaningfully reduce the size of weed seedbanks compared to winter fallows. However, identifying the mechanisms by which this occurs requires further research into processes such as seed predation and seed decay in cover cropped systems.

scholarly journals Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Yesuf Assen Mohammed ◽  
Swetabh Patel ◽  
Heather L. Matthees ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
Burton L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Impact

Improved agronomic management strategies are needed to minimize the impact that current maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production practices have on soil erosion and nutrient losses, especially nitrogen (N). Interseeded cover crops in standing maize and soybean scavenge excess soil N and thus reduce potential N leaching and runoff. The objectives were to determine the impact that pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) (PC), winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) (WC), and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (WR) cover crops have on soil N, and carbon (C) and N accumulation in cover-crop biomass. The cover crops were interseeded in maize at the R5 growth stage and in soybean at R7 in four replicates over two growing seasons at four locations. Soil and aboveground biomass samples were taken in autumn and spring. Data from the maize and soybean systems were analyzed separately. The results showed that cover crops had no effect on soil NH4+-N under both systems. However, winter rye decreased soil NO3−-N up to 76% compared with no-cover-crop treatment in the soybean system. Pennycress and WC scavenged less soil N than WR. Similarly, N and C accumulation in PC and WC biomass were less than in WR, in part because of their poor growth performance under the interseeding practice. Until PC and WC varieties with improved suitability for interseeding are developed, other agronomic practices may need to be explored for improving N scavenging in maize and soybean cropping systems to reduce nutrient leaching and enhance crop diversification.

scholarly journals Effects of Two Manure Additives on Methane Emissions from Dairy Manure

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Jessie Cluett ◽  
Andrew C. VanderZaag ◽  
Hambaliou Baldé ◽  
Sean McGinn ◽  
Earl Jenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Liquid manure is a significant source of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas. Many livestock farms use manure additives for practical and agronomic purposes, but the effect on CH4 emissions is unknown. To address this gap, two lab studies were conducted, evaluating the CH4 produced from liquid dairy manure with Penergetic-g® (12 mg/L, 42 mg/L, and 420 mg/L) or AgrimestMix® (30.3 mL/L). In the first study, cellulose produced 378 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS) at 38 °C and there was no significant difference with Penergetic-g® at 12 mg/L or 42 mg/L. At the same temperature, dairy manure produced 254 mL CH4/g VS and was not significantly different from 42 mg/L Penergetic-g®. In the second lab study, the dairy manure control produced 187 mL CH4/g VS at 37 °C and 164 mL CH4/g VS at 20 °C, and there was no significant difference with AgrimestMix (30.3 mL/L) or Penergetic-g® (420 mg/L) at either temperature. Comparisons of manure composition before and after incubation indicated that the additives had no effect on pH or VS, and small and inconsistent effects on other constituents. Overall, neither additive affected CH4 production in the lab. The results suggest that farms using these additives are likely to have normal CH4 emissions from stored manure.

scholarly journals Surface Covers Affect Liquid Manure Temperature, Albedo, and Evaporation

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Jessie R. Cluett ◽  
Andrew C. VanderZaag ◽  
Timothy Rennie ◽  
Ward Smith ◽  
Robert J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
List Type ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Significant Difference

HighlightsEvaporation from clear water, manure, and separated liquid manure was 4.6 mm d-1 on average.Straw, foam, geotextile, and roof covers decreased evaporation by 54%, 53%, 31%, and 21%, respectively.Albedo was highest for floating foam covers and lowest for metal roof covers.Straw, foam, and geotextile increased manure temperature compared to uncovered manure. ABSTRACT. Evaporation is a key component of the surface energy budget of liquid manure. Models rely on accurate energy budgets to predict manure temperature, which in turn is used to model temperature-dependent greenhouse gas emissions from liquid manure storages. Due to lack of data, it has been assumed that liquid manure has similar evaporative properties to water; however, this assumption may be inaccurate. Many factors, including manure crusting, covers, and turbidity, are all likely to affect the surface energy budget and the evaporation rate. This experiment investigated the differences in evaporation between eight treatments, including water, dyed water, raw and separated liquid manure, and four commonly used covers (straw, geotextile, foam, and roof), by measuring weekly evaporation. Albedo, surface temperatures, and internal temperatures were also measured to determine treatment effects. Over the 10-week study, no significant difference was found between the evaporation rates of water, raw manure, and separated liquid manure, with an average rate of 4.6 mm d-1. Notably, the raw manure did not form a consistent surface crust, which may explain the similarities in evaporation rates in this study and is unlikely to represent manure with a crust. Overall, covers significantly decreased evaporative losses by between 21% and 54% compared to uncovered raw manure. Average evaporation rates of the covered treatments were 1.9 mm d-1 for straw cover, 2.0 mm d-1 for foam cover, 2.9 mm d-1 for geotextile cover, and 3.4 mm d-1 under a roof cover. Similarities between each treatment and water as well as between the four covered treatments and the uncovered raw manure were found using linear regression on weekly evaporation. Generally, the uncovered treatments were more similar and could be predicted (high R2) by multiple linear regression with environmental variables, while the covered treatments differed more and were not as well predicted (lower R2). Results from this study can help adjust evaporation rates in biophysical models to improve estimates of manure temperature, tank holding capacity, and emission predictions. Keywords: Evaporation, Dairy manure, Liquid manure, Manure covers, Manure management.

NITROGEN SIDEDRESS ON SILAGE MAIZE INTERCROPPED WITH MARANDU GRASS

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
SIMÉRIO CARLOS SILVA CRUZ ◽  
GUILHERME FILGUEIRAS SOARES ◽  
TIAGO CAMILO DUARTE ◽  
DARLY GERALDO DE SENA JUNIOR ◽  
CARLA GOMES MACHADO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Maize Ear

ABSTRACT - The method used for the establishment of an intercropping system may interfere in the optimal timing of nitrogen sidedress fertilization on maize for silage. Due to this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sidedress timing on the development and yield of silage maize and Marandu grass grown under irrigation in an intercropping. A split plot randomized blocks design with four replications was used. The plots corresponded to the nitrogen sidedress timing on silage maize (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing, corresponding to the phenological stages V3, V5, V7 and R1, respectively). The subplots consisted of two consortium establishment methods, Marandu Grass simultaneously sowed with the maize crop and 30 days after. The simultaneous sowing of silage maize and Marandu grass intercropped, and irrigated favors the grass development and dry mass yield, reducing the yield of maize ear green mass and maize total dry mass. The nitrogen fertilization after corn sowing reduced maize silage yield and favored the forage production of the intercropped Marandu grass.Keywords: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; interspecific competition; integration crop-livestock.ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA DE COBERTURA PARA O MILHO SILAGEM CULTIVADO EM CONSÓRCIO COM CAPIM MARANDURESUMO - O método de introdução da forrageira no sistema de consórcio pode interferir no momento ideal para a realização da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura na cultura do milho silagem. Em função disto, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes épocas de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura do milho silagem e do Capim Marandu, cultivados em consórcio sob irrigação. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam à época de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no milho silagem (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após semeadura do milho, equivalendo à semeadura, V3, V5, V7 e R1, respectivamente). Nas subparcela, foram testados dois métodos de implantação do consórcio: Capim Marandu semeado simultaneamente à cultura do milho e 30 dias após. A semeadura simultânea do milho silagem e do Capim Marandu, em sistema de consórcio, favoreceu o desenvolvimento e a produção de massa seca do capim, reduzindo a produtividade de massa verde de espigas de milho e massa seca total de plantas. A adubação nitrogenada de cobertura realizada após a semeadura prejudicou a produção de milho silagem e beneficiou o desenvolvimento do capim Marandu cultivado em consórcio.Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Maradu; competição interespecífica; integração lavoura-pecuária.

Fodder supply to dairy cows during the dry season in Tanzania: comparative evaluation of three silages and lupin green forage

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-658
Author(s):  
R. P. Mbwile ◽  
H. Wiktorsson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Significant Difference

SUMMARYForty-eight Friesian cows in weeks 4–20 of lactation at the start of the trial were used in a comparative evaluation of Desmodium–grass silage, Rhodes grass silage, maize silage and lupin green forage. The forages were group-fed ad libitum and a concentrate was offered according to a standard lactation of 4200 kg milk in a 12-week test period. A digestibility trial with five wethers was used to evaluate the nutritive value of the forages.Cows offered the Rhodes grass silage had the highest forage dry-matter intake and those on maize silage had the lowest intake. There was no significant difference between the intake of Desmodium–grass silage and lupin green forage. Milk and FCM production were not significantly different on the four treatments although lupin green forage gave appreciably less than the silages. The expected milk production from the energy and protein consumed suggested that the milk produced was mainly from the concentrate. It is concluded that low energy concentration in all the forages, and low crude protein content in the silages, were the main limiting factors for high milk production.

scholarly journals Field Studies on the Effect of Rye Cover Crop on Soybean Root Disease and Productivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazieli Araldi Da Silva ◽  
Gang Han ◽  
Yuba Raj Kandel ◽  
Daren S. Mueller ◽  
Matthew Helmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Cover crops improve soil and water quality in annual cropping systems, but knowledge of their impact on soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling and root diseases is limited. The effects of winter rye cover crops (Secale cereale L.) on soybean population, biomass, root morphology, seedling and root diseases, pathogen incidence, canopy reflectance, and yield were assessed over two years in Iowa and Missouri, USA. Plots without a rye cover crop were compared to plots with early-kill rye and late-kill rye cover crops, which were terminated 34 to 49 days or 5 to 17 days before soybean planting, respectively. Soybean shoot dry weight, root rot severity, and incidence of Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. on roots were not influenced by the treatments. Soybean grain yield and plant population were reduced in the presence of rye in two site-years, increased in one site-year, and not changed in the remaining site-years. Soybean canopy reflectance was measured at 810 nm and measurements were first made at 70 to 80 days after planting (DAP). At least five measurements were obtained at 7- to 15- day intervals, ending at 120 to 125 DAP. Measurements at approximately 120 to 125 DAP differed by treatments but were not consistently associated with the presence or absence of a rye cover crop. Our field studies suggest that Iowa and Missouri soybean farmers can use winter rye as a cover crop in soybean fields with low seedling disease pressure without increasing the risk of seedling and root diseases or suppressing yield.

scholarly journals The influence of locality, treatment against european corn borer (Ostrinia Nubilalis), hybrid and silage additive on the ruminal degradability of starch of maize silage

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Poštulka ◽  
Petr Doležal
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Microbial Preparation ◽  
Dairy Milk

The ruminal degradability of starch (“RDS”) is an important indicator of utilization of starch by ruminal microorganism. Degradability rate influences the starch amount that will be utilized in rumen and the amount that will be digested in abomasum. The importance of those by-pass nutrients grows up with the increasing of dairy milk production.The aim of this experiment was to determinate the influence of the locality, hybrid, treatment against european corn borer (“ECB”) and used silages additive on the ruminal degradability of starch in the maize silage.The experiment proceeded in three different localities. In each locality were grown on the parcels two groups of maize plants with regards to treatment against ECB (treated – experimental, untreated – control). Into each group were used three hybrids with the different number of FAO. At the harvest of silage maize was the chopped forage taken from each locality, group and hybrid apart and ensiled into experimental tubs. During conservation were prepared the silages without the addition of pre­pa­ra­tion, silages inoculated by the microbial preparation (amount 15g/l) and silages with the addition of the chemical agents (organic acids and salts blend 2l/t matter). The values of RDS were detected through the method „in sacco“(nylon bags).The significant difference (P < 0.01) between the values of RDS was detected between the silages from various localities. (Senice na Hané 56.06 ± 4.00%; Starojická Lhota 48.02 ± 4.83%; Záblatí 43.49 ± 2.73%). The treatment against ECB did not affect significantly (P<0.05) the values of RDS of the silages (treated group 49.72 ± 5.88%; untreated group 48.65 ± 7.07%). The differences were not significant neither at the level of particular localities. The influence of used hybrid and silage preparation on the RDS was not significant (P < 0.05). The value of RDS can be different in relation with the locality. The influence of treatment against ECB was not evidential. The using of various hybrids or silage preparation could not change principal the value of RDS.

scholarly journals El sistema maíz-leguminosa-frijol y la fertilización mineral en terrazas de muro vivo.

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Néstor F. Nicolás ◽  
Sergio Uribe ◽  
Ernesto López ◽  
René Camacho ◽  
Antonio Turrent
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

With the aim of developing a sustainable agronomic management for the hillside agro-system that includes traditional crops maize and beans, a research was carried out from 1996 to 1998 at two locations in the South of Veracruz, Mexico. The experiment included planting of maize intercropped with two cover crop legumes (Mucuna and Canavalia) during the summer and planting Common Bean cv. Negro INIFAP in the fall. A completely randomized design arranged as split plot was utilized, with the cover legumes as main plots and six fertilizer treatments as small plots. In biomass production Mucuna was significantly superior to Canavalia and thus as nutrimental source. Weed biomass production was 52% lower in the treatments with the cover legumes as compared to the sole maize crop. No difference was found for maize seed yield among main treatments, indicating that the cover crops did not affect maize yield. In common bean the highest yield was obtained in the Mucuna and fertilization dose of 30 kg/ha N and 30 kg/ha P2O5. In conclusion Mucuna was the best cover crop in biomass production, reducing weed competition and favored mineral nutrition in Common Bean.

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