scholarly journals Expression of Serum Exosomal miRNA 122 and Lipoprotein Levels in Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania infantum: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Loria ◽  
Vincenzo Dattilo ◽  
Domenico Santoro ◽  
Jacopo Guccione ◽  
Adriana De Luca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Exosomal Mirna ◽  
Serum Exosomes

Current knowledge on the role of exosomal microRNA (miRNA) in canine leishmaniasis (CL), with particular regards to the interaction between miR-122 and lipid alterations, is limited. The aim of this study was to isolate/characterize exosomes in canine serum and evaluate the expression of miR-122 in ten healthy and ten leishmaniotic dogs. Serum exosomes were isolated using a polymer-based kit, ExoQuick® and characterized by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy, whereas miR-122-5p expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A significant decreased expression of exosomal miR-122-5p, decreased serum levels of high-density lipoproteins, and increased serum levels of low-density lipoproteins were seen in leishmaniotic dogs when compared with healthy dogs. These results suggest that hepatic dysfunctions induced by the parasite interfere with lipoprotein status. The decreased expression of exosomal miR122 represents an additional effect of Leishmania infection in dogs as in people.

scholarly journals Role of Circulating Immune Complexes in the Pathogenesis of Canine Leishmaniasis: New Players in Vaccine Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Cristina Cacheiro-Llaguno ◽  
Nuria Parody ◽  
Marta R. Escutia ◽  
Jerónimo Carnés
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Circulating Immune Complexes ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Humoral Immune

During canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), due to Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), uncontrolled infection leads to a strong humoral immune response. As a consequence of the production of high antibody levels and the prolonged presence of parasite antigens, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed, which can be deposited in certain organs and tissues, inducing vasculitis, uveitis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. A method to detect CIC and quantify their levels in serum samples from dogs infected with L. infantum has been recently described. It allowed demonstration of a correlation between CIC levels and disease severity. Thus, CIC measurement may be useful for diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and monitoring response to treatment. This is an interesting finding, considering that there remains an urgent need for identification of novel biomarkers to achieve a correct diagnosis and for optimal disease staging of dogs suffering from Leishmania infection. The objective of the present review is to shed light on the role of CIC in CanL, as well as to highlight their potential use not only as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers but also as a valuable tool in vaccine development and new immunotherapy strategies to prevent or control disease outcome.

Circulating exosomal microRNAs as novel detection biomarkers in pancreatic cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lun Wu(Former Corresponding Author) ◽  
Wen-Bo Zhou ◽  
Jiao Zhou ◽  
Ying Wei ◽  
Hong-Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Exosomal Mirna

Abstract Background Circulating exosomal microRNAs are reflective of the characteristics of the tumor, are valuable biomarkers in different types of tumors, and play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulating exosomal microRNAs miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 as novel biomarkers for patients with pancreatic cancer (PC).Methods Serum exosomal microRNAs were extracted from the serum of PC and chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients using an RNA Isolation kit. To identify the exosomes in the serum, we used transmission electron micrographs for the crystalline structure, western blotting, and NanoSight for exosomal markers and nanoparticle characterization. The relative expression levels of exosomal microRNAs were quantified using quantitative PCR and compared between PC and CP patients.Results A total of 40 serum samples (30 PC and 10 CP) were collected. The expression levels of both exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were obviously higher in PC patients compared with those in CP patients (both P<0.001). However, no significant difference in the relative serum levels of free miR-21 and miR-210 was observed between these two groups (both P>0.05). Exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were related to tumor stage, as well as other factors. The diagnostic of exosomal miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 levels was 83% and 85%, respectively. Furthermore, when combining the expression of exosomal miRNA with serum CA19-9, the accuracy increased to 90%.Conclusions We herein identified that the serum exosomal miRNAs miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 may be of value as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PC.

Maintenance of a microparasite infecting several host species: rabies in the Serengeti

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (S1) ◽  
pp. S33-S47 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cleaveland ◽  
C. Dye
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem ◽  
Infectious Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Healthy Dogs

SUMMARYWhether and how microparasites such as rabies persist in their host populations are among the fundamental questions of infectious disease epidemiology. Rabies is a fatal disease of all mammalian species, but not all mammalian species can maintain the infection as reservoirs. The approach to control depends on which of the affected species do act as reservoirs. Bringing together old and new data, we examine here the role of wild and domestic animals in maintaining rabies in the Serengeti region of Tanzania, presenting our findings in two parts. In Part I, we argue that domestic dogs are the likely reservoirs because: (1) rabies has been continuously present in the dog population since its (re)introduction in 1977, whilst (2) wildlife cases have been very rare over this period, despite intensive study of Serengeti carnivores; (3) outbreaks of rabies in wild canids (jackals) elsewhere in Africa (Zimbabwe) have followed, rather than preceded, outbreaks in the dog population; (4) all viruses isolated from wild carnivores in the Serengeti ecosystem (including the Kenyan Masai Mara) are antigenically and genetically indistinguishable from the typical domestic dog Strain; (5) dog rabies control in the Serengeti between 1958–77 apparently eliminated the disease from both dogs and wildlife. Having identified dogs as reservoirs, Part II explores some possible mechanisms of maintenance in dog populations. In theory, infection is more likely to be maintained at higher dog densities, and we provide evidence that rabies is maintained in one district with a dog density > 5/km2, but not in two other districts with densities < 1/km2. Because 5 dogs/km2 is much lower than the expected density required for persistence, we go on to investigate the role of atypical infections, showing: (1) from serology, that a substantial proportion of healthy dogs in the Serengeti have detectable serum levels of rabies-specific antibody; (2) from mathematical models that, whilst we cannot be sure what seropositivity means, persistence in low-density dog populations is more likely if seropositives are infectious carriers, rather than slow-incubators or immunes.

scholarly journals Vitamin d and leishmaniasis: Neither seasonal nor risk factor in canine host but potential adjuvant treatment through cbd103 expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009681
Author(s):  
Clara Martori ◽  
Rita Velez ◽  
Montserrat Gállego ◽  
Ignacio Mesa ◽  
Rui Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Primary Canine

Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for a plethora of disorders. We have shown that dogs with clinical leishmaniasis presented lower VitD serum levels than non-infected dogs, and even lower than those with asymptomatic infection. However, if VitD deficiency is a risk factor to develop clinical leishmaniasis remains to be answered. It is also unknown if VitD participates in Leishmania control. First, we retrospectively analysed VitD concentration in serum samples from 36 healthy dogs collected in different periods of the year concluding that there isn’t a seasonal variation of this vitamin in dogs. We also included 9 dogs with clinical leishmaniasis and 10 non-infected healthy dogs, in which we measured VitD levels at the beginning of the study, when all dogs were negative for serology and qPCR, and 1 year later. Whereas non-infected dogs showed no change in VitD levels along the study, those developing clinical leishmaniasis showed a significant VitD reduction at the end of the study (35%). When we compared VitD concentration between the two groups at the beginning of the study, no differences were detected (43.6 (38–59) ng/mL, P = 0.962). Furthermore, an in vitro model using a canine macrophage cell line proved that adding active VitD leads to a significant reduction in L. infantum load (31.4%). Analyzing expression of genes related to VitD pathway on primary canine monocytes, we showed that CBD103 expression was significantly enhanced after 1,25(OH)2D addition. Our results show that VitD concentration is neither seasonal nor a risk factor for developing canine leishmaniasis, but it diminishes with the onset of clinical disease suggesting a role in parasitic control. Our in vitro results corroborate this hypothesis and point out that VitD regulates infection through CBD103 expression. These results open the possibility for studies testing VitD as an adjuvant in leishmaniasis therapy.

Serum exosomal miR-377-3p and miR-381-3p as diagnostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Xingguo Song ◽  
Miao Yu ◽  
Limin Niu ◽  
Yajing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirna ◽  
Serum Exosomes

Aim: This study aimed to identify specific and sensitive exosomal miRNAs in diagnosing patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Serum exosomes were isolated from 175 CRC patients and 172 healthy donors by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blotting. Exosomal miRNA expression was detected by qPCR and the results analyzed by receiver operating characteristic analysis to illuminate the diagnostic accuracy. Results: Both exosomal miR-377-3p and miR-381-3p were downregulated in CRC patients as well as in early-stage patients compared with healthy donors; they could serve as circulating biomarkers of diagnosis, including early diagnosis, for CRC, possessing favorable diagnostic efficiency. Conclusion: Exosomal miR-377-3p and miR-381-3p levels were downregulated in CRC patients and may be useful as novel and specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of CRC, especially early-stage CRC.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Transmission Electron Microscopy studies of texture of Cr underlayer of magnetic recording hard disk

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 580-581
Author(s):  
L. Tang ◽  
G. Thomas ◽  
M. R. Khan ◽  
S. L. Duan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Magnetic Recording ◽  
Magnetic Thin Films ◽  
Magnetic Films ◽  
Substrate Bias ◽  
Epitaxial Relationship ◽  
Transmission Electron

Cr thin films are often used as underlayers for Co alloy magnetic thin films, such as Co1, CoNi2, and CoNiCr3, for high density longitudinal magnetic recording. It is belived that the role of the Cr underlayer is to control the growth and texture of the Co alloy magnetic thin films, and, then, to increase the in plane coercivity of the films. Although many epitaxial relationship between the Cr underlayer and the magnetic films, such as ﹛1010﹜Co/ {110﹜Cr4, ﹛2110﹜Co/ ﹛001﹜Cr5, ﹛0002﹜Co/﹛110﹜Cr6, have been suggested and appear to be related to the Cr thickness, the texture of the Cr underlayer itself is still not understood very well. In this study, the texture of a 2000 Å thick Cr underlayer on Nip/Al substrate for thin films of (Co75Ni25)1-xTix dc-sputtered with - 200 V substrate bias is investigated by electron microscopy.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Evaporated Perylene Thin Films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-337
Author(s):  
C. Ewins ◽  
J.R. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Electronics ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Amorphous Layer ◽  
Electric Heater ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The preparation of thin films of organic molecules is currently receiving much attention because of the need to produce good quality thin films for molecular electronics. We have produced thin films of the polycyclic aromatic, perylene C10H12 by evaporation under high vacuum onto a potassium chloride (KCl) substrate. The role of substrate temperature in determining the morphology and crystallography of the films was then investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The substrate studied was the (001) face of a freshly cleaved crystal of KCl. The temperature of the KCl was controlled by an electric heater or a cold finger. The KCl was heated to 200°C under a vacuum of 10-6 torr and allowed to cool to the desired temperature. The perylene was then evaporated over a period of one minute from a molybdenum boat at a distance of 10cm from the KCl. The perylene thin film was then backed with an amorphous layer of carbon and floated onto copper microscope grids.

Fine structure and possible functions of the hermaphrodite duct of some pulmonate snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Alan N. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Standard Techniques

The hermaphrodite duct of pulmonate snails connects the ovotestis to the fertilization pouch. The duct is typically divided into three zones; aproximal duct which leaves the ovotestis, the middle duct (seminal vesicle) and the distal ovotestis duct. The seminal vesicle forms the major portion of the duct and is thought to store sperm prior to copulation. In addition the duct may also play a role in sperm maturation and degredation. Although the structure of the seminal vesicle has been described for a number of snails at the light microscope level there appear to be only two descriptions of the ultrastructure of this tissue. Clearly if the role of the hermaphrodite duct in the reproductive biology of pulmonatesis to be understood, knowledge of its fine structure is required.Hermaphrodite ducts, both containing and lacking sperm, of species of the terrestrial pulmonate genera Sphincterochila, Levantina, and Helix and the marine pulmonate genus Siphonaria were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by standard techniques.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

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