scholarly journals Red Spot on the European Green Map: Will the Extra Catastrophic Phenomenon Take the Polish Poaching-Pressured Ospreys to the Brink of Extinction?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Woźniak ◽  
Michał Zygmunt ◽  
Łukasz Porębski ◽  
Patrycja Woźniak ◽  
Dariusz Anderwald
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Total Failure ◽  
Trail Cameras ◽  
The Moment

Poland is the only European country where the Osprey population is declining due to the mortality of adult birds from poaching, which impacts not only single breeding attempts but also the Lifetime Reproductive Success (LRS) of specimens. However, what if there came an extra mortality factor in the moment of the lowest numbers of Osprey, already vulnerable in the country? In the years 2018–2020, we installed 22 trail cameras and five digital cameras (live online video feeds) on the nests. The total failure level observed in cameras (18.5%) was high. We observed, using these cameras, the extra mortality of chicks (10.7% of potentially fledged chicks) and even adult birds by unexpected predation by Northern Goshawk and White-tailed Eagle. This phenomenon is also common in the national population, as we found a total of ten cases of total losses by predators (eight or nine of them were birds of prey), including nests not covered by camera monitoring. The extra adult-predation by Goshawks means an extra drop in LRS. Those adult and chick predations are an example of exceptional catastrophic phenomena, which have been described as the direct cause of the extinction of animal populations throughout history. Only active conservation and stop poaching of the Polish population could stop the decline and save the Polish Ospreys.

scholarly journals Do El Niño events beget generations of reproductively deficient adults?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Ortega ◽  
Cristina Rodríguez ◽  
Hugh Drummond
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
List Type ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
El Niño Events ◽  
El Nino Events

AbstractWarm ocean waters during El Niño events deplete primary productivity, with cascading effects through the food chain that profoundly affect many marine and terrestrial species, commonly increasing adult mortality and offspring starvation. With global warming, events will double and increasingly threaten the depletion or extinction of some animal populations.Because adverse environments experienced during infancy generally induce reproductive deficits in adulthood, El Niño events are also expected to affect animals born during them, engendering generations of adults with reduced reproductive potential and exacerbating demographic impacts.We made the first test of this idea, using the blue-footed booby, a piscivorous apex predator of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Surprisingly, detailed monitoring of 18 generations over a 27-year period detected no deficits in the annual breeding success, offspring viability, lifespan or lifetime reproductive success of generations of adults born during El Niño years.These results testify to remarkable developmental resilience extending across the lifespan. However, there was evidence that this resilience was supported by two mechanisms of quality control of adult generations from El Niño years.First, viability selection on nestlings and fledglings was more severe for El Niño birth cohorts than ordinary cohorts.Second, in El Niño years, adult boobies self-selected for breeding. There was no increase in the proportional representation of either high quality breeders or breeders in their peak years (middle-age), but there was an increase in old-young adult pairings, which in this population produce the most viable fledglings.The blue-footed booby appears to be immune to the expected developmental impact of El Niño on the reproductive value of adult generations. The susceptibilities and resilience of other species need to be explored, to better predict the demographic impacts of this accelerating climatic oscillation.

Electrocution risk for the endangered Crowned Solitary Eagle and other birds in semiarid landscapes of central Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAXIMILIANO ADRIÁN GALMES ◽  
JOSÉ HERNÁN SARASOLA ◽  
JUAN MANUEL GRANDE ◽  
FÉLIX HERNÁN VARGAS
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Central Argentina ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Arid And Semiarid ◽  
Main Factor

SummaryHigh mortality by electrocution has been suggested to be the main factor behind the reduction of several birds of prey populations across the world. Almost nothing is known, however, about the impact of power lines on this group of birds in the Neotropical Region. Here we estimate electrocution rates for birds on power lines covering both arid and semiarid biomes of central Argentina. We conducted six bi-monthly power line and raptor surveys throughout 355 km of lines and roads covering an area of approximately 12,000 km2. We described the structural design of 3,118 surveyed electricity pylons. We found 34 electrocuted individuals of four bird families that constitute an annual bird electrocution rate of 0.011 bird/pylon/year. Bird electrocution occurred mostly on concrete pylons with jumpers above the cross-arm. Larger birds of prey had a higher electrocution rate than smaller species. The Crowned Solitary Eagle Buteogallus coronatus was disproportionately affected by this mortality source when compared with its low population density. Electrocution incidents occurred mostly in a few electric pylon designs that represent only 10.2 % of the power pylons monitored in the study area. Therefore, the change or modification of a small fraction of pylons would almost eliminate bird electrocution incidents in our study area. Our results prove that electrocution is a relevant cause of mortality for Crowned Solitary Eagles and urgent mitigating actions are needed to reduce this mortality factor.

scholarly journals The relative contribution of individual quality and changing climate as drivers of lifetime reproductive success in a short-lived avian species

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisha L. Berzins ◽  
Russell D. Dawson ◽  
Christy A. Morrissey ◽  
Robert G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Animal Populations

AbstractAnimal populations are influenced strongly by fluctuations in weather conditions, but long-term fitness costs are rarely explored, especially in short-lived avian species. We evaluated the relative contributions of individual characteristics and environmental conditions to lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from two populations breeding in contrasting environments and geographies, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, Canada. Female swallows achieved higher LRS by breeding early in the season and producing more fledglings. Other measures of female quality had virtually no influence on LRS. Genetic factors did not predict LRS, as there was no correlation between life-history components for sister pairs nor between mothers and their daughters. Instead, climate variability—indexed by spring pond density (i.e., abundance of wetland basins holding water) during years when females bred—had strong positive effects on female LRS in more arid Saskatchewan but only weak positive effects of moisture conditions were detected in wetter British Columbia. Overall, several life history trait correlates of LRS were similar between populations, but local environmental factors experienced by individuals while breeding produced large differences in LRS. Consequently, variable and extreme environmental conditions associated with changing climate are predicted to influence individual fitness of distinct populations within a species’ range.

scholarly journals Mazurzy na Podolu Wschodnim: pamięć, tożsamość i dziedzictwo

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelina Jakimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Living Together ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Second World ◽  
Specific Identity

Masurians in the East Podolia: Memory, Identity and HeritageThe theme of this article is specific identity and memory of the Polish population in the selected villages of Khmelnytskyi Raion of Ukraine, with the second most numerous Polish population in Ukraine. The specificity of this Polish population results from a long habitation in the same territory. From the moment they arrived on Podolia until their deportations to Kazakhstan and Siberia in the 1930s, this group did not migrate at all. The article is based on research conducted in three the so-called “Masurian” villages. The inhabitants of these areas are defined as Masurians – they are descendants of Polish peasants who settled therein the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The text shows the identity of the ethnic community of “Masurian” villages and the memory of their Polish peasant roots. Hundreds years of living together in one region and endogamy rules in force since the Second World War have contributed to the fact that these local communities have preserved memory of their Polish and peasant origin, as well as their specific dialect and religion. Mazurzy na Podolu Wschodnim: pamięć, tożsamość i dziedzictwoTematem artykułu jest specyfika tożsamości i pamięci ludności polskiej w wybranych wsiach obwodu chmielnickiego na Ukrainie, który jest drugim co do liczebności polskiej ludności obwodem Ukrainy. Specyfika ludności polskiej na terenie prawobrzeżnej Ukrainy opiera się na jej długim trwaniu na jednym terytorium. Od chwili przybycia na teren Podola aż do momentu zsyłek do Kazachstanu i na Syberię w latach 30. XX wieku tej grupy nie dotykały ruchy migracyjne. Artykuł opiera się na badaniach prowadzonych w trzech wsiach zwanych „mazurskimi”: Hreczanach, Szaraweczce i Maćkowcach. Ludność zamieszkująca te tereny określa się mianem Mazurów – potomków polskich chłopów, osadników z XVII i XVIII wieku. W tekście przedstawiono charakter tożsamości ludności wsi mazurskich, pamięć wspólnotową dotyczącą polskich i zarazem chłopskich korzeni grupy. Kilkusetletnie życie w jednym regionie, jak i obowiązująca do czasów II wojny światowej zasada endogamii spowodowały, że wspólnoty wsi mazurskich zachowały pamięć o swoim polskim i zarazem chłopskim pochodzeniu, gwarę i wyznanie.

In-Game Photography: Creating New Realities through Video Game Photography

2018 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Murat Durusoy
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Truth Condition ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
The Moment

Computers and photography has had a long and complicated relationship throughout the years. As image processing and manipulating capabilities advanced on the computer front, photography re-birthed itself with digital cameras and digital imaging techniques. Development of interconnected social sharing networks like Instagram and Twitter feeds the photographers’/users’ thirst to show off their momentaneous “been there/seen that – capture the moment/share the moment” instincts. One other unlikely front emerged as an image processing power of the consumer electronics improved is “video game worlds” in which telematic travellers may shoot photographs in constructed fantasy worlds as if travelling in real life. While life-like graphics manufactured by the computers raise questions about authenticity and truthfulness of the image, the possible future of the photography as socially efficient visual knowledge is in constant flux. This article aims to reflect on today’s trends in in-game photography and tries to foresee how this emerging genre and its constructed realities will transpose the old with the new photographic data in the post-truth condition fostering for re-evaluation of photography truth-value. Keywords: digital image, lens-based, photography, screenshot, video games

The Application of Digital Cameras in Monitoring Dynamic Deformation of Steel Shelf

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 873-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Xin Yu ◽  
Xin Hua Ding ◽  
Ming Zhi Chen ◽  
Peng Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Dynamic Deformation ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Instantaneous Deformation ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Normal Work

Steel shelves are widely used in logistics and warehousing, however, steel shelves often occur instability and other accidents in applications. Many of the destruction are instantaneous. [ Therefore, how to timely monitor the deformation of the shelf, especially the deformation of the shelves on the dynamic stress in the moment to ensure the safe of the shelves is very important. This article describes the method of using digital cameras to monitor dynamic and instantaneous deformation of shelf, which has the characteristics that easy to use, high accuracy, rapid reaction, and observing multi-point once, all-weather use, does not affect the normal work.

The High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.

Pinocytotic-Like Forms of Mitochondria From Rat Anterior Pituitary

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Surrounding Cell ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
Sectioned Tissue ◽  
State Of Activity

Sectioned tissue rarely indicates evidence of what is probably a highly dynamic state of activity in mitochondria which have been reported to undergo a variety of movements such as streaming, divisions and coalescence. Recently, mitochondria from the rat anterior pituitary have been fixed in a variety of configurations which suggest that conformational changes were occurring at the moment of fixation. Pinocytotic-like vacuoles which may be taking in or expelling materials from the surrounding cell medium, appear to be forming in some of the mitochondria. In some cases, pores extend into the matrix of the mitochondria. In other forms, the remains of what seems to be pinched off vacuoles are evident in the mitochondrial interior. Dense materials, resembling secretory droplets, appear at the junction of the pores and the cytoplasm. The droplets are similar to the secretory materials commonly identified in electron micrographs of the anterior pituitary.

Outreach Opportunities Using the Instructional SEM at Iowa State University

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
L. S. Chumbley ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
K. Fredrickson ◽  
F.C. Laabs
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
State University ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Video And Audio

The development of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) suitable for instructional purposes has created a large number of outreach opportunities for the Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Department at Iowa State University. Several collaborative efforts are presently underway with local schools and the Department of Curriculum and Instruction (C&I) at ISU to bring SEM technology into the classroom in a near live-time, interactive manner. The SEM laboratory is shown in Figure 1.Interactions between the laboratory and the classroom use inexpensive digital cameras and shareware called CU-SeeMe, Figure 2. Developed by Cornell University and available over the internet, CUSeeMe provides inexpensive video conferencing capabilities. The software allows video and audio signals from Quikcam™ cameras to be sent and received between computers. A reflector site has been established in the MSE department that allows eight different computers to be interconnected simultaneously. This arrangement allows us to demonstrate SEM principles in the classroom. An Apple Macintosh has been configured to allow the SEM image to be seen using CU-SeeMe.

Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Active User ◽  
Percent Improvement ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

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