Identification and Recovery of Valuable Bioactive Compounds from Potato Peels: A Comprehensive Review

Nowadays, the potato is one of the most cultivated and consumed food crops in the world and, in recent years, its production has experienced a sharp increase. Its industrial processing generates several by-products that are wasted and cause economic and environmental problems. Among them, potato peel stands out, representing up to 10% of the total potato residues obtained in the processing. On the other hand, these wastes, in addition to presenting antioxidant compounds, are rich in interesting chemical compounds of great value in a biorefinery model. This review summarizes the main compounds present in potato skins as well as the most used and innovative extraction methods employed for their isolation, with special emphasis on the fractions with biological activities. In addition, a sustainable biorefinery proposal focused on obtaining high added-value products with potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, nutraceutical, or cosmetic industries is included.

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Valorization of Kiwi by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Circular Economy Model

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Franklin Chamorro ◽

María Carpena ◽

Bernabé Nuñez-Estevez ◽

Miguel A. Prieto ◽

Jesus Simal-Gandara

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

By Products

Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops, and from the industrialization of the product. Generally, these wastes are accumulated in landfills or burned, sometimes causing environmental problems. However, many scientific studies suggest that these residues are rich in bioactive compounds, so these matrices could be revalued for their use in food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. In this way, the circular and sustainable economy is favored, while obtaining products with high added value. In this case, this approach is applied to the residues generated from kiwi production, since numerous studies have shown the high content of kiwi in bioactive compounds of interest, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids. These compounds have been reported for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health such as its use as prebiotic. Therefore, this article reviews the potential of residues derived from industrial processing and agricultural maintenance of kiwi as promising matrices for the development of new nutraceutical, cosmetic, or pharmacological products, obtaining, at the same time, economic returns and a reduction of the environmental impact of this industry, attaching it to the perspective of the circular economy.

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Development of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Calcium Lactate Synthetized from Black Sea Mussel Shells

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md20010045 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Magdalena Mititelu ◽

Elena Moroșan ◽

Anca Cecilia Nicoară ◽

Ana Andreea Secăreanu ◽

Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Sea ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Immediate Release ◽

Calcium Lactate ◽

Calcium Source ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

By Products

Nowadays, the use of marine by-products as precursor materials has gained great interest in the extraction and production of chemical compounds with suitable properties and possible pharmaceutical applications. The present paper presents the development of a new immediate release tablet containing calcium lactate obtained from Black Sea mussel shells. Compared with other calcium salts, calcium lactate has good solubility and bioavailability. In the pharmaceutical preparations, calcium lactate was extensively utilized as a calcium source for preventing and treating calcium deficiencies. The physical and chemical characteristics of synthesized calcium lactate were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. Further, the various pharmacotechnical properties of the calcium lactate obtained from mussel shells were determined in comparison with an industrial used direct compressible Calcium lactate DC (PURACAL®). The obtained results suggest that mussel shell by-products are suitable for the development of chemical compounds with potential applications in the pharmaceutical domain.

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Evaluation of Fatty Acids Profile as a Useful Tool towards Valorization of By-Products of Agri-Food Industry

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10112867 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2867

Author(s):

Rui Ferreira ◽

Sílvia Lourenço ◽

André Lopes ◽

Carlos Andrade ◽

José S. Câmara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Food Industry ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Added Value ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Potential Applications ◽

By Products

Worldwide, the food industry generates a large number of by-products from a wide variety of sources. These by-products represent an interesting and economical source of added value components with potential functionalities and/or bioactivities, which might be explored for industrial purposes, encouraging and promoting the circular economy concept. In this context, the current work aimed to evaluate the fatty acids (FAs) profile using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), as well as the determination of related health lipid indices (e.g., atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI)) as a powerful strategy to investigate the potential applications of different agri-food by-products for human nutrition and animal feeding. This work results showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the predominant group in grape pomace (72.7%), grape bunches (54.3%), and brewer’s spent grain (BSG, 59.0%), whereas carrot peels are dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 47.3%), and grape stems (46.2%), lees (from 50.8 to 74.1%), and potato peels (77.2%) by saturated fatty acids (SFAs). These findings represent a scientific basis for exploring the nutritional properties of agri-food by-products. Special attention should be given to grape pomace, grape bunches, and BSG since they have a high content of PUFAs (from 54.3 to 72.7%) and lower AI (from 0.11 to 0.38) and TI (from 0.30 to 0.56) indexes, suggesting their potential to provide a variety of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases including well-established hypotriglyceridemia and anti-inflammatory effects, products to which they are added.

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Valorization of Mushroom By-Products as a Source of Value-Added Compounds and Potential Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25112672 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 2672 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Filipa Antunes ◽

Sara Marçal ◽

Oludemi Taofiq ◽

Alcina M. M. B. Morais ◽

Ana Cristina Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Food System ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Value Added ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Added Value ◽

Future Research ◽

By Products

Nowadays, the food sector is highly concerned with environmental issues and foreseen to develop strategies to reduce waste and losses resulting from activities developed in the food system. An approach is to increment added value to the agro-industrial wastes, which might provide economic growth and environmental protection, contributing to a circular economy. Mushroom by-products represent a disposal problem, but they are also promising sources of important compounds, which may be used due to their functional and nutritional properties. Research has been developed in different fields to obtain value added solutions for the by-products generated during mushroom production and processing. Bioactive compounds have been obtained and applied in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, other applications have been explored and include animal feed, fertilizer, bioremediation, energy production, bio-based materials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant composition of mushroom by-products and discuss their potential as a source of functional compounds and other applications. Future research needs to explore pilot and industrial scale extraction methods to understand the technological feasibility and the economic sustainability of the bioactive compounds extraction and valorization towards different applications.

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Green and Sustainable Valorization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Pinus By-Products

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25122931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2931 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Ferreira-Santos ◽

Elisa Zanuso ◽

Zlatina Genisheva ◽

Cristina M. R. Rocha ◽

José A. Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Food Additives ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Added Value ◽

Green Technologies ◽

By Products ◽

Pine Species

In Europe, pine forests are one of the most extended forests formations, making pine residues and by-products an important source of compounds with high industrial interest as well as for bioenergy production. Moreover, the valorization of lumber industry residues is desirable from a circular economy perspective. Different extraction methods and solvents have been used, resulting in extracts with different constituents and consequently with different bioactivities. Recently, emerging and green technologies as ultrasounds, microwaves, supercritical fluids, pressurized liquids, and electric fields have appeared as promising tools for bioactive compounds extraction in alignment with the Green Chemistry principles. Pine extracts have attracted the researchers’ attention because of the positive bioproperties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-neurodegenerative, antitumoral, cardioprotective, etc., and potential industrial applications as functional foods, food additives as preservatives, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Phenolic compounds are responsible for many of these bioactivities. However, there is not much information in the literature about the individual phenolic compounds of extracts from the pine species. The present review is about the reutilization of residues and by-products from the pine species, using ecofriendly technologies to obtain added-value bioactive compounds for industrial applications.

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Various Green Extraction Methods for High Valorisation of Vegetal Antioxidant Sources

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.10.6607 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 2708-2711

Author(s):

Georgiana I. Badea ◽

Simona C. Litescu Filipescu ◽

Gabriel L. Radu ◽

Ioana Diaconu

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Complete Characterization ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Implementation Cost ◽

Green Extraction ◽

Efficacy Assessment ◽

By Products

This work presents the efficacy of various green extraction methods used to ensure the optimal amount of antioxidant compounds extracted from vegetal material. The new developed extraction procedures are easy-to-use and have a low implementation cost providing health-safe and high-quality extracts (products). The complete characterization of the obtained extracts was performed by a HPLC method (quantification of antioxidant compounds) and the ORAC method (efficacy assessment). These methodologies have high potential in by-products industry, where managing the residues is an important step in increasing the technological process economic efficiency and mitigation of environmental impact and, moreover, can by further extended to other types of raw materials.

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Non-Extractable Polyphenols from Food By-Products: Current Knowledge on Recovery, Characterisation, and Potential Applications

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8080925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 925

Author(s):

Yubin Ding ◽

Ksenia Morozova ◽

Matteo Scampicchio ◽

Giovanna Ferrentino

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Valuable Compounds ◽

Potential Food ◽

By Products

Non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs), or bound polyphenols, are a significant fraction of polyphenols that are retained in the extraction residues after conventional aqueous organic solvent extraction. They include both high molecular weight polymeric polyphenols and low molecular weight phenolics attached to macromolecules. Current knowledge proved that these bioactive compounds possess high antioxidant, antidiabetic, and other biological activities. Plant-based food by-products, such as peels, pomace, and seeds, possess high amount of NEPs. The recovery of these valuable compounds is considered an effective way to recycle food by-products and mitigate pollution, bad manufacturing practice, and economic loss caused by the residues management. The current challenge to valorise NEPs from plant-based by-products is to increase the extraction efficiency with proper techniques, choose appropriate characterising methods, and explore potential functions to use in some products. Based on this scenario, the present review aims to summarise the extraction procedure and technologies applied to recover NEPs from plant-based by-products. Furthermore, it also describes the main techniques used for the characterisation of NEPs and outlines their potential food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications.

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Obtaining Antioxidants and Natural Preservatives from Food By-Products through Fermentation: A Review

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7030106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Francisco J. Martí-Quijal ◽

Sucheta Khubber ◽

Fabienne Remize ◽

Igor Tomasevic ◽

Elena Roselló-Soto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Scale Up ◽

Added Value ◽

High Yield ◽

Future Research ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Peptides ◽

Natural Preservatives ◽

By Products

Industrial food waste has potential for generating income from high-added-value compounds through fermentation. Solid-state fermentation is promising to obtain a high yield of bioactive compounds while requiring less water for the microorganism’s growth. A number of scientific studies evinced an increase in flavonoids or phenolics from fruit or vegetable waste and bioactive peptides from cereal processing residues and whey, a major waste of the dairy industry. Livestock, fish, or shellfish processing by-products (skin, viscera, fish scales, seabass colon, shrimp waste) also has the possibility of generating antioxidant peptides, hydrolysates, or compounds through fermentation. These bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, or antioxidant peptides) resulting from bacterial or fungal fermentation are also capable of inhibiting the growth of commonly occurring food spoilage fungi and can be used as natural preservatives. Despite the significant release or enhancement of antioxidant compounds through by-products fermentation, the surface areas of large-scale bioreactors and flow patterns act as constraints in designing a scale-up process for improved efficiency. An in-process purification method can also be the most significant contributing factor for raising the overall cost. Therefore, future research in modelling scale-up design can contribute towards mitigating the discard of high-added-value generating residues. Therefore, in this review, the current knowledge on the use of fermentation to obtain bioactive compounds from food by-products, emphasizing their use as natural preservatives, was evaluated.

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Valorization of Agri-Food Waste from Pistachio Hard Shells: Extraction of Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidants

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources10050045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Nunzio Cardullo ◽

Melania Leanza ◽

Vera Muccilli ◽

Corrado Tringali

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Phenolic Constituents ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Hard Shell ◽

Promising Source ◽

By Products

The agricultural processing industry usually generates a remarkable amount of by-products rich in bioactive compounds, which can be exploited for agri-food or nutraceutical applications. Pistachio’s hard shell is one of the major by-products from pistachio industrial processing. The aim of this work was the evaluation of pistachio shells as a potential source of natural antioxidants. We evaluated different extraction procedures by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidative activity (DPPH•, TEAC and ORAC). The microwave-assisted ethanol extract turned out to be the most promising and was fractionated by XAD-16 column chromatography, affording six fractions analyzed through HPLC/ESI-MS/MS and 1H-NMR to identify the main antioxidative constituents. Fractions Fr4–Fr6 demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. Gallic acid and a monogalloylglusose isomer are the main phenolic constituents of Fr4. Both simple and complex phenolics, such as flavonoids and hydrolysable tannins, were identified in fractions Fr5 and Fr6; pentagalloylglucose and kaempferol, well-known for their antioxidant activity, are the most abundant constituents. The results highlighted that the proposed methodology can be an effective way to recover bioactive phenolic compounds from pistachio hard shell, making this by-product a promising source of compounds with potential applications in food and healthcare sectors.

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