scholarly journals Application of Polymeric Nanocarriers for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Antibiotics at the Target Site and Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10695
Author(s):  
Hung Le ◽  
Carole Karakasyan ◽  
Thierry Jouenne ◽  
Didier Le Cerf ◽  
Emmanuelle Dé
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sites Of Action

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health. Although the efforts in antibiotic drug discovery continue to play a pivotal role, this solution alone probably will not be enough to ensure the required level of infection control in the future. New strategies and innovative modes of action are desperately needed to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Accordingly, antibiotic delivery based on polymeric nanoparticles is one of the possible methods that has been recently explored to improve their pharmacokinetic profile. Through optimized access of antibiotics to their sites of action, nanocarriers can unlock the full potential of the antibiotic cargoes, extend the antimicrobial spectrum, and reduce the required dose of antibiotic while preserving efficacy. Additionally, the use of an antibiotic-loaded nanocarrier is also considered a steady solution as novel molecules can be continuously developed and incorporated into the delivery platform. This review describes the present state of polymeric nanocarriers in enhancing antibiotic treatment, including improved pharmacokinetic properties and restored antibiotic efficacy against drug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, the current challenges and the future direction of this field are discussed.

scholarly journals Resistance and Adaptation of Bacteria to Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Physical Stressors, Nanoparticles, and Bacteriophages

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Sada Raza ◽  
Kinga Matuła ◽  
Sylwia Karoń ◽  
Jan Paczesny
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health worldwide, forcing scientists to explore non-traditional antibacterial agents to support rapid interventions and combat the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Many new antibiotic-free approaches are being developed while the old ones are being revised, resulting in creating unique solutions that arise at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. Specifically, physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, UV light) are increasingly used for industrial sterilization. Nanoparticles (unmodified or in combination with toxic compounds) are also applied to circumvent in vivo drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, bacteriophage-based treatments are also gaining momentum due to their high bactericidal activity and specificity. Although the number of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis is snowballing, it is still unclear if any proposed solutions would provide a long-term remedy. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of how bacteria acquire resistance against these non-antibiotic factors. We also discuss innate bacterial defense systems and how bacteriophages have evolved to tackle them.

scholarly journals Mechanism and challenges associated with adaptation and evolution of drug-resistant bacteria: an overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shikha Kapil ◽  
Tarun Kumar ◽  
Vipasha Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Random Mutation ◽  
Protein Carriers ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Vertical Evolution

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading challenges in the human healthcare segment. Advances in antimicrobial resistance studies have revealed various intrinsic, adaptive or acquired factors to be involved for pathogenicity. Antimicrobial agents are either bactericidal or bacteriostatic in action and prescribed according to the mode of action. Various factors are confined for the antimicrobial activity of these agents via biochemical, mechanical, physiological and molecular mechanisms. Microbial cell expresses a number of alternates responsible for the evolution of resistance against these agent activities involving cell surface modifications, enzyme inhibitions, modifications in efflux system, protein carriers and mutations in nucleic acids. Apart from this, the successful adaptations of such microbes have also been observed with the transfer of responsible genes through miscellaneous operations such as vertical evolution, horizontal gene transfer, co-selection, compensatory and random mutation. In addition, alterations or modifications in biochemical and physiological mechanisms at cellular levels are also responsible for antibiotic resistance. This article briefly shows the present scenario of antimicrobial resistance and the alternatives to overcome this global issue in future.

scholarly journals Selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in Agri-food production

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guyue Cheng ◽  
Jianan Ning ◽  
Saeed Ahmed ◽  
Junhong Huang ◽  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Abstract Public unrest about the use of antimicrobial agents in farming practice is the leading cause of increasing and the emergences of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria that have placed pressure on the agri-food industry to act. The usage of antimicrobials in food and agriculture have direct or indirect effects on the development of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by bacteria associated with animals and plants which may enter the food chain through consumption of meat, fish, vegetables or some other food sources. In addition to antimicrobials, recent reports have shown that AMR is associated with tolerance to heavy metals existing naturally or used in agri-food production. Besides, biocides including disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives which are widely used in farms and slaughter houses may also contribute in the development of AMR. Though the direct transmission of AMR from food-animals and related environment to human is still vague and debatable, the risk should not be neglected. Therefore, combined global efforts are necessary for the proper use of antimicrobials, heavy metals and biocides in agri-food production to control the development of AMR. These collective measures will preserve the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials for future generations.

scholarly journals Peritoneal Dialysis–Related Peritonitis from Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with OXA-48 Type Gene

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davin Ryanputra ◽  
Dingding Wang ◽  
Martin B. Lee ◽  
Boon Wee Teo ◽  
Pei Loo Tok
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Type Gene

We report a rare case of carbapenemase-producing enterobacte-riaceae peritonitis in a patient undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). The PD catheter had to be removed as the patient remained unwell despite antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance in PD peritonitis is a concern in this era of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Suppression of Emergence of Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria: Keeping Our Powder Dry, Part 2

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1194-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Drusano ◽  
William Hope ◽  
Alasdair MacGowan ◽  
Arnold Louie
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Regulatory Review ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
New Chemical Entities

We are in a crisis of bacterial resistance. For economic reasons, most pharmaceutical companies are abandoning antimicrobial discovery efforts, while, in health care itself, infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs have generally failed to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. At this point, what can be done? The first step has been taken. Governments and international bodies have declared there is a worldwide crisis in antibiotic drug resistance. As discovery efforts begin anew, what more can be done to protect newly developing agents and improve the use of new drugs to suppress resistance emergence? A neglected path has been the use of recent knowledge regarding antibiotic dosing as single agents and in combination to minimize resistance emergence, while also providing sufficient early bacterial kill. In this review, we look at the data for resistance suppression. Approaches include increasing the intensity of therapy to suppress resistant subpopulations; developing concepts of clinical breakpoints to include issues surrounding suppression of resistance; and paying attention to the duration of therapy, which is another important issue for resistance suppression. New understanding of optimizing combination therapy is of interest for difficult-to-treat pathogens likePseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacterspp., and multidrug-resistant (MDR)Enterobacteriaceae. These lessons need to be applied to our old drugs as well to preserve them and to be put into national and international antibiotic resistance strategies. As importantly, from a regulatory perspective, new chemical entities should have a resistance suppression plan at the time of regulatory review. In this way, we can make the best of our current situation and improve future prospects.

scholarly journals The Carbapenems Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (25) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
David Sotello ◽  
Wadih Chakkour ◽  
Kristen Fuhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics

The development of antibiotics remains one of the great advances in medicine. Antibiotics have saved countless lives. Unfortunately, the widespread use of antimicrobials has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic resistance is an important concern for public health; it is associated with poor outcomes. Carbapenems, members of the β-lactam class of antibiotics, have the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Carbapenem resistance is one of the toughest challenges in infectious diseases; it is associated with high mortality and is seen more often now due to the proliferation of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Multiple genes that cause carbapenem resistance have been identified. Resistance transmission is usually nosocomial, but community-acquired infections with resistance have been reported. Early recognition of high risk patients for multi-drug resistant infections is fundamental for adequate management. The rational use of antibiotics is required to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance; this requires multidisciplinary efforts among clinicians, Infection Control departments, and Antimicrobial Stewardship programs.

scholarly journals The Strategies of Pathogen-Oriented Therapy on Circumventing Antimicrobial Resistance

Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Zifang Shang ◽  
Siew Yin Chan ◽  
Qing Song ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

The emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious threats to the global public health. Conventional antibiotics have been eclipsed in combating with drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the developing and deploying of novel antimicrobial drugs have trudged, as few new antibiotics are being developed over time and even fewer of them can hit the market. Alternative therapeutic strategies to resolve the AMR crisis are urgently required. Pathogen-oriented therapy (POT) springs up as a promising approach in circumventing antibiotic resistance. The tactic underling POT is applying antibacterial compounds or materials directly to infected regions to treat specific bacteria species or strains with goals of improving the drug efficacy and reducing nontargeting and the development of drug resistance. This review exemplifies recent trends in the development of POTs for circumventing AMR, including the adoption of antibiotic-antibiotic conjugates, antimicrobial peptides, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnologies, CRISPR-Cas systems, and microbiota modulations. Employing these alternative approaches alone or in combination shows promising advantages for addressing the growing clinical embarrassment of antibiotics in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Suppression of Emergence of Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria: Keeping Our Powder Dry, Part 1

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1183-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Drusano ◽  
Arnold Louie ◽  
Alasdair MacGowan ◽  
William Hope
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Regulatory Review ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
New Chemical Entities

We are in a crisis of bacterial resistance. For economic reasons, most pharmaceutical companies are abandoning antimicrobial discovery efforts, while, in health care itself, infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs have generally failed to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. At this point, what can be done? The first step has been taken. Governments and international bodies have declared there is a worldwide crisis in antibiotic drug resistance. As discovery efforts begin anew, what more can be done to protect newly developing agents and improve the use of new drugs to suppress resistance emergence? A neglected path has been the use of recent knowledge regarding antibiotic dosing as single agents and in combination to minimize resistance emergence, while also providing sufficient early bacterial kill. In this review, we look at the data for resistance suppression. Approaches include increasing the intensity of therapy to suppress resistant subpopulations; developing concepts of clinical breakpoints to include issues surrounding suppression of resistance; and paying attention to the duration of therapy, which is another important issue for resistance suppression. New understanding of optimizing combination therapy is of interest for difficult-to-treat pathogens likePseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacterspp., and multidrug-resistant (MDR)Enterobacteriaceae. These lessons need to be applied to our old drugs to preserve them as well and need to be put into national and international antibiotic resistance strategies. As importantly, from a regulatory perspective, new chemical entities should have a corresponding resistance suppression plan at the time of regulatory review. In this way, we can make the best of our current situation and improve future prospects.

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