scholarly journals Downregulation of Ribosomal Contents and Kinase Activities Is Associated with the Inhibitive Effect on the Growth of Group B Streptococcus Induced by Placental Extracellular Vesicles

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Jing Gao ◽  
Yunhui Tang ◽  
Xinyi Sun ◽  
Qiujing Chen ◽  
Yiqian Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Cell Energy ◽  
Group B ◽  
Cellular Components

Background: Like many other cell types, the human placenta produces large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Increasing evidence has shown that placental EVs contribute to the regulation of maternal immune and vascular systems during pregnancy via the transfer of their cargos. In this study, we investigated the effect of placental EVs on the growth of opportunistic pathogens that commonly colonise the female reproductive tract. Methods: Gram-positive bacterium Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) were treated with placental EVs that were collected from placental explant cultures, and the growth, susceptibility, and resistance to antibiotics of the bacteria were measured. In addition, comparative proteomics analysis was also performed for the GBS with or without exposure to placental EVs. Results: When treated with placental micro-EVs or nano-EVs, the GBS growth curve entered the stationary phase earlier, compared to untreated GBS. Treatment with placental EVs also inhibited the growth of GBS on solid medium, compared to untreated GBS. However, these biological activities were not seen in E. coli. This attenuative effect required interaction of placental EVs with GBS but not phagocytosis. In addition, the susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics of GBS or E. coli was not directly affected by treatment with placental EVs. The proteomic and Western blotting analysis of GBS that had been treated with placental EVs suggested that the downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy in GBS may contribute to these attenuative effects. Conclusion: We demonstrated the attenuative effect of the growth of GBS treated with placental EVs. Downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy may contribute to the physiological changes in GBS treated with placental EVs.

STUDIES ON INTERACTION OF BACTERIA, SERUM FACTORS AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Dossett ◽  
Ralph C. Williams ◽  
Paul G. Quie
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Group B

The bactericidal capacity of newborn infants' whole blood for E. coli was deficient compared to the mothers, and attempts were made to identify cellular or humoral factors responsible for this deficiency. Separated polymorphonuclear leukocytes from newborn infants were found to be similar to polymorphs from mothers in capacity to engulf and kill E. coli and other bacteria so that cellular deficiency was not evident. Comparison of the serum opsonic capacity of newborn infants' and mothers' sera revealed deficient opsonic capacity for E. coli in newborn sera. The mean opsonic titer for E. coli was 46.7 in mothers and 4.3 in neonates. Serum opsonic titers for Staph. aureus and group B streptococcus were similar. The opsonic capacity for all bacterial species was decreased when the sera were heated or decomplemented with immune complexes indicating the phagocytosis amplifying role of complement. The newborn-maternal difference in opsonic capacity for E. coli was presumably a result of deficient 19S antibodies, the primary opsonic antibodies for this organism. Maternal 19S serum fractions alone, however, showed no opsonic capacity for E. coli. Addition of a complement source (newborn serum absorbed with E. coli) revealed the opsonic capacity of these 19S maternal serum fractions for E. coli. Antibodies in 19S serum fractions therefore are efficient opsonins for E. coli; however, complement is necessary to demonstrate their opsonic potential.

scholarly journals Effects of Tenofovir on Cytokines and Nucleotidases in HIV-1 Target Cells and the Mucosal Tissue Environment in the Female Reproductive Tract

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 6444-6453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabanita Biswas ◽  
Marta Rodriguez-Garcia ◽  
Zheng Shen ◽  
Sarah G. Crist ◽  
Jack E. Bodwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Tnf Α

ABSTRACTTenofovir (TFV) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in microbicide preexposure prophylaxis trials to prevent HIV infection. Recognizing that changes in cytokine/chemokine secretion and nucleotidase biological activity can influence female reproductive tract (FRT) immune protection against HIV infection, we tested the hypothesis that TFV regulates immune protection in the FRT. Epithelial cells, fibroblasts, CD4+T cells, and CD14+cells were isolated from the endometrium (Em), endocervix (Cx), and ectocervix (Ecx) following hysterectomy. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 3α [MIP-3α], interleukin 8 [IL-8], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), the expression levels of specific nucleotidases, and nucleotidase biological activities were analyzed in the presence or absence of TFV. TFV influenced mRNA and/or protein cytokines and nucleotidases in a cell- and site-specific manner. TFV significantly enhanced IL-8 and TNF-α secretion by epithelial cells from the Em and Ecx but not from the Cx. In contrast, in response to TFV, IL-8 secretion was significantly decreased in Em and Cx fibroblasts but increased with fibroblasts from the Ecx. When incubated with CD4+T cells from the FRT, TFV increased IL-8 (Em and Ecx) and TNF-α (Cx and Ecx) secretion levels. Moreover, when incubated with Em CD14+cells, TFV significantly increased MIP-3α, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion levels relative to those of the controls. In contrast, nucleotidase biological activities were significantly decreased by TFV in epithelial (Cx) and CD4+T cells (Em) but increased in fibroblasts (Em). Our findings indicate that TFV modulates proinflammatory cytokines, nucleotidase gene expression, and nucleotidase biological activity in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, CD4+T cells, and CD14+cells at distinct sites within the FRT.

scholarly journals Group B Streptococcus and E. coli LPS-induced NO-dependent hyporesponsiveness to noradrenaline in isolated intrapulmonary arteries of neonatal piglets

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Villamor ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno ◽  
Teresa Ruiz ◽  
Juan C. Leza ◽  
Manuel Moro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Group B

scholarly journals Prostasomes: extracellular vesicles from the prostate

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Aalberts ◽  
Tom A E Stout ◽  
Willem Stoorvogel
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Prostatic Fluid ◽  
Prostate Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cancer Spread ◽  
Peripheral Blood Plasma

The term ‘prostasomes’ is generally used to classify the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into prostatic fluid by prostate epithelial cells. However, other epithelia within the male reproductive tract also release EVs that mix with ‘true’ prostasomes during semen emission or ejaculation. Prostasomes have been proposed to regulate the timing of sperm cell capacitation and induction of the acrosome reaction, as well as to stimulate sperm motility where all three are prerequisite processes for spermatozoa to attain fertilising capacity. Other proposed functions of prostasomes include interfering with the destruction of spermatozoa by immune cells within the female reproductive tract. On the other hand, it is unclear whether the distinct presumed functions are performed collectively by a single type of prostasome or by separate distinct sub-populations of EVs. Moreover, the exact molecular mechanisms through which prostasomes exert their functions have not been fully resolved. Besides their physiological functions, prostasomes produced by prostate tumour cells have been suggested to support prostate cancer spread development, and prostasomes in peripheral blood plasma may prove to be valuable biomarkers for prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Osteomyelitis in Children from Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Priya Mehrishi ◽  
Sameer Singh Faujdar ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Amisha Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Group B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndromes ◽  
Surgical Sampling

Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in children with osteomyelitis. This study was conducted at K. M. M. C. & Hospital, Mathura (UP). A total of 60 patients with osteomyelitis contributed to this study from October 2017 to October 2019. Patients with known immunodeficiency syndromes were excluded. Specimen collections were meticulously performed to avoid contamination which was accomplished by needle aspiration or surgical sampling. Staphylococcus aureus was recovered in more than half of the cases of osteomyelitis in both infants and children. Amikacin, Clindamycin and Cefazolin were effective in such cases. The distal end of the femur and upper-end tibia were the most common sites of infection where boys were more infected than girls. The haematogenous route was the main cause of the transmission of osteomyelitis in children. Principally Staphylococcus aureus causes the majority of cases of osteomyelitis in children followed by H. influenza, Group B Streptococcus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Serratia marcescens.

scholarly journals Ampicillin susceptibilities of vaginal and placental isolates of group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli obtained between 1992 and 1994.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1173-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L A Meyn ◽  
S L Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Group B

Vaginal group B streptococcus (GBS) and Escherichia coli isolates were tested for their susceptibilities to ampicillin. All 414 GBS isolates tested were susceptible to ampicillin; the MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90) was 0.125 microg/ml, and the range was 0.06 to 0.25 microg/ml. The MIC50 for the 342 E. coli isolates tested was 4.0 microg/ml, and 27% were resistant to ampicillin.

Immediate Postnatal Microbial Colonization in Sick Term Neonates Admitted to NICU: Prevalence, Microbiota, and Associated Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita P. Verma ◽  
Archana Kota ◽  
Joshua Fogel
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Respiratory Support ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Group B

Objective The immediate postnatal rectal (RC) and nasopharyngeal colonization (NPC), their prevalence, taxa, and associated characteristics were investigated in sick term infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Study Design In a retrospective cohort single center study, nasopharyngeal (NPCx) and rectal (RCx) microbial cultures were obtained within 20 minutes of birth in mild-to- moderate sick term infants. Associations between the colonization and maternal–neonatal variables, including early neonatal course, were analyzed via logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 154 term infants were admitted for respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, maternal chorioamnionitis (CHO), and suspected neonatal sepsis; out of which, 80 (52%) were NPCx-positive (+) infants. The duration of rupture of membrane (ROM) was higher (15.5 ± 10.0 vs. 11.3 ± 11.0 hours, p = 0.02), while the respiratory support requirement (16.3 vs. 29.7%, p = 0.04) and occurrence of maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization lower (15.0 vs. 35.1%, p = 0.01) in NPCx+ infants. ROM increased (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.07), and maternal GBS colonization decreased the odds of positive nasopharyngeal cultures (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14–0.72). The major microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis (41%), α hemolytic Streptococcus (AHS; 16%), Escherichia coli (13%), and GBS (1.06%). Among the enrolled infants, 44 (28.5%) were RCx positive. The need for (11.4 vs. 27.3%, p = 0.03) and days on respiratory support (0.2 ± 0.6 vs. 0.8 ± 2.5, p = 0.03) were lower and the occurrence of CHO higher (41.0 vs. 23.2%, p = 0.04) in the RCx positive infants. Cesarean section (CS) was performed less frequently (18.2 vs. 55.5%, p = 0.001) and decreased the odds of having positive rectal cultures (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08–0.51). In total, 80% of the RCx positive infants isolated E. coli, and 6.8% Klebsiella. Conclusion In sick term neonates, early NPC is dominated by SE and RC by E. coli. NPC is supported by ROM and declines by maternal GBS colonization, whereas RC decreases with CS. NPC is more common than RC in this population. Key Points

Early-onset neonatal infections in Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F248-F252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Singh ◽  
Elizabeth H Barnes ◽  
David Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
Group B ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundThe epidemiology of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) varies over time, and requires regular surveillance.ObjectiveTo analyse data on EONS in Australia and New Zealand.MethodsRetrospective analysis of data collected longitudinally from multiple neonatal units from 2002 to 2012.ResultsOf 386 423 live births, 454 infants had EONS. The incidence rate of EONS was 1.20 per 1000 live births in 2002 and 0.83 in 2012, decreasing by 4% per year (95% CI 1% to 7%, p=0.007). Group B streptococcus (GBS) (37%) and Escherichia coli (25%) were the most prevalent organisms. The early-onset GBS (EOGBS) incidence rate was 0.43/1000 live births, with no evidence of change over time (p=0.3). Of EOGBS-infected babies, 62% were born at term compared with 8% with early-onset E. coli sepsis, p<0.0001. The mortality of E. coli early-onset sepsis (EOS) (25%) was higher than GBS (11%), but this difference in mortality was no longer significant after adjusting for gestation and birth weight. Mortality from EOS fell significantly over the study period (17% per year, 95% CI 10 to 24, p<0.0001).ConclusionsGBS was the most common cause of early sepsis, but the incidence was lower than prior to the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and remained steady over time. The mortality of early-onset E. coli sepsis was significantly higher than GBS sepsis, but this may have been because almost all babies with E. coli were born preterm, rather than a difference in virulence.

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