scholarly journals Impact of Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Intestinal Immunity

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Christian Zimmermann ◽  
Anika E. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health Promoting

The gastrointestinal system is responsible for the digestion and the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it is essentially involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The strongest antigen contact in an organism takes place in the digestive system showing the importance of a host to develop mechanisms allowing to discriminate between harmful and harmless antigens. An efficient intestinal barrier and the presence of a large and complex part of the immune system in the gut support the host to implement this task. The continuous ingestion of harmless antigens via the diet requires an efficient immune response to reliably identify them as safe. However, in some cases the immune system accidentally identifies harmless antigens as dangerous leading to various diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and allergies. It has been shown that the intestinal immune function can be affected by bioactive compounds derived from the diet. The present review provides an overview on the mucosal immune reactions in the gut and how bioactive food ingredients including secondary plant metabolites and probiotics mediate its health promoting effects with regard to the intestinal immune homeostasis.

scholarly journals Pinus Species as Prospective Reserves of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Use in Functional Food—Current State of Knowledge

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Marcin Dziedziński ◽  
Joanna Kobus-Cisowska ◽  
Barbara Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Few Data

The pine (Pinus L.) is the largest and most heteromorphic plant genus of the pine family (Pinaceae Lindl.), which grows almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere. The demand for plant-based remedies, supplements and functional food is growing worldwide. Although pine-based products are widely available in many parts of the world, they are almost absent as food ingredients. The literature shows the beneficial effects of pine preparations on human health. Despite the wide geographical distribution of pine trees in the natural environment, there are very few data in the literature on the widespread use of pine in food technology. This study aims to present, characterise and evaluate the content of phytochemicals in pine trees, including shoots, bark and conifer needles, as well as to summarise the available data on their health-promoting and functional properties, and the potential of their use in food and the pharmaceutical industry to support health. Various species of pine tree contain different compositions of bioactive compounds. Regardless of the solvent, method, pine species and plant part used, all pine extracts contain a high number of polyphenols. Pine tree extracts exhibit several described biological activities that may be beneficial to human health. The available examples of the application of pine elements in food are promising. The reuse of residual pine elements is still limited compared to its potential. In this case, it is necessary to conduct more research to find and develop new products and applications of pine residues and by-products.

scholarly journals Advanced Analytical Methods for Phenolics in Fruits

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesibe Ebru Kafkas ◽  
Müberra Kosar ◽  
Ayşe Tülin Öz ◽  
Alyson E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Extraction Separation ◽  
Health Promoting

Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary plant metabolites, many with health-promoting properties that are present in all parts of plants. They have an aromatic structure, including either one or more hydroxyl groups giving them the ability to stabilize free radicals and protect biological tissues against damage related to reactive oxygen species. Phenolic compounds are concentrated in the fruit of plants, and therefore, the fruit can be an important dietary source of these phytochemicals, which exist as monomers, or bound to one another. Polyphenolic compounds are classified into different subclasses based upon the number of phenol ring systems that they contain, saturation, and length of the carbon chain that bind the rings to one another. The phenolic acids present in fruit tissues protect the plant against disease, infections, UV radiation, and insect damage. For this reason, the beneficiary effects of phenolic compounds are continually being investigated for their health-promoting properties and for meeting increased consumer demand for healthy nutritious food. Due to the functional properties of polyphenolic compounds, there is increased interest on improving extraction, separation, and quantification techniques of these valuable bioactive compounds, so they can be used as value-added ingredients in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This review provides information on the most advanced methods available for the analysis of phenolics in fruits.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gut and Their Significance for Intestinal Immunity

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Brinkman ◽  
Anne S. ten Hove ◽  
Margriet J. Vervoordeldonk ◽  
Misha D. Luyer ◽  
Wouter J. de Jonge
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology with an unmet need for effective treatment. This calls for novel strategies to improve disease outcome and quality of life for patients. Increasing evidence suggests that autonomic nerves and neurotransmitters, as well as neuropeptides, modulate the intestinal immune system, and thereby regulate the intestinal inflammatory processes. Although the autonomic nervous system is classically divided in a sympathetic and parasympathetic branch, both play a pivotal role in the crosstalk with the immune system, with the enteric nervous system acting as a potential interface. Pilot clinical trials that employ vagus nerve stimulation to reduce inflammation are met with promising results. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the innervation of the gut, the potential of cholinergic and adrenergic systems to modulate intestinal immunity, and comment on ongoing developments in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Bioactive Phenolics and Polyphenols: Current Advances and Future Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6142
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez ◽  
Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Secondary Plant

Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites with remarkable health-promoting properties [...]

scholarly journals Influence of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Accession and Growing Conditions on Myrosinase Activity, Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2903
Author(s):  
Omobolanle O. Oloyede ◽  
Carol Wagstaff ◽  
Lisa Methven
Keyword(s):  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Brassica Vegetables ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Myrosinase Activity

Glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites present in Brassica vegetables. The endogenous enzyme myrosinase is responsible for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, yielding a variety of compounds, including health-promoting isothiocyanates. The influence of cabbage accession and growing conditions on myrosinase activity, glucosinolates (GSL) and their hydrolysis products (GHPs) of 18 gene-bank cabbage accessions was studied. Growing conditions, cabbage morphotype and accession all significantly affected myrosinase activity and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. In general, cabbages grown in the field with lower growth temperatures had significantly higher myrosinase activity than glasshouse samples. Profile and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products differed across the accessions studied. Aliphatic glucosinolates accounted for more than 60 % of total glucosinolates in most of the samples assessed. Nitriles and epithionitriles were the most abundant hydrolysis products formed. The results obtained showed that consumption of raw cabbages might reduce the amount of beneficial hydrolysis products available to the consumer, as more nitriles were produced from hydrolysis compared to beneficial isothiocyanates. However, red and white cabbages contained high concentrations of glucoraphanin and its isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. This implies that careful selection of accessions with ample concentrations of certain glucosinolates can improve the health benefits derived from raw cabbage consumption.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota as a key factor in the formation of immunity and tolerance. Probiotics capabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
E. A. Kornienko
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Bacterial Patterns

Introduction. The intestinal microbiome is an integral part of the health of its owner and performs several important functions: metabolic, coordinating, protective, epigenetic, which are closely interactive. In conditions of dysbiosis, disturbances of these functions contributes to different disorders.The intestinal immune system closely interacts with the microbiota. It is represented by all cells: T- and B-lymphocytes, T-regulatory, dendritic cells, macrophages. Micropresentation of antigens occurs through M-cells located between enterocytes. Toll-like receptors that recognize bacterial patterns are presented on the epithelial membrane. Dendritic cells present these antigens to T-cells and direct a further adaptive immune response.The immune system matures as a result of colonization of the intestine with microbiota, which is confirmed experimentally in gnotobiotic animals. Under physiological conditions, the immune system provides tolerance to its own microbiota through Tr-cells. Tolerogenic effects decrease in dysbiotic conditions, as a result, inflammation develops.The state of the intestinal barrier. The intestinal barrier is maintained by microbiota, which stimulates the synthesis of mucin and claudine. In dysbiosis, permeability increases, and the immune system is attacked by microbes and their metabolites, which contributes to inflammation.Dysbiosis predisposes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome and obesity, food allergies. In these diseases, the microbiota loses its diversity and richness and has a predominantly pro-inflammatory effect.The effect of probiotics on the immune system. Probiotics, due to adhesion to the mucous layer, enhance barrier functions, interact with the immune system, affect dendritic cells, promoting the formation of Tr and inhibiting the activation of NF-kB. Commensal metabolites (butyrate) increase the involvement of Tr cells in the colon, exerting a tolerogenic effect.Indications for the appointment of probiotics. Enterococcus faecium and Bifidobacterium longum have proven their activities similar to normal microbiota, and effectiveness in treatment of dysbiosis in children and adults.

scholarly journals Importance of Genotype on Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Levels in Broccoli Heads

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1248-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Farnham ◽  
Dean A. Kopsell
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Genotype Effect ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Carotenoid Profile

Carotenoids are secondary plant metabolites in vegetables known to be essential in the human diet and reported to confer various positive health-promoting effects when consumed. Brassica oleracea L. vegetables like kale, cabbage, and broccoli are recognized as excellent sources of dietary carotenoids. Broccoli has emerged as the most important B. oleracea crop in the United States and it likely supplies more carotenoids to the U.S. diet than the other crops of this species. However, very little is known about the general carotenoid profile of this important vegetable or the levels of specific carotenoids and how they might vary among genotypes. Thus, the objectives of this study were to assess carotenoid profiles of different inbred broccoli heads; to assess chlorophyll concentrations measured simultaneously during carotenoid assays; to determine the relative effects of genotype versus environment in influencing head carotenoid levels; and to examine phenotypic correlations between carotenoid levels and other traits. Results show lutein to be the most abundant carotenoid in broccoli heads ranging from 65.3 to 139.6 μg·g−1 dry mass (DM) among nine inbreds tested in three environments. Genotype had a highly significant effect on lutein levels in broccoli heads and the ratio of σ2 g/σ2 p for this carotenoid was 0.84. Violaxanthin also exhibited a significant genotype effect, but it was found at lower levels (17.9 to 35.4 μg·g−1 DM) than lutein. β-carotene and neoxanthin were detected at levels similar to violaxanthin, but genotypic differences were not detected when all environments were compared. This was also true for antheraxanthin, which was detectable in all genotypes at lower levels (mean of 13.3 μg·g−1 DM) than the other carotenoids. Significant genotypic differences were observed for both chlorophyll a and b among the studied inbreds; however, no environment or genotype-by-environment effects were observed with these compounds. Results indicated that most carotenoids measured were positively and significantly correlated with one another, indicating that higher levels of one carotenoid were typically associated with higher levels of others. This study emphasizes the relative importance of lutein in broccoli heads and the key role that genotype plays with this compound, ultimately indicating that breeding cultivars with increased levels of this particular carotenoid may be feasible.

scholarly journals Chemoprofiling as Breeding Tool for Pharmaceutical Use of Salix

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Förster ◽  
Kyriaki Antoniadou ◽  
Matthias Zander ◽  
Sebastian Baur ◽  
Verena Karolin Mittermeier-Kleßinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Willow Bark ◽  
Intraspecific Hybrids ◽  
Metabolomics Analysis ◽  
Intraspecific Crossing

Willow bark is traditionally used for pharmaceutical purposes. Evaluation is so far based on the salicylate content, however, health promoting effects of extracts might be attributed to the interaction of those salicylates with other compounds, which support and complement their action. So far, only S. purpurea, S. daphnoides, and S. fragilis are included in pharmaceutical extracts. Crossing with other species could result in a more diverse secondary metabolite profile with higher pharmacological value. With the help of targeted inter- and intraspecific crossing, new chemotypes were generated, whereby nine different Salix genotypes (S. alba, S. daphnoides, S. humboldtiana, S. lasiandra, S. nigra, S. pentandra, S. purpurea, S. x rubens, S. viminalis) were included in the study. Based on substances known for their health promoting potential and characteristic for Salix (selected phenolic compounds including salicylates), a targeted metabolomics analysis and clustering of 92 generated Salix clones was performed revealing four different cluster/chemoprofiles. In more specific, one group is formed by S. daphnoides clones and inter- and intraspecific hybrids, a second group by S. viminalis clones and inter- and intraspecific hybrids, a third group generally formed by S. alba, S. pentandra, S. x rubens, and S. lasiandra clones and hybrids, and a fourth group by S. purpurea clones and inter- and intraspecific hybrids. Clustering on the basis of the selected phenolic compounds can be used for identifying Salix clones with a different compound profile. New combinations of secondary plant metabolites offer the chance to identify Salix crosses with improved effects on human health.

scholarly journals Effect-Directed Profiling of Powdered Tea Extracts for Catechins, Theaflavins, Flavonols and Caffeine

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrud E. Morlock ◽  
Julia Heil ◽  
Antonio M. Inarejos-Garcia ◽  
Jens Maeder
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Natural Variance

The antioxidative activity of Camelia sinensis tea and especially powdered tea extracts on the market, among others used as added value in functional foods, can considerably vary due to not only natural variance, but also adulteration and falsification. Thus, an effect-directed profiling was developed to prove the functional effects or health-promoting claims. It took 3–12 min per sample, depending on the assay incubation time, for 21 separations in parallel. Used as a fast product quality control, it can detect known and unknown bioactive compounds. Twenty tea extracts and a reference mixture of 11-bioactive compounds were investigated in parallel under the same chromatographic conditions by a newly developed reversed phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method. In eight planar on-surface assays, effect-directed tea profiles were revealed. Catechins and theaflavins turned out to be not only highly active, but also multi-potent compounds, able to act in a broad range of metabolic pathways. The flavan-3-ols acted as radical scavengers (DPPH∙ assay), antibacterials against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and inhibitors of tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase. Further effects against Gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria and β-glucuronidase were assigned to other components in the powdered tea extracts. According to their specifications, the activity responses of the powdered tea extracts were higher than in mere leaf extracts of green, white and black tea. The multi-imaging and effect-directed profiling was not only able to identify known functional food ingredients, but also to detect unknown bioactive compounds (including bioactive contaminants, residues or adulterations).

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