scholarly journals Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1048
Author(s):  
Naila Ayala ◽  
Matthew Heath
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Norepinephrine System ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Psychological Arousal ◽  
Exercise Induced

A single bout of aerobic exercise improves executive function; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this improvement remains unclear. Here, we employed a 20-min bout of aerobic exercise, and at pre- and immediate post-exercise sessions examined executive function via pro- (i.e., saccade to veridical target location) and anti-saccade (i.e., saccade mirror symmetrical to a target) performance and pupillometry metrics. Notably, tonic and phasic pupillometry responses in oculomotor control provided a framework to determine the degree that arousal and/or executive resource recruitment influence behavior. Results demonstrated a pre- to post-exercise decrease in pro- and anti-saccade reaction times (p = 0.01) concurrent with a decrease and increase in tonic baseline pupil size and task-evoked pupil dilations, respectively (ps < 0.03). Such results demonstrate that an exercise-induced improvement in saccade performance is related to an executive-mediated “shift” in physiological and/or psychological arousal, supported by the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system to optimize task engagement.

scholarly journals Moderate aerobic exercise, but not anticipation of exercise, improves cognitive control

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242270
Author(s):  
Maximilian Bergelt ◽  
Vanessa Fung Yuan ◽  
Richard O’Brien ◽  
Laura E. Middleton ◽  
Wellington Martins dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Main Effects

Background Evidence suggests a single bout of exercise can improve cognitive control. However, many studies only include assessments after exercise. It is unclear whether exercise changes as a result, or in anticipation, of exercise. Objective To examine changes in cognitive control due to moderate aerobic exercise, and anticipation of such exercise. Methods Thirty-one young healthy adults (mean age 22 years; 55% women) completed three conditions (randomized order): 1) exercise (participants anticipated and completed exercise); 2) anticipation (participants anticipated exercise but completed rest); and 3) rest (participants anticipated and completed rest). Cognitive control was assessed with a modified Flanker task at three timepoints: (1) early (20 min pre-intervention, pre-reveal in anticipation session); (2) pre-intervention (after reveal); and (3) post-intervention. An accuracy-weighted response time (RTLISAS) was the primary outcome, analyzed with a linear mixed effects modeling approach. Results There was an interaction between condition and time (p = 0.003) and between session and time (p = 0.015). RTLISAS was better post-exercise than post-rest and post-deception, but was similar across conditions at other timepoints. RTLISAS improved across time in session 1 and session 2, but did not improve over time in session 3. There were also main effects of condition (p = 0.024), session (p = 0.005), time (p<0.001), and congruency (p<0.001). Conclusions Cognitive control improved after moderate aerobic exercise, but not in anticipation of exercise. Improvements on a Flanker task were also observed across sessions and time, indicative of a learning effect that should be considered in study design and analyses.

scholarly journals Exercise shifts hypothetical food choices towards greater amounts and more immediate consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Koehler ◽  
Safiya E Beckford ◽  
Elise Thayer ◽  
Alexandra R Martin ◽  
Julie B Boron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Electronic Questionnaires ◽  
The Impact

Although exercise modulates appetite regulation and food intake, it remains poorly understood how exercise impacts decision making about food. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute exercise bout on hypothetical choices related to the amount and timing of food intake. Forty-one healthy participants (22.0 ± 2.6 years; 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2, 56% female) completed 45 minutes of aerobic exercise and a resting control condition in randomized order. Food amount preferences and intertemporal food preferences (preference for immediate vs. delayed consumption) were assessed using electronic questionnaires with visual food. Compared to rest, exercise resulted in a greater increase in the food amount selected, both immediately post exercise (+25.8 ± 11.0 vs. +7.8 ± 11.0 kcal/item, p = 0.02) and 30 min post exercise (+47.3 ± 12.4 vs. +21.3 ± 12.4 kcal/item, p = 0.005). Exercise further resulted in a greater increase in the preference for immediate consumption immediately post exercise (+0.23 ± 0.10 vs. +0.06 ± 0.10; p = 0.03) and 30 min post exercise (+0.30 ± 0.12 vs. +0.08 ± 0.12; p = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that a single bout of aerobic exercise shifts hypothetical food choices towards greater amounts and more immediate consumption, highlighting the importance of the timing of food choices made in the exercise context.

scholarly journals Taurine Supplementation Increases Post-Exercise Lipid Oxidation at Moderate Intensity in Fasted Healthy Males

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Barbon de Carvalho ◽  
Camila Fernanda Cunha Brandao ◽  
Priscila Giacomo Fassini ◽  
Thiago Mantello Bianco ◽  
Gabriela Batitucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Different Doses

Based on the fact that taurine can increase lipid metabolism, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of acute taurine supplementation on lipid oxidation levels in healthy young men after a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise. A double-blind, acute, and crossover study design was conducted. Seventeen men (age 24.8 ± 4.07y; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.57 kg/m²) participated in the present study. Different doses of taurine (TAU) (3 g or 6 g) or placebo were supplemented 90 min before a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise (on a treadmill at 60% of VO2 max). The subjects performed three trials, and each one was separated by seven days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the exercise protocol of each test to analyze plasma levels of glycerol and taurine. Lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were determined immediately after exercise for 15 min by indirect calorimetry. We observed that TAU supplementation (6 g) increased lipid oxidation (38%) and reduced the respiratory coefficient (4%) when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). However, no differences in lipid oxidation were observed between the different doses of taurine (3 g and 6 g). For glycerol concentrations, there were no differences between trials. Six grams of TAU supplementation 90 min before a single bout of aerobic exercise in a fasted state was sufficient to increase the lipid oxidation post-exercise in healthy young men.

Effect of a Single Session of Acute Aerobic Exercise on the Activities of High Density Lipoprotein Enzymes

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Priyanka S. Bannikoppa ◽  
Sheila Uthappa ◽  
Tinku Thomas ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
Indu Mani
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Single Bout

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be an anti-atherogenic molecule and its beneficial function is driven by a number of enzymes such as LCAT (Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase), PON1 (Paraoxonase 1), PAF-AH (Platelet-Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase) and CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein). Low HDL-C level is the most prevalent dyslipidemia seen in India and exercise is one reliable way to improve its levels. While acute exercise is known to increase HDL-C levels, not much is known about its effects on HDL functions. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of a single bout of acute aerobic exercise on key HDL functions. Ten healthy adult male volunteers (20-35 years) were made to exercise at 65-80% VO2 max to expend 200 Kcal using a modified Bruce protocol. Plasma samples were collected at different time points (before exercise, 15 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours post-exercise) for analysis of HDL anti-inflammatory function and its related enzyme activities. Friedman ANOVA followed by post-hoc Wilcoxon matched pair test, showed that PON1 activity increased immediately but reached significance 48 hours post-exercise (Z = -2.666, p = 0.008). CETP and LCAT activities were decreased significantly at the 4th hour post-exercise and continued to be low even up to 48 hours (Z = -2.666, p = 0.008), whereas HDL-C levels, MPO activity and HDL-II did not vary significantly at different time points. Enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzyme PON1, in combination with decreased activities of pro-atherogenic enzymes CETP and LCAT suggest that even a single bout of acute exercise could be effective in eliciting athero-protective changes in HDL function independent of HDL-C levels.

scholarly journals Comparison of GFAP and HSP27 concentrations in acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different duration

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-7
Author(s):  
Robert Stefanus ◽  
Sophie Yolanda ◽  
Radiana D. Antarianto
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Synapse Plasticity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein -27 (HSP27) plasma can be used as the parameters of exercise-induced astrocyte reactivity. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends an exercise of 30 minutes or 10 minutes duration (each performing bout accumulated toward 30 minutes). The aim of this study was to compare GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentrations in young adults undergoing acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different durations (10 minutes vs 30 minutes).Methods: An experimental study with pre-post design was conducted on 22 participants assigned to either 10 minutes or 30 minutes duration of single bout exercise. Blood sampling was performed before and after the exercise. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Plasma GFAP and HSP27 levels before and after exercise were analyzed using paired t -test, while GFAP and HSP27 levels after exercise between the two groups were processed using unpaired t-test.Results: Plasma GFAP concentration decreased significantly (0,45 ng/mL) after 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). Plasma HSP27 concentration decreased significantly (1,71 ng/mL) after 10 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). No significant difference in plasma GFAP and HSP27 concentrations between 10 minutes (GFAP=0.49 ng/mL; HSP27=2.09 ng/mL) and 30 minutes duration of exercise (GFAP=0.45 ng/mL; HSP27=1,71 ng/mL).Conclusion: Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with 10- and 30-minutes duration reduces the reactivity of astrocytes indication the increase of the synapse plasticity. The decrease in GFAP concentration occurred after 30 minutes of exercise and the decrease in HSP27 occurred after 10 minutes of exercise. These results showed that the body responds differently to different treatment duration in order to obtain the same effect on the body.

Affective Responses to Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Meditation, and Combinations of Exercise and Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan K. Edwards ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
P 16 ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Positive Engagement

Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to induce positive affect. In a novel experimental paradigm, we sought to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on affect among young adults. Participants ( N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants’ affect was monitored before and after the intervention using the Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory. Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for three Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory subscales, including revitalization ( p < .001), tranquility ( p = .02), and exhaustion ( p = .03); the group × time interaction for Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory positive engagement was nonsignificant ( p = .16). A single bout of brisk walking or meditation, as well as a combination of walking and meditation, may positively influence affect. There is some evidence to suggest that affective benefits may be greater following meditation or a combination of meditation and walking, when compared with walking alone.

scholarly journals Increased cerebral blood flow supports a single-bout postexercise benefit to executive function: evidence from hypercapnia

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 930-940
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tari ◽  
James J. Vanhie ◽  
Glen R. Belfry ◽  
J. Kevin Shoemaker ◽  
Matthew Heath
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Study Participants

Single-bout aerobic exercise “boosts” executive function, and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been proposed as a mechanism for the benefit. In this study, participants completed 10 min of aerobic exercise and 10 min of inhaling a hypercapnic gas, a manipulation known to increase CBF independently of metabolic demands. Both exercise and hypercapnic conditions improved executive function for at least 20 min. Accordingly, an increase in CBF is a candidate mechanism for the postexercise improvement in executive function.

scholarly journals Do obese patients with primary knee osteoarthritis benefit from a single bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise?

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reham M. Shaat ◽  
Tamer O. Elsaid ◽  
Aymen EL Baz ◽  
Rehan Monir ◽  
Shereen Aly Machaly
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Single Bout

Abstract Background Obesity and osteoarthritis are often concomitant. Both are accompanied by oxidative stress and stimulated inflammatory response. Exercise is considered a substantial treatment in rehabilitation of both conditions. Yet most of literature reported the benefits of regular exercising, while there is paucity about the effects of single low to moderate exercise session. This study aimed to investigate the possible potential effects of a single bout of moderate exercise in obese middle-aged individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Results Score of pain and Western Ontario and Mc-Master University (WOMAC) had been improved 24 h after exercise. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased post-exercise but decreased the next 24 h though remained higher than baseline. Blood glucose level was reduced post-exercise whereas blood lipids still uninfluenced by exercise. Markers of inflammation remained unchanged after exercise session. Conclusion A single bout moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is effective in improving pain and antioxidant activity among middle-aged obese patients with primary knee OA. Single bout of mild to moderate exercise may help in treatment of obese patients with KOA. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT03927339

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Liang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Chuan Chang ◽  
Chien-Yu Pan ◽  
Tsai-Chiao Wang ◽  
Jozef Ukropec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
High Intensity Interval

A wealth of evidence has shown that a single bout of aerobic exercise can facilitate executive function. However, none of current studies on this topic have addressed whether the magnitude of the acute-exercise benefit on executive function and oculomotor performance is influenced by different aerobic exercise modes. The present study was thus aimed toward an investigation of the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on executive-related oculomotor performance in healthy late middle-aged and older adults. Using a within-subject design, twenty-two participants completed a single bout of 30 min of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The behavioral [e.g., reaction times (RTs), coefficient of variation (CV) of the RT], and oculomotor (e.g., saccade amplitude, saccade latency, and saccadic peak velocity) indices were measured when participants performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks prior to and after an intervention mode. The results showed that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions shortened the RTs in the antisaccade task, with the null effect on the CV of the RT in the late middle-aged and older adults. In terms of oculomotor metrics, although the two exercise modes could not modify the performance in terms of saccade amplitudes and saccade latencies, the participants’ saccadic peak velocities while performing the oculomotor paradigm were significantly altered only following an acute HIIE intervention. The present findings suggested that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions modulated post-exercise antisaccade control on behavioral performance (e.g., RTs). Nevertheless, the HIIE relative MICE mode appears to be a more effective aerobic exercise in terms of oculomotor control (e.g., saccadic peak velocities) in late middle-aged and older adults.

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