scholarly journals Crosstalk Pathway between Trehalose Metabolism and Cytokinin Degradation for the Determination of the Number of Berries per Bunch in Grapes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2378
Author(s):  
Ayane Moriyama ◽  
Chiho Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Enoki ◽  
Yoshinao Aoki ◽  
Shunji Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
New Information ◽  
Trehalose Metabolism ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

In grapes, the number of flowers per inflorescence determines the compactness of grape bunches. Grape cultivars with tight bunches and thin-skinned berries easily undergo berry splitting, especially in growing areas with heavy rainfall during the grapevine growing season, such as Japan. We report herein that grape cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 5 (VvCKX5) determines the number of berries per inflorescence in grapes. The number of berries per bunch was inversely proportional to the VvCKX5 expression level in juvenile inflorescences among the cultivars tested. VvCKX5 overexpression drastically decreased the number of flower buds per inflorescence in Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that VvCKX5 might be one of the negative regulators of the number of flowers per inflorescence in grapes. Similarly, the overexpression of grape sister of ramose 3 (VvSRA), which encodes trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of trehalose-6-phosphate into trehalose, upregulated AtCKX7 expression in Arabidopsis plants, leading to a decrease in the number of flower buds per Arabidopsis inflorescence. VvCKX5 gene expression was upregulated in grapevine cultured cells and juvenile grape inflorescences treated with trehalose. Finally, injecting trehalose into swelling buds nearing bud break using a microsyringe decreased the number of berries per bunch by half. VvCKX5 overexpression in Arabidopsis plants had no effect on the number of secondary inflorescences from the main inflorescence, and similarly trehalose did not affect pedicel branching on grapevine inflorescences, suggesting that VvCKX5, as well as VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism, regulates flower formation but not inflorescence branching. These findings may provide new information on the crosstalk between VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism and VvCKX-mediated cytokinin degradation for determining the number of berries per bunch. Furthermore, this study is expected to contribute to the development of innovative cultivation techniques for loosening tight bunches.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN MUSIM TANAM, JENIS VARIETAS, DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PADI TERKAIT MITIGASI EMISI METANA (CH4) (Determination of Early Planting Season, Type Varieties, and Cultivation Techniques of Rice as Mitigation to Methane Emission)

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lilik Slamet Supriatin
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wetland Mitigation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Cultivation Techniques ◽  
Planting Season

ABSTRAKEmisi metana (CH4) dari pertanian padi lahan sawah dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti cara pemberian air, pengolahan tanah, varietas padi, dan iklim. Pada penelitian ini dikaji tahap penentuan musim tanam, pemilihan varietas padi, dan tahap terakhir adalah teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang terkait mitigasi emisi CH4. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa musim tanam padi pada musim kemarau menghasilkan emisi CH4 lebih kecil daripada di musim hujan dengan pengurangan emisi CH4 sebesar 18,13%. Indonesia yang memiliki tiga tipe pola curah hujan tahunan (monsunal, equatorial, lokal) mengakibatkan periode musim tanam rendah emisi CH4 berbeda antara tipe curah hujan yang satu dengan lainnya. Varietas padi Way apo buru adalah varietas yang menghasilkan emisi CH4 terendah tetapi tetap optimum dalam produksi gabah sehingga dapat dipilih menjadi prioritas pertama untuk ditanam. Teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang menghasilkan rendah emisi CH4 dapat dilakukan dengan membuat genangan air yang dangkal saja, dengan cara pemberian air berselang, dan kombinasi antara pemeliharaan padi, ganggang, tanaman paku air, ikan air tawar, dan bakteri metanotrof dalam satu petak lahan sawah (mina padi plus). Pemberian air dengan cara berselang menurunkan emisi CH4 pada musim kemarau sebesar 59,36% dan pada musim hujan sebesar 51,68% jika dibandingkan dengan pemberian air secara terus-menerus (kontinyu). Teknik budidaya mina padi plus mengurangi emisi CH4 sebesar 21,5 kg/ha/musim tanam dan bakteri metanotrof mengurangi emisi CH4 ke atmosfer sebesar 20-60 Tg. Sawah dapat dijadikan sebagai instalasi terbuka pengolahan udara berlimbah CH4. ABSTRACTMethane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation can be influenced by several factors i.e. the provision of water, soil cultivation, varieties of rice, and the climate. This study will examine the determination of the growing season, the selection of rice varieties and cultivation techniques of rice agriculture-related wetland mitigation of the CH4 emission. The results showed that the rice planting season in the dry season produces CH4 emissions is smaller than in the rainy season with CH4 emission reduction of 18.13%. Indonesia, which has three types of annual rainfall patterns resulting in periods of low growing season CH4 emissions differ between types of rainfall each other. Way apo buru rice species are varieties that produce low emissions of CH4 but remains optimum in grain production. Cultivation techniques of rice farming rice fields that produce low emissions of CH4 can be done by creating a pool of shallow water only, by way of provision of water intermittent, and the combination of maintenance of rice, algae, plants salviniales, freshwater fish, and bacteria metanotrof in a wetland. The provision of water by intermittent lowering emissions of CH4 in the dry season by 59.36% and in the rainy season amounted to 51.68% when compared to the provision of water continuously (continuous). Mina padi plus cultivation techniques reduce CH4 emissions by 21.5 kg/ha/planting and metanotrof bacteria can reduce CH4 emissions to the atmosphere by 20-60 Tg. 

Trial production of γ-type energy filtering TEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 604-605
Author(s):  
Y. Taniguchi ◽  
E. Nakazawa ◽  
S. Taya
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Electron Optics ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Ion Optics ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Type ◽  
Fringing Fields

Imaging energy filters can add new information to electron microscopic images with respect to energy-axis, so-called electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Recently, many good results have been reported using this imaging technique. ESI also allows high-contrast observation of unstained biological samples, becoming a trend of the field of morphology. We manufactured a new type of energy filter as a trial production. This energy filter consists of two magnets, and we call γ-filter since the trajectory of electrons shows ‘γ’-shape inside the filter. We evaluated the new energyγ-filter TEM with the γ-filter.Figure 1 shows schematic view of the electron optics of the γ-type energy filter. For the determination of the electron-optics of the γ-type energy filter, we used the TRIO (Third Order Ion Optics) program which has been developed for the design of high resolution mass spectrometers. The TRIO takes the extended fringing fields (EFF) into consideration. EFF makes it difficult to design magnetic energy filters with magnetic sector fields.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Degradation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicides in Vegetables

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Kateřina Hamouzová ◽  
Jana Hajšlová
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Small Plot

(1) Background: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates and cyclohexanediones are herbicides most widely used in dicot crops worldwide. The main objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of herbicide residues in carrot, lettuce, cauliflower, and onion in order to suggest a low level of residues in harvested vegetables. (2) Methods: Small plot field trials were carried out in four vegetables in the Czech Republic. The samples of vegetables were collected continuously during the growing season. Multiresidue methods for the determination of herbicide residues by LC-MS/MS were used. Non-linear models of degradation of individual herbicides in vegetables were calculated using the exponential decay formula. Action GAP pre-harvest intervals for the 25% and 50% maximum residue limit (MRL) and 10 µg kg−1 limit (baby food) were established for all tested herbicides. (3) Results: The degradation dynamics of fluazifop in carrot, onion, and cauliflower was significantly slower compared to quizalofop and haloxyfop. The highest amount (2796 µg kg−1) of fluazifop residues was detected in cauliflower 11 days after application. No residue of propaquizafop and cycloxydim was detected in any vegetable samples. (4) Conclusions: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide (except propaquizafop) could contaminate vegetables easily, especially vegetables with a short growing season. Vegetables treated with fluazifop are not suitable for baby food. Lettuce and cauliflower treated by quizalofop are not suitable for baby food, but in onion and carrot, quizalofop could be used. Propaquizafop and cycloxydim are prospective herbicides for non-residual (baby food) vegetable production.

Hemodynamic control using models of electroacoustic signals of an oxygenated neuron

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
B.G. Tsugkiev ◽  
◽  
L.Ch. Gagieva ◽  
T.V. Tsugkieva ◽  
M.M. Chegaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Active Substances

The paper presents a comparative assessment of the nutritional value depending on the phenological phase of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., as well as the determination of the regularity of the accumulation of biologically active substances and heavy metals in the herb of the species. The yield of green mass of plants was determined. From each hectare of sowing, 9,7 centners of protein can be obtained; the yield of fiber is 13 centners, BEV is 22,9 centners, fat is 1,6 centners, ash is 4 centners and carotene is 13.0 kg. Depending on the growing season, the chemical composition in the grass of Onobrychis viciifolia changes. The content of calcium, phosphorus increases, and the presence of iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum and amino acids decreases.

Optimal Robust Fixture Configuration Design Using Computer Experiment

Manufacturing ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Shelley Xie ◽  
Agus Sudjianto
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Computer Experiment ◽  
System Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
New Information ◽  
Reliability Method ◽  
Fixture Configuration

A new FEA based design approach of optimal robust fixture configuration is proposed in this paper, which employs a surrogate model through computer experiment to significantly reduce the intensive computing effort involving numerous FEA system response evaluations. The effects of the fixture variability to the workpiece performance variability are assessed through an efficient robustness evaluation method, First Order Reliability Method (FORM), based on the surrogate computer model. Not restricted to primary datum surface, this new approach enables simultaneous determination of robust locator/clamp locations and clamping forces for a deformable workpiece and thus captures interaction between locating and clamping. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated though an application example. The results of robustness analysis reveal new information and suggest that the optimal solution resulted from deterministic optimization may not be the best solution when the design is subjected to variability.

scholarly journals Determination of the Influence of Cultural Techniques "Densities and Opening Standardʺ on Agrophysiological Parameters of Clones Pb 260, Irca 111 and Rrim 703

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Diarrassouba Moussa ◽  
Soumahin Eric Francis ◽  
Konan Djézou ◽  
N’guessan Kan Pulchérie ◽  
Moro Affia Perpetue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

To find out the effect of cultural techniques on agrophysiological parameters, four combinations ̏planting densities (low density or DF at 350 t/ha, normal density or DN at 510 t/ha) and opening standards (opening at 65cm and opening at 50 cm) ̋ were tested on Hevea brasiliensis clones PB 260, IRCA 111 and RRIM 703. This study was conducted for nine years with a split-plot experimental design of two treatments and two subtreatments repeated three times. The different combinations of treatments and subtreatments tested were low density (DN-50 cm), low density (DN-65 cm), normal density (DF-50 cm), normal density (DF- 65 cm). The parameters evaluated were the production at bleeding and per hectare, the average annual increase in circumference, the rate of tree losses and the rate of trees with dry notches. Production per tree was significantly higher at 350 t/ha and 65 cm opening (DF-65 cm), while per hectare production was higher at 510 t/ha. The girths of the different clones are stronger at DF and at the 65 cm opening. The rate of tree loss and the rate of trees with dry notch were low at the 510 t/ha density and the 65cm opening. The appropriate density and opening standard was "normal density 510 t/ha and opening to circumference 50 cm". The cultivation techniques especially the density and opening standard judiciously applied can participate in the sustainable improvement of rubber productivity of rubber plantations.

scholarly journals Acarocomplex of grape plantations of the South of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Yu. Klechkovskyi ◽  
K. Shmatkovska
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Maximum Phase ◽  
Trophic Links ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Southern Ukraine ◽  
Intensive Growth

Goal. To determine the species composition, dominant species, and territorial distribution of predatory and herbivorous ticks (phytophages) in the vineyards of southern Ukraine. Methods. Field — route surveys of vineyards to study the fauna, trophic links and colonization of vineyards with ticks. Laboratory — determination of the species composition of representatives of the acarofauna of vineyards. Results. During the study period, 17 species of ticks belonging to different trophic groups were identified, among which ticks dominate — phytophages of the Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae families. The most common among them were mites — phytophages, namely spider mites (Shhizotetranychus Oud., Tetranychus turkestanicus Ug.et Nich). Pests during the growing season go through four phases: prodromal, eruptive, gradation maximum and crisis. The graduation maximum phase, which is characterized by their greatest number, was noted during the period of intensive growth of berries and falls at the end of June — beginning of August (BBCH 71—79). The dynamics of the number of ticks by varieties is shown. The varieties most susceptible to spider mites were identified, the period of technical ripeness of which is medium, late or very late. Conclusions. Identified 17 species of ticks belonging to different trophic groups: phytophages, acariphages and mycophages. Based on observations of changes in the number of pests on vineyards during the growing season, four phases are distinguished. The graduation maximum phase occurs at the end of June — beginning of August (VVSN 71—79). It was established that all the studied grape varieties were populated by mites to varying degrees, the most susceptible were varieties of medium and late ripening.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic activity and productivity of potato plants when using foliar dressings with complex micronutrients and humate

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Olga Savina ◽  
Svetlana Afinogenova ◽  
Valentina Krishtafovich ◽  
Bakhytkul Baikhozhaeva
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Photosynthetic Potential

The article presents the results of many years of research on the effect of foliar dressing with complex fertilizers and humate on photosynthetic activity and productivity of potato plants of Gala and Latona varieties. The following options have been studied: 1) without treatment (control); 2) dressing with Ekorost humate at a dose of 0.2-0.4 l/ha; 3) dressing with micronutrient Strada N at a dose of 3-5 l/ha; 4) dressing with micronutrient Strada R at a dose of 3-5 l/ha. The treatment was carried out twice during the growing season: when full shoots appeared and 14 days after the first one. Determination of the leaf area and calculation of the photosynthetic potential were carried out according to the VNIIKH method (1967) three times during the growing season in the following phases: budding, flowering, and the beginning of withering away of lower leaves. The crop was harvested by the method of continuous harvesting of the accounting area of the plots with weighing. The effectiveness of the studied agrotechnical methods has been proved. The best variant of the investigated ones is the use of Strada R. The plants of this variant formed a more powerful assimilation apparatus and had the highest photosynthetic potential, which ultimately affected the yield of tubers. The increase in the yield of two varieties of potatoes was 21.8-23.1 % in relation to the control. Gala variety turned out to be more responsive to the action of vegetative treatments in comparison with Latona variety.

scholarly journals SCDMImage: um aplicativo para detecção de características morfológicas em produtos agrícolas

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (53) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Valnyr Vasconcelos Lira ◽  
Francisco Fechine Borges ◽  
Jéssica Cordeiro da Silva Santos ◽  
Antônio Pedro Gomes Tabosa ◽  
Mário Eduardo Rangel Moreira Cavalcanti Mata
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

<p><span class="fontstyle0">With the evolution of cultivation techniques, the world production of fruits and vegetables has been presenting a continuous growth. Despite the increase in production, a significant portion of the harvested products is mainly lost in the post-harvest due to several factors, such as inapropriate handling, transportation and conservation, lack of selection and classification, poorly sized packaging, among others. In general, the quality of fruits and vegetables is usually evaluated by the following parameters: size, shape, mass, color, firmness, ripeness, absence of bruises and pathologies.The objective of this work was to develop an application in Matlab to detect morphological characteristics (width, length, area, perimeter) of Mangifera indica L., ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos from images, and using the same images, estimate its weigth. The images of the mangoes were acquired with a digital camera attached to an illuminated box and later processed in an application developed in Matlab. The images showed the morphological characteristics of the samples were obtained and an equation was determined to estimate their mass. The determination of the mass from the images had a 96% correlation with the actual mass measured with a scale and it was possible to obtain a reliable estimate of the masses of the mangoes from their images.</span></p>

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