scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammatory Airway Diseases

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Piszczatowska ◽  
Katarzyna Czerwaty ◽  
Anna M. Cyran ◽  
Mathias Fiedler ◽  
Nils Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by all cells and are present in all body fluids. They exist in a variety of sizes, however, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the EV subset with a size range from 30 to 150 nm, are of current interest. By transporting a complex cargo that includes genetic material, proteins, lipids, and signaling molecules, sEVs can alter the state of recipient cells. The role of sEVs in mediating inflammatory processes and responses of the immune system is well-documented, and adds another layer of complexity to our understanding of frequent diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and upper airway infections. In these diseases, two aspects of sEV biology are of particular interest: (1) sEVs might be involved in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases, and might emerge as attractive therapeutic targets, and (2) sEVs might be of diagnostic or prognostic relevance. The purpose of this review is to outline the biological functions of sEVs and their capacity to both augment and attenuate inflammation and immune response in the context of pathogen invasion, CRS, asthma, and COPD.

scholarly journals The overlap between bronchiectasis and chronic airway diseases: state of the art and future directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1800328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Polverino ◽  
Katerina Dimakou ◽  
John Hurst ◽  
Miguel-Angel Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Marc Miravitlles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sputum Production ◽  
Syndromic Approach

Bronchiectasis is a clinical and radiological diagnosis associated with cough, sputum production and recurrent respiratory infections. The clinical presentation inevitably overlaps with other respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, 4–72% of patients with severe COPD are found to have radiological bronchiectasis on computed tomography, with similar frequencies (20–30%) now being reported in cohorts with severe or uncontrolled asthma. Co-diagnosis of bronchiectasis with another airway disease is associated with increased lung inflammation, frequent exacerbations, worse lung function and higher mortality. In addition, many patients with all three disorders have chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway disease, resulting in a complex “mixed airway” phenotype.The management of asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD and upper airway diseases has traditionally been outlined in separate guidelines for each individual disorder. Recognition that the majority of patients have one or more overlapping pathologies requires that we re-evaluate how we treat airway disease. The concept of treatable traits promotes a holistic, pathophysiology-based approach to treatment rather than a syndromic approach and may be more appropriate for patients with overlapping features.Here, we review the current clinical definition, diagnosis, management and future directions for the overlap between bronchiectasis and other airway diseases.

scholarly journals The Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cigarette Smoke-Associated Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-Reum Ryu ◽  
Do Hyun Kim ◽  
Eunjoo Kim ◽  
Mi Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers

Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,500 chemicals; most of which are highly reactive free radicals, which induce proinflammatory and carcinogenic reactions. Numerous efforts have focused extensively on the role of cigarette smoking as a cause of many diseases. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes have recently received increasing interest for their diagnostic and therapeutic roles in many diseases. However, research done on the role of extracellular vesicles and exosomes on cigarette smoke-induced chronic disease is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the recently addressed roles of extracellular vesicles and exosomes in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and oral cancer. Moreover, their potential utilization and future prospects as diagnostic biomarkers for cigarette smoke-related diseases are described.

scholarly journals Precision medicine in airway diseases: moving to clinical practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1701655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvar Agustí ◽  
Mona Bafadhel ◽  
Richard Beasley ◽  
Elisabeth H. Bel ◽  
Rosa Faner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Key Questions ◽  
Society Research

On February 21, 2017, a European Respiratory Society research seminar held in Barcelona discussed how to best apply precision medicine to chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is now clear that both are complex and heterogeneous diseases, that often overlap and that both require individualised assessment and treatment. This paper summarises the presentations and discussions that took place during the seminar. Specifically, we discussed the need for a new taxonomy of human diseases, the role of different players in this scenario (exposome, genes, endotypes, phenotypes, biomarkers and treatable traits) and a number of unanswered key questions in the field. We also addressed how to deploy airway precision medicine in clinical practice today, both in primary and specialised care. Finally, we debated the type of research needed to move the field forward.

scholarly journals Molecular Background of miRNA Role in Asthma and COPD: An Updated Insight

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymczak ◽  
Joanna Wieczfinska ◽  
Rafal Pawliczak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Airway Remodeling ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Significant Health

Inflammatory airway diseases are a significant health problems requiring new approaches to the existing therapies and addressing fundamental issues. Difficulties in developing effective therapeutic strategies might be caused by lack of understanding of their exact molecular mechanism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of regulators that already revolutionized the view of gene expression regulation. A cumulating number of investigations show a pivotal role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or airway remodeling through the regulation of many pathways involved in their pathogenesis. Expression changes of several miRNAs have also been found to play a role in the development and/or improvement in asthma or COPD. Still, relatively little is known about the role of miRNAs in inflammatory disorders. The microRNA profiles may differ depending on the cell type or antigen-presenting cell. Based on the newest literature, this review discusses the current knowledge concerning miRNA contribution and influence on lung inflammation and chosen inflammatory airway diseases: asthma and COPD.

scholarly journals Interleukin-36 Cytokines in Infectious and Non-Infectious Lung Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernán F. Peñaloza ◽  
Rick van der Geest ◽  
Joel A. Ybe ◽  
Theodore J. Standiford ◽  
Janet S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

The IL-36 family of cytokines were identified in the early 2000’s as a new subfamily of the IL-1 cytokine family, and since then, the role of IL-36 cytokines during various inflammatory processes has been characterized. While most of the research has focused on the role of these cytokines in autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis and dermatitis, recent studies have also shown the importance of IL-36 cytokines in the lung inflammatory response during infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the biology of IL-36 cytokines in terms of how they are produced and activated, as well as their effects on myeloid and lymphoid cells during inflammation. We also discuss the role of these cytokines during lung infectious diseases caused by bacteria and influenza virus, as well as other inflammatory conditions in the lungs such as allergic asthma, lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic advances that target the IL-36 pathway and the possibility to extend these tools to treat lung inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Use of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) in Chronic Airway Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2210
Author(s):  
Luis Máiz Carro ◽  
Miguel A. Martínez-García
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Hydration Properties ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Surface Liquid ◽  
Chronic Airway

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a key component of the extracellular matrix of the lungs. A unique attribute of HA is its water-retaining properties, so HA has a major role in the regulation of fluid balance in the lung interstitium. Hyaluronic acid has been widely used in the treatment of eyes, ears, joints and skin disorders, but in the last years, it has been also proposed in the treatment of certain lung diseases, including airway diseases, due to its anti-inflammatory and water-binding capacities. Hyaluronic acid aerosol decreases the severity of elastase-induced emphysema in murine models, prevents bronchoconstriction in asthmatics and improves some functional parameters in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Due to the protection of HA against bronchoconstriction and its hydration properties, inhaled HA would increase the volume of airway surface liquid, resulting in mucus hydration, increased mucous transport and less mucous plugging of the airways. In addition, it has been seen in human studies that the treatment with nebulised HA improves the tolerability of nebulised hypertonic saline (even at 6% or 7% of concentration), which has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment in bronchial secretion management in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Our objective is to review the role of HA treatment in the management of chronic airway diseases.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and macrophages: driving forces behind exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (2) ◽  
pp. L369-L384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linsey E. S. de Groot ◽  
T. Anienke van der Veen ◽  
Fernando O. Martinez ◽  
Jörg Hamann ◽  
René Lutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Current State ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Obstructive Airway Diseases

Oxidative stress is a common feature of obstructive airway diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lung macrophages are key innate immune cells that can generate oxidants and are known to display aberrant polarization patterns and defective phagocytic responses in these diseases. Whether these characteristics are linked in one way or another and whether they contribute to the onset and severity of exacerbations in asthma and COPD remain poorly understood. Insight into oxidative stress, macrophages, and their interactions may be important in fully understanding acute worsening of lung disease. This review therefore highlights the current state of the art regarding the role of oxidative stress and macrophages in exacerbations of asthma and COPD. It shows that oxidative stress can attenuate macrophage function, which may result in impaired responses toward exacerbating triggers and may contribute to exaggerated inflammation in the airways.

scholarly journals The role of hyaluronan in the pathobiology and treatment of respiratory disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. L785-L795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Garantziotis ◽  
Martin Brezina ◽  
Paolo Castelnuovo ◽  
Lorenzo Drago
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
And Migration

Hyaluronan, a ubiquitous naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan, is a major component of the extracellular matrix, where it participates in biological processes that include water homeostasis, cell-matrix signaling, tissue healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation and migration. There are emerging data that hyaluronan and its degradation products have an important role in the pathobiology of the respiratory tract. We review the role of hyaluronan in respiratory diseases and present evidence from published literature and from clinical practice supporting hyaluronan as a novel treatment for respiratory diseases. Preliminary data show that aerosolized exogenous hyaluronan has beneficial activity against airway inflammation, protects against bronchial hyperreactivity and remodeling, and disrupts the biofilm associated with chronic infection. This suggests a role in airway diseases with a predominant inflammatory component such as rhinosinusitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. The potential for hyaluronan to complement conventional therapy will become clearer when data are available from controlled trials in larger patient populations.

scholarly journals Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Respiratory Tract

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6097
Author(s):  
Monika I. Hollenhorst ◽  
Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely distributed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, where they play diverse physiological roles. In this review, we highlight the recent findings regarding the role of nAChR in the respiratory tract with a special focus on the involvement of nAChR in the regulation of multiple processes in health and disease. We discuss the role of nAChR in mucociliary clearance, inflammation, and infection and in airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. The subtype diversity of nAChR enables differential regulation, making them a suitable pharmaceutical target in many diseases. The stimulation of the α3β4 nAChR could be beneficial in diseases accompanied by impaired mucociliary clearance, and the anti-inflammatory effect due to an α7 nAChR stimulation could alleviate symptoms in diseases with chronic inflammation such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, while the inhibition of the α5 nAChR could potentially be applied in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. However, while clinical studies targeting nAChR in the airways are still lacking, we suggest that more detailed research into this topic and possible pharmaceutical applications could represent a valuable tool to alleviate the symptoms of diverse airway diseases.

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