scholarly journals Pyonephrosis Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Features: A Pictorial Review

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamburrini ◽  
Marina Lugarà ◽  
Michele Iannuzzi ◽  
Edoardo Cesaro ◽  
Fiore De Simone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
The Common ◽  
Extrarenal Complications ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Fluid Levels ◽  
Ct Features

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent community-acquired and healthcare-associated bacterial infections. UTIs are heterogeneous and range from rather benign, uncomplicated infections to complicated UTIs (cUTIs), pyelonephritis and severe urosepsis, depending mostly on the host response. Ultrasound and computed tomography represent the imaging processes of choice in the diagnosis and staging of the pathology in emergency settings. The aim of this study is to describe the common ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) features of pyonephrosis. US can make the diagnosis, demonstrating echogenic debris, fluid/fluid levels, and air in the collecting system. Although the diagnosis appears to be easily made with US, CT is necessary in non-diagnostic US examinations to confirm the diagnosis, to demonstrate the cause and moreover to stage the pathology, defining extrarenal complications. In emergency settings, US and CT are differently used in the diagnosis and staging of pyonephrosis.

scholarly journals Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a narrative review and key points for clinical practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Mario Mitra ◽  
Andrea Mancuso ◽  
Flavia Politi ◽  
Alberto Maringhini
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Bacterial infections are frequent complications of liver cirrhosis, accounting for severe clinical courses, and increased mortality. The reduction of the negative clinical impact of infections may be achieved by a combination of prophylactic measures to reduce the occurrence, early identification, and management. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), urinary tract infections, pneumonia, cellulitis, and spontaneous bacteremia are frequent in cirrhosis. The choice of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy should be based on both site, severity, and origin of infection (community-acquired, nosocomial, or healthcare-associated) and on antibiotic resistance patterns. 3rd generation cephalosporins are generally indicated as empirical therapy in most community-acquired cases. However, for nosocomial and healthcare-associated infections, due to a high rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, a broader spectrum treatment is appropriate. In order to prevent antibiotic resistance emergence, microbiological cultures should be collected, and a de-escalation applied when antimicrobial susceptibility tests are available. Standard measures to prevent infections and the identification of carriers of MDR bacteria are essential strategies to prevent infections in cirrhosis. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be applied only to gastrointestinal bleeding, SBP recurrence prevention, and cirrhotics at high risk of a first episode of SBP.

Differential Diagnosis of Colonic Strictures: Pictorial Review with Illustrations from Computed Tomography Colonography

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Wan ◽  
Silvio G. Bruni ◽  
John A. Dufton ◽  
Paul O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Ct Colonography ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Mount Sinai Hospital ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Ct Features

Strictures of the colon can lead to significant morbidity requiring surgical management. The etiology of strictures is broad and generally categorized as benign, malignant, or pseudostrictures. Computed tomography (CT) is a crucial imaging modality in the assessment and characterization of colonic pathologies but colonoscopy remains the diagnostic gold standard. However, in the setting of incomplete colonoscopy due to strictures, the imaging features of CT will be relied on. This review will focus on the CT features of different colon pathologies leading to strictures and will be illustrated with images from 10 years of experience with CT colonography at our institutions from 2002-2012 (Hotel Dieu Hospital, Queen's University and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto).

scholarly journals Krukenberg Tumor: A Rare Cause of Ovarian Torsion

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Sandhu ◽  
Omar Arafat ◽  
Harshad Patel ◽  
Chandana Lall
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cystic Teratoma ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Ovarian Torsion ◽  
Krukenberg Tumor ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Acute Presentation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Krukenberg Tumors ◽  
Ct Features

Ovarian torsion is the fifth most common gynecological surgical emergency. Ovarian torsion is usually associated with a cyst or a tumor, which is typically benign. The most common is mature cystic teratoma. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who came to the Emergency Department with rare acute presentation of bilateral Krukenberg tumors, due to unilateral ovarian torsion. In this case report, we highlight the specific computed tomography (CT) features of ovarian torsion and demonstrate the unique radiological findings on CT imaging. Metastasis to the ovary is not rare and 5 to 10% of all ovarian malignancies are metastatic. The stomach is the common primary site in most Krukenberg tumors (70%); an acute presentation of metastatic Krukenberg tumors with ovarian torsion is rare and not previously reported in radiology literature.

scholarly journals Pathology of wild Norway rats in Vancouver, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Rothenburger ◽  
Chelsea G. Himsworth ◽  
Krista M. D. La Perle ◽  
Frederick A. Leighton ◽  
Nicole M. Nemeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bite Wounds ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Norway Rats

To achieve a contemporary understanding of the common and rare lesions that affect wild, urban Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus), we conducted a detailed pathology analysis of 672 rats from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Grossly evident lesions, such as wounds, abscesses, and neoplasms, were present in 71 of 672 rats (11%) and tended to be severe. The most common and significant lesions were infectious and inflammatory, most often affecting the respiratory tract and associated with bite wounds. We assessed a subset of rats (up to n = 406 per tissue) for the presence of microscopic lesions in a variety of organ systems. The most frequent lesions that could impact individual rat health included cardiomyopathy (128 of 406; 32%), chronic respiratory tract infections as indicated by pulmonary inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (270 of 403; 67%), tracheitis (192 of 372; 52%), and thyroid follicular hyperplasia (142 of 279; 51%). We isolated 21 bacterial species from purulent lesions in rats with bacterial infections, the most frequent of which were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Parasitic diseases in rats resulted from infection with several invasive nematodes: Capillaria hepatica in the liver (242 of 672; 36%), Eucoleus sp. in the upper gastrointestinal tract (164 of 399; 41%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder (59 of 194; 30%). Neoplastic, congenital, and degenerative lesions were rare, which likely reflects their adverse effect on survival in the urban environment. Our results establish a baseline of expected lesions in wild urban rats, which may have implications for urban rat and zoonotic pathogen ecology, as well as rat control in cities worldwide.

scholarly journals A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess bacterial anti-adhesive activity in human urine following consumption of a cranberry supplement

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 7645-7652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Liu ◽  
Amy B. Howell ◽  
Derek J. Zhang ◽  
Christina Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the common bacterial infections treated with antibiotics.

scholarly journals Computed Tomography of the Chest in COVID-19: A Pictorial Review of Indian Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan ◽  
Deep Narayan Srivastava ◽  
Kushagra V. Garg ◽  
Niranjan Khandelwal
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
The Common ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractThe Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has evolved into a pandemic and has affected more than 130 million people globally to date and continues to infect more. The disease primarily involves the respiratory system and manifests as fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and myalgia. Nearly half of the infected patients may be asymptomatic. The real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on the blood or respiratory samples is the diagnostic test with high accuracy. Although imaging with CT is not routinely indicated in this disease, this modality may provide a quick answer and assist in making a diagnosis in certain situations. In addition, imaging with CT also aids in evaluating the progress of the disease and in prognostication. A thorough knowledge of the common findings on the CT scan helps a radiologist in suggesting a diagnosis when it is performed in unsuspected patients. In this review, we describe the common and uncommon chest findings of COVID-19 on the CT scan.

scholarly journals Expanding the role of bacterial vaccines into life-course vaccination strategies and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant infections

npj Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan T. Poolman
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract A crisis in bacterial infections looms as ageing populations, increasing rates of bacteraemia and healthcare-associated infections converge with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a paucity of new antimicrobial classes. New initiatives are needed to develop bacterial vaccines for older adults in whom immune senescence plays a critical role. Novel vaccines require an expanded repertoire to prevent mucosal diseases such as pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections that are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and key drivers of antimicrobial resistance. This review considers the challenges inherent to the prevention of bacterial diseases, particularly mucosal infections caused by major priority bacterial pathogens against which current vaccines are sub-optimal. It has become clear that prevention of many lung, urinary tract and skin infections requires more than circulating antibodies. Induction of Th1/Th17 cellular responses with tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells homing to mucosal tissues may be a pre-requisite for success.

scholarly journals Healthcare-associated bacterial infections in the paediatric ICU

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga Akinkugbe ◽  
Fiona J Cooke ◽  
Nazima Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Critically Ill Children ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract Background An estimated 3.2 million patients annually develop healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in Europe alone amid the major challenge of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Critically ill children warrant specific evaluation because of differences in epidemiology, causative organisms and infection sites. Objectives To examine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of three types of HCAI in critically ill children and determine the effect on their disease course. Materials and methods Retrospective cohort review of critically ill children admitted to a general paediatric ICU (PICU) at a regional academic tertiary referral centre over a 3 year period. Results There were 1930 admissions with a median age of 38 months. Children with HCAIs had a higher incidence of comorbidities (74% versus 24%) and a longer median length of stay (8 days versus 3 days). We identified 26 positive isolates (blood, lower respiratory and urine) taken 48 h or more after admission. The combined incidence was 1.34%. Hospital-acquired pneumonia accounted for 58% of HCAIs, urinary tract infections for 31% and bloodstream infections for 11%. The majority (61.5%) of HCAIs were caused by Gram-negative organisms. Seven isolates were resistant to antimicrobials used to treat HCAI. All of these were Gram-negative organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli). Conclusions These data revealed a low incidence of HCAIs, 27% of which were resistant Gram-negative organisms. Critically ill children with HCAIs were more likely to have comorbidities and an increased length of stay. These factors may increasingly impact on PICU bed availability, an already limited resource.

Healthcare associated infections caused by non-fermenting Gram negative rods (NFGNR): six years of experience of a tertiary hospital

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 06-12
Author(s):  
Zahidul Hasan ◽  
Md. Kamrul Islam ◽  
Arifa Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Blood Stream Infection ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Recently non-fermenting Gram negative rods (NFGNR) are playing an important role in healthcare associated infections. This observational study in a tertiary care hospital of Dhaka city conducted during 01August 2007 to 30 June 2013 found that 34.8% isolated organisms from patients with healthcare associated infections were NFGNR. Majority (74.3 %) of these infections were occurring inside critical care areas. Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter together constituted 79.6% of the total NFGNR whereas Burkholderia cephacia complex (15.4%), Stenotrophomonas (4.3%) and Chryseobacterium species (0.7%) combined constituted remaining 20.4%. Out of total NFGNRs, Pseudomonas was responsible for highest number of catheter associated urinary tract infections (55.6%), ventilator associated pneumonia (46.3%), respiratory tract infection (65.8%) and surgical site infection (70.6%). Blood stream infection was predominantly caused by Burkholderia cephacia complex (33.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (39.5%). Other than colistin most of the organisms were resistant to antibiotics commonly recommended for NFGNR.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v7i2.19326 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2013; 07(02): 6-12

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