scholarly journals The New Test Procedure for Group-Type Composition of Base Oils of Lubricating Oils, Especially Emitted into the Environment

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3772
Author(s):  
Paulina Nowak ◽  
Karolina Kucharska ◽  
Marian Antoni Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Mineral Base

Mineral base oil, a product of multistep fine refining of the relevant fractions from vacuum distillation of crude oil, is a main component of so-called mineral lubricating oils containing aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., derivatives of benzene and biphenyl. Mineral lubricating oil is composed mostly of mineral base oil and a low amount of enriching additives, most often products of advanced organic chemical technology. The application of mineral lubricating oils in open cutting systems has a very negative impact on environment and on the operator’s health. This work presents a simple, cheap and fast methodology allows identification of the group-type composition of base oil in lubricating oil and to estimate the content or total absence of base oil of mineral and vegetable origin in lubricating oil. The first step of the test is an in-situ screening for fluorescence of petroleum fraction under the 365 nm light. The next is the performance of infrared spectra with Fourier transformation (FT-MIR) to identify and estimate the content of vegetable oil and its derivatives and the performance of UV-Vis spectra to identify and determine the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as dyes present in the lubricating oil. The last stage is normal phase thin layer chromatography (NP-TLC) using different visualization methods to evaluate the group-type composition of lubricating oil. Effectivity of the developed procedure has been confirmed during control of group-type composition evaluation of lubricating oils in cutting systems. The procedure can be also applied with respect to different oil matrices.

scholarly journals Ecological and Health Effects of Lubricant Oils Emitted into the Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Nowak ◽  
Karolina Kucharska ◽  
Marian Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Petroleum Origin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cutting System ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Lubricating oils used in machines with an open cutting system, such as a saw or harvester, are applied in forest areas, gardening, in the household, and in urban greenery. During the operation of the device with an open cutting system, the lubricating oil is emitted into the environment. Therefore, the use of an oil base and refining additives of petroleum origin in the content of lubricants is associated with a negative impact on health and the environment. The current legal regulations concerning lubricants applicable in the European Union (EU) assess the degree of biodegradability. Legislation permits the use of biodegradable oils at 60% for a period of 28 days. This means that, in practice, lubricating oil considered to be biodegradable can contain up to 50% of the so-called petroleum oil base. The paper aims to draw public attention to the need to reduce the toxicity and harmful effects, due to their composition, of lubricating oils emitted into the environment on health. The authors discuss the impact of petroleum oil lubricants on soils, groundwater, vegetation, and animals, and the impact of petroleum-origin oil mist on health. An overview of test methods for the biodegradability of lubricating oils is presented, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 301 A–F, 310, and 302 A–D tests, as well as their standard equivalents. The current legal regulations regarding the use and control of lubricating oils emitted into the environment are discussed. Legal provisions are divided according to their area of application. Key issues regarding the biodegradability and toxicity of petroleum fractions in lubricating oils are also addressed. It is concluded that lubricating oils, emitted or potentially emitted into the environment, should contain only biodegradable ingredients in order to eliminate the negative impact on both the environment and health. Total biodegradability should be confirmed by widely applied tests. Therefore, a need to develop and implement low-cost and simple control procedures for each type of lubricating oil, ensuring the possibility of an indisputable conclusion about the presence and total absence of petroleum-derived components in oil, as well as the content of natural ingredients, occurs.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES ADDITIVE ON SELECTED PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING OILS

Tribologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Marcin Frycz ◽  
Mateusz Labuda
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Carbon Nanoparticles ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Viscosity Coefficient ◽  
Automatic Apparatus ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
The Impact ◽  
C60 Fullerenes ◽  
Mineral Base

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of the addition of various types of carbon nanoparticles on selected essential physical and operational properties of lubricating oils. Two selected oils, i.e. the mineral base oil without additives and the typical marine lubricating circulating oil Marinol RG 1240, were modified with the addition of shungite nanoparticles, graphite nanotubes, and C60 fullerenes. The mass fraction of modifiers was 0.2% wt for each of the additives. As part of the experimental tests, measurements were made of the impact of the above-mentioned modifiers on the change in the value of the ignition temperature of oils, the effect on the changes in the value of the dynamic viscosity coefficient in the aspect of changes of temperature and shear rate, as well as the impact on the changes in the friction coefficient and the size of the wear size scar. These tests were carried out on an EraFlash automatic apparatus for determining ignition temperature using the closed cup method, with a Haake Mars III research rheometer, and a T-02U tribometer with a four-ball head.

scholarly journals Tribological performance of nano-diamond composites-dispersed lubricants on commercial cylinder liner mating with CrN piston ring

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-464
Author(s):  
Ruoxuan Huang ◽  
Zichun Wang ◽  
Xiaoshuai Yuan ◽  
Tianchi Zhang ◽  
Siqi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Cylinder Liners

AbstractThis work investigated the effect of nanodiamond (ND) additives on the tribological properties of CrN-coated piston ring mating with the chromium-plated and BP alloy iron cylinder liners, which is one of the key friction pairs in the internal combustion engines. To enhance the dispersion of the NDs in the base oil, the surface of ND particles was modified with polyaniline via in situ polymerization. The friction and wear as well as the scuffing characteristics of the friction pair lubricated with different contents of ND composite-added base oil were evaluated by using the reciprocating tribotests, which are close to the actual conditions. The wear surface morphologies and elements distribution were analyzed to explore the wear behaviors and the associated mechanisms of friction pairs under the lubrication incorporated with the ND composites. The results show that the ND additive is beneficial for the pair of Cr liner and CrN-coated piston ring in the friction and wear as well as scuffing properties, and the best concentration of ND additive is expected to be around 1 wt%. But for the BP liner, the developed nanocomposite has a negative impact. The friction force and the wear loss of the pair lubricated by the ND composite-added oil are even worse than that tested with the base lubricating oil.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization Using Different Analytical Techniques to Understand Processes: The Case of the Paraffinic Base Oil Production Line

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Rémi Moulian ◽  
Johann Le Maître ◽  
Hélène Leroy ◽  
Ryan Rodgers ◽  
Brice Bouyssiere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Mineral Base

Mineral base oils are used to produce commercial lubricants and are obtained from refining vacuum residue. Lubricants are used to reduce friction in industry devices, so their viscosity is a key characteristic that needs to be optimized throughout the process. The purpose of this study is to show how global chemical characterization of samples from the base oil production chain can facilitate a better understanding of the molecular impacts of processing and their effect on macroscopic properties like viscosity. Eight different samples were characterized by different analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, to understand their chemical evolution through the different process units at the molecular level. Furthermore, a statistical treatment allowed for the identification of parameters that influence viscosity, mainly sulfur and polyaromatics content. This study demonstrates the importance and effectiveness of cross-checking results from different complementary analytical techniques to acquire valuable data on lubricating oil base samples.

Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110085
Author(s):  
Jabulani I Gumede ◽  
Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽  
Chris D Woolard ◽  
Shanganyane P Hlangothi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Waste Tyres ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

Determination of zinc in lubricating oils and lubricating oil concentrates

1968 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Anand ◽  
Prabhu Dayal ◽  
O. N. Anand
Keyword(s):  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oils

scholarly journals Regeneration of Spent Lubricant Refining Clays by Solvent Extraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-zhen Wang ◽  
Hai-long Xu ◽  
Li Gao ◽  
Meng-meng Yan ◽  
Hong-ling Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Nonpolar Solvents ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Storage Times

Step-by-step solvent extraction was used to regenerate spent clay by recovering the adsorbed oil in lubricating oil refining clay. Several polar and nonpolar solvents were tested, and petroleum ether (90–120°C) and ethanol (95 v%) were selected as the nonpolar and polar solvents, respectively. The spent clay was first extracted using petroleum ether (90–120°C) to obtain ideal oil and then extracted with a mixed solvent of petroleum ether (90–120°C) and ethanol (95 v%) two or three times to obtain nonideal oil before being extracted with ethanol and water. Finally, the clay was dried at 130°C to obtain regenerated clay. The total oil recovery can be more than 99 wt% of the adsorbed oil. The recovered ideal oil can be used as lubricating base oil. Shorter storage times for spent clay produce better regeneration results. The regenerated clay can be reused to refine the lubricating base oils.

Tribological Properties of Zirconium Oxide, Spinel and Mullite Nanopowders as Lubricating Oil Additives

2016 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 451-455
Author(s):  
Armands Leitans ◽  
Eriks Palcevskis
Keyword(s):  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Nanosized Powders ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Oxide Spinel ◽  
Lubricating Oil Additives

In work investigated effects of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), spinel (MgAl2O4) and mullite (Al6Si2O13) nanosized powders on the base oil tribological properties. The nanosized (30-40nm) powders manufactured by plasma chemical synthesis method. Tribological experiments used on ball-on-disc type tribometer, measured coefficient of friction and determined metalic disc wear. Base oil used selectively purified mineral oil (conform SAE-20 viscosity) without any functional additives. Nanosized powders dispersed in base oil at 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; wt.%. At work cocluded, that the adition nanoparticles in base oil, possible reduced friction pair wear and friction coefficient. As the main results include spinel (MgAl2O4) nanoparticles 0.5 and 1.0 wt. % concentration ability reduced friction coeffiecient value.

Experimental Study on the Tribological Characteristics of Nanometer WS2 Lubricating Oil Additive Based on Engine Oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Bin Chen ◽  
Da Heng Mao ◽  
Chen Shi ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Grinding Conditions ◽  
Lubricating Oil Additive ◽  
Great Wall ◽  
Better Than

Nano-WS2(tungsten disulfide nanoparticles)lubricating oil additive, prepared by the nanometer WS2particulates and semi-synthetic engine base oil as raw materials, was added into Great Wall engine oil with different mass ratio. With a contrast study on these oil samples, the results show that it can improve the extreme pressure, antiwear and viscosity-temperature properties of the engine oil effectively by adding a certain amount of nano-WS2additive, and the optimal concentration is 2wt%. The oil film strength, sintering load and viscosity index of this lubricating oil is respectively 1.35 times, 1.58 times and 1.05 times as that of Great Wall engine oil. In addition, when tested under the grinding conditions of 392 N, 1450 r /min and 30 min, the diameter of worn spot reduces 0.018mm, and the average friction coefficients of friction pairs decrease 16.3%, both of which are lubricated by the oil containing nano-WS2additive. Meanwhile, the experiments testify that the tribological and viscosity-temperature properties of the nano-WS2additive are better than that of the Henkel MoS2additive.

scholarly journals Nanofluid-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Face Milling of Inconel 625

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 6874-6888
Author(s):  
P. Singh ◽  
J. S. Dureja ◽  
H. Singh ◽  
M. S. Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Minimum Quantity Lubrication ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Minimum Quantity ◽  
Milling Parameters

Machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has gained widespread attention to boost machining performance of difficult to machine materials such as Ni-Cr alloys, especially to reduce the negative impact of conventional flooded machining on environment and machine operator health. The present study is aimed to evaluate MQL face milling performance of Inconel 625 using nano cutting fluid based on vegetable oil mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Experiments were designed with 2-level factorial design methodology. ANOVA test and desirability optimisation method were employed to arrive at optimised milling parameters to achieve minimum tool wear and machined surface quality. Experiments were performed under nanoparticles based minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) conditions using different weight concentrations of MWCNT in base oil: 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 wt. %; and pure MQL environment (without nanoparticles). The optimal MQL milling parameters found are cutting speed: 47 m/min, table feed rate: 0.05 mm/tooth and depth of cut: 0.20 mm. The results revealed improvement in the surface finish (Ra) by 17.33% and reduction in tool flank wear (VB) by 11.48 % under NMQL face milling of Inconel 625 with 1% weight concentration of MWCNT in base oil compared to pure MQL machining conditions.

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