scholarly journals The Structural Gravity Model and Its Implications on Global Forest Product Trade

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Morland ◽  
Franziska Schier ◽  
Holger Weimar
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The gravity model of trade is one of the most common approaches in modern econometrics. In its basic form, the model assumes that income and distance between two partners most likely play a major role in the occurrence of trade. Despite the long history of the gravity model and its high, universal explanatory potential, its application for the forest sector is not broad and refers only to the traditional definition of the gravity approach. However, this traditional approach is not able to explain all aspects of trade at a disaggregated sector level. Consequently, the present study aims to close this research gap and reveal influencing factors for the appearance and the intensity of forest product trade by applying the structural gravity approach. This is done via linear and non-linear estimation methods for the forest sector on the whole and for thirteen forest products in detail. Three major results were found: first, the traditional gravity approach overestimates the impact of the overall income on forest sector trade. Second, the appearance of wood market trade is not always influenced by the same factors as the quantity traded. Third, with increasing processing level, determinants of forest product trade seem to be influenced by different factors.

Convergence of Forest Resources in Jangalmahal, West Bengal

2016 ◽  
pp. 511-537
Author(s):  
Nilendu Chatterjee ◽  
Soumyananda Dinda
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
The People ◽  
Forest Income ◽  
History Of ◽  
Beta Convergence

The topic of growth and convergence is at the heart of a wide-ranging debate in the growth literature. The century long history of deprivation and backwardness of Jangalmahal area and four districts of it in the state of West Bengal—Purulia, Bankura, West Midnapore and parts of Birbhum—is also a well discussed issue. The dependency of the people on forest products to earn livelihoods is a natural phenomenon which, over the years, has resulted in considerable exploitation of forest resources. Through this chapter, we have made an attempt to see whether there exists any convergence, both absolute as well as conditional, in the total forest product of Jangalmahal and in the incomes earned from forest resources. We have seen the presence of Beta convergence, both conditional and absolute, in both tests of forest products as well as income from it. Sigma of forest income diverges instead of converge. Similar result is seen in case of timber.

Viewing the Contamination of Student Achievement Through the Lens of Poverty

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-209
Author(s):  
Cheryl Ann Slattery
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Role Models ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Culture Of Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Federal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter addresses the growing number in the underserved population of school-age children and their families who live in poverty and raises awareness as to how that factor directly contaminates student achievement. It is important to understand the federal definition of poverty and the attendant unique social environment. This chapter highlights an appreciation for the history of American race relations and its role in poverty-related behavior, as well as examines the inherent biases prevalent in American communities and schools that work to restrict opportunities for underprivileged families and children. It explores the impact of changing a culture of poverty through the lens of schools and role models, subsequently understanding multidisciplinary approaches for eliminating policies that alienate and exclude the poor. It includes best practices in pedagogy, services, and support for marginalized populations that will illuminate for the practitioner how the contamination of student achievement occurs and empowers them to assist those trapped by poverty.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Trade Facilitation’s Impacts on China’s Forest Product Exports to Countries Along the “Belt and Road” Based on the Perspective of Ternary Margins

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinzhu Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Li ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Baodong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Growth Structure ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road

With the reduction of traditional tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, trade facilitation measures, such as improved port efficiency and the customs environment, have become increasingly important for improving the structure of export growth and exploring the trade potential of forest products. Our research divided China’s export growth of forest products into extensive margins (variety), quantity margins (quantity), and price margins (quality), and discussed how trade facilitation impacted China’s forest product export growth structure from the perspective of ternary margins. An evaluation system of trade facilitation was constructed, and principal component analysis was used to measure the levels of trade facilitation of 13 countries which had large trade flows of forest products with China along the “Belt and Road”. In addition, we used transnational panel data and the extended gravity model to analyze the impact of their trade facilitation on the ternary margins of China’s export growth. In order to overcome the endogeneity of the model, the 2 stage least squares (2SLS) method was used and the first-order lags of trade facilitation indicators were selected as instrument variables. The decomposition results of ternary margins showed that the “low price and high quantity” export growth pattern had remained in China’s forest products trade, and the 2SLS regression results indicated that the improvement of trade facilitation had a significantly positive impact on the quantity margins and price margins, but no significant impact on the extensive margins. It is suggested that China should make differentiated investments to countries along the “Belt and Road” based on their different levels of trade facilitation, in order to promote constant improvement of product quality and optimization of export growth structure in the forest products industry.

International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Background Theory ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Because of the long-standing Canada-United States lumber trade dispute and the current pressure on the world's forests as a renewable energy source, much attention has been directed toward the modelling of international trade in wood products. Two types of trade models are described in this book: one is rooted in economic theory and mathematical programming, and the other consists of two econometric/statistical models--a gravity model rooted in theory and an approach known as GVAR that relies on time series analyses. The purpose of the book is to provide the background theory behind models and enable readers to easily construct their own models to analyze policy questions, whether in forestry or another sector. Examples in the book illustrate how models can be used to say something about a variety of issues, including identification of the gains and losses to various players in the North American softwood lumber business, and the potential for redirecting sales of lumber to countries outside the United States. The discussion is expanded to include other products besides lumber, and used to examine, for example, the effects of log export restrictions by one naton on all other forestry jurisdictions, the impacts of climate policies as they relate to the global forest sector, and the impact of oil prices on forest product markets throughout the world.

Setting the scene and ICH GCP in clinical and healthcare research

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This chapter looks at the purpose and history of the development of good clinical practice (GCP). The international conference on harmonisation (ICH) GCP is the international quality standard for conducting clinical research to ensure the rights and well-being of patients are protected and the resulting data are valid. The cornerstone of ethics in research stems from the Declaration of Helsinki and the chapter looks at the changes in the Declaration and the impact on clinical trials. The development of the ICH process is described and the E, S, Q and M guidelines are discussed, The efficacy guidelines affect the practical aspects of trials and the efficacy guideline number 6 (E6) is on GCP. The content of the E6 guidelines is reviewed including the responsibilities of ethics committees, investigator and sponsor. Documentation requirements including the Protocol and Investigator Brochure as well as all the other documents are outlined. The guidelines are written to be interpreted and companies and institutions have to document their interpretation using standard operating procedures (SOPs). Although ICH GCP is regarded as the world-wide standard it sits alongside countries' legislation. In Europe CTIMPs have to follow the EU Directives and Regulation. Non pharmaceutical/non interventional healthcare research has no legal requirements to adhere to ICH GCP and is carried out under different research governance frameworks (RGF), however they all have their principles based on ICH GCP. The chapter also discusses the definition of an IMP and the decisions and processes that have to be followed when conducting non CTIMP studies.

scholarly journals Risk factors of bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease and «OVERLAP» syndrome asthma-COPD among adults in Ekaterinburg

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
V C Abdullaev ◽  
E K Beltyukov ◽  
V V Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Overlap Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over 40 Years

Topicality. Prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) and COPD achieves in different countries 18 and 20% respectively. The prevalence of «OVERLAP» syndrome - ASTHMA/COPD in Russia is unknown. Objective. To determine the prevalence ofBA, COPD and «OVERLAP» syndrome - ASTHMA/COPD. Materials and methods. The study included a survey using a specially developed questionnaire to identify asthma-like symptoms (ALS), risk factors for BA, COPD, and the definition of FEV^ FEV^FVC in adults in Ekaterinburg. Results. The study has revealed that the risk factors for developing ALS are exposure to tobacco smoke and age over 40 years. The impact of allergens and family history of allergy are less significant. Decrease of spirometry indices is associated with smoking, age over 40 years and the presence of ALS. The diagnostic criteria for the «OVERLAP» syndrome - ASTHMA/COPD were developed based on the answers to the questionnaire on ALS, risk factors and the results of the screening spirometry. Conclusions. Preliminary prevalence ofBA, COPD, «OVERLAP» syndrome - ASTHMA/COPD and actual risk factors have been established in Ekaterinburg in 2018. Unfavorable situation with prevalence of smoking in Ekaterinburg has been showing.

scholarly journals Evolution of customer focus: from artisans and family businesses to CRM-systems

E-Management ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
A. V. Malkova
Keyword(s):  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Customer Focus ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The process of evolution of such phenomenon as customer focus and its impact on the formation of trade relations has been considered. In order to study the phenomenon as a whole and the factors that influenced the changes in particular, a retrospective analysis from the era of craftsmanship to the present day has been made. Special attention has been paid to industrial revolutions as stimulators of change, and to the peculiar boundaries of the periods of using different approaches to trade and business interaction. The article also touches on the topic of direct marketing, as a prototype of today’s business relations. In addition to the history of marketing and the impact of industrial revolutions on the development of the relationship between seller and buyer, the paper considered and analysed such a phenomenon as the automation of production in order to create a fullfledged picture, reflecting the reasons for the creation, the essence and relevance of CRM-systems in the modern world. CRM-systems in this article have been considered as one of the tools of customer focus methodology, which facilitates the interaction between participants in business relationships, as well as serving as a centralized directory of information about the customers. The initial and, consequently, the ultimate goal of the study was to create an interconnected scheme for the formation of a modern system of customer focus and definition of the role of CRM-systems in the whole process.

scholarly journals MEDIA ART IN MODERN SYNTHESIS OF ARTS IN ARCHITECTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Tetiana Rusevych ◽  
Hanna Zavadska
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Media Art ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The article substantiates the problem of synthesis of media art in the modern synthesis of arts in architecture, provides a definition of the term " Media Art" as a higher form of artistic development. Attention is paid to the analysis of recent research and publications devoted to the study of the artistic component of interactive design in the synthesis of the arts of architectural space, the influence of media technologies on the formation of the architectural image of art centers, describing trends in media technology in architecture. The purpose of the article is to consider the forms of media art, their role in the synthesis of arts in architecture. The article emphasizes the objects created and embodied in Ukraine, describes the synthesis of arts from the angle of influence of media art on human perception and outlines the prospects for development. The history of the synthesis of arts in architecture from ancient times, the development of the synthesis of arts in the Art Nouveau style, the preconditions for the emergence of media art are briefly described. The synthesis of media art and architecture, interaction with other arts, namely painting, sculpture, music and others is considered on the example of the multimedia center Atelier des Lumières – "Workshop of the World" in Paris, which specializes in digital art exhibitions; Ukraine WOW exhibition in Kyiv, which is equipped with various forms of media art; media facades in Kyiv; media cube on the facade of Chicago Central House, which is the first media sculpture in Europe. The definition of "media facades" is also given and the influence of media technologies on the emotional and psychological state of a person is considered. Examples of interaction of various forms of media art with architecture are given. The conclusions determine the role of media art in architecture, the impact of media technology on human psychology, outline the prospects for the development of media art in the modern synthesis of arts in architecture.

scholarly journals Building a Civilization Base on Spiritual Values: Learning from the Struggle of Husain

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Fadhlu Rahman ◽  
Anas Amarulloh ◽  
Fitri Siska Supriatna
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Values ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The West ◽  
Spiritual Civilization ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Space ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descriptive Method

The modern paradigm gives a strong influence to the modern people especially in the west. The influence is from its coup to the reality of God by some western thinkers and intellectuals. Than it has the impact to the meaning of advance civilization, futher it gives serious problems to the most social structure. The struggle of Sayyidana Husain as the everlasting history of humanity gives another view to the human concept and advance civilization. The oneness values (tauhid) which is contained by al-Husain, look at the spiritual aspects as the measure of the advance civilization. Therfore the definition of advance civilization has a new space, and opens the way of the inherent potentials as the basic of the advance civilization. This writing tries to open the values of Sayyidina Husains struggle in Karbala and mixs it contextually with the concept of Coomaranswammys spiritual civilization as the basic meaning of civilization by using the historical and analysis descriptive method. Hence the paradigm of advance civilization has an alternative of the new paradigm, and the spirituality can be a measure of advance civilization.

Maritime history: A new version of the old version and the true history of the sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-402
Author(s):  
Gelina Harlaftis
Keyword(s):  
Maritime History ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Entrepreneurial Networks ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agent Of Change ◽  
The Impact

The article provides a new version of Frank Broeze’s definition of maritime history by putting it in a framework of a sea. It gives a critical approach to the various histories of the seas and oceans that use the sea as a setting and not as a dynamic agent of change. It argues that the true history of the sea is a maritime history that entails maritime activities: on the sea (seamen, ships, navigation, sea trade, war, piracy); around the sea (maritime communities, islands, port cities, shipping, shipping-related, fishing and touristic businesses); in the sea (fishing, maritime resources, environment); because of the sea (maritime transport systems and entrepreneurial networks, maritime empires, international and national maritime institutions and policy); and about the sea (maritime culture and heritage, the ideology, myths and poems of a sea, the impact of the sea on art).

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