scholarly journals Valorization of Greenhouse Horticulture Waste from a Biorefinery Perspective

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Antonio D. Moreno ◽  
Aleta Duque ◽  
Alberto González ◽  
Ignacio Ballesteros ◽  
María José Negro
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Alkali Concentration ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Greenhouse Horticulture ◽  
Extrusion Technology ◽  
Sugar Source

Greenhouse cultivation and harvesting generate considerable amounts of organic waste, including vegetal waste from plants and discarded products. This study evaluated the residues derived from tomato cultivation practices in Almería (Spain) as sugar-rich raw materials for biorefineries. First, lignocellulose-based residues were subjected to an alkali-catalyzed extrusion process in a twin-screw extruder (100 °C and 6–12% (w/w) NaOH) to assess maximum sugar recovery during the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis step. A high saccharification yield was reached when using an alkali concentration of 12% (w/w), releasing up to 81% of the initial glucan. Second, the discarded tomato residue was crushed and centrifuged to collect both the juice and the pulp fractions. The juice contained 39.4 g of sugars per 100 g of dry culled tomato, while the pulp yielded an extra 9.1 g of sugars per 100 g of dry culled tomato after an enzymatic hydrolysis process. The results presented herein show the potential of using horticulture waste as an attractive sugar source for biorefineries, including lignocellulose-based residues when effective fractionation processes, such as reactive extrusion technology, are available.

scholarly journals Experimental and modelling aspects of the reactive extrusion process

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cassagnau ◽  
Véronique Bounor-Legaré ◽  
Bruno Vergnes
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Twin Screw Extruders ◽  
Single Screw Extruders ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
On Line ◽  
Screw Extruders ◽  
Continuous Chemical

Reactive extrusion consists in using an extruder as a continuous chemical reactor. It is not a recent process, but it has been rapidly developed during the last thirty years and is more and more used today for the chemical modification of existing polymers. Among the various extrusion systems (single screw extruders, counter- and corotating twin-screw extruders, co-kneaders), the corotating twin-screw extruders are today the most widely used in reactive extrusion. After a presentation of the main advantages and drawbacks of the reactive extrusion, we will describe the way to control the process through on-line and in-line monitoring. Then, a modelling approach based on continuum mechanics will be presented, followed by an example of industrial applications of this particular process.

On-Line Rheometry for Twin-Screw Extrusion (Along the Extruder) and its Applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Maia ◽  
O. S. Carneiro ◽  
A. V. Machado ◽  
J. A. Covas
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
On Line ◽  
Dispersive Mixing ◽  
Carbon Fibre Composites

Abstract Due to a number of practical difficulties, both in- and on-line measurements of the rheological properties of complex systems during extrusion are usually performed at the end of the extruder, under very specific experimental conditions. This makes this type of instruments more useful for quality control than for process optimisation, since information about the influence of the geometry and/or processing conditions on the evolution of the material characteristics inside the extruder is not easily gathered. Recently, however, the authors have developed an on-line capillary rheometry system that overcomes most of the existing problems and allows small amounts of sample to be tested in very near real time, along the extruder. The present work aims at illustrating the usefulness of this concept for the study of physical compounding processes and some reactive systems. Two very different systems will be used for that purpose: a reactive extrusion process (the peroxide-induced thermal degradation of polypropylene) and the dispersive mixing involved in the preparation of thermoplastic/carbon fibre composites.

Graft Polymerization of L-Lactide onto Cellulose in Ionic Liquid via Twin Screw Extruder

2013 ◽  
Vol 658 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhong ◽  
Xian Tao Tong ◽  
Mu Huo Yu ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Graft Polymerization ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Twin Screw

A twin-screw extruder was used to carry out the ring opening graft polymerization of L-lactide onto cellulose through reactive extrusion process. Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) [Bmim]Cl and Sn(oct)2 were used as solvent and catalyst, respectively. FTIR, TGA and XRD were used to investigate the structure, thermal stability and crystalline behavior of the reaction products. The result showed a successful ring opening polymerization of L-lactide on cellulose. Furthermore, it showed a increased crystalline degree and thermal stability after being introduced the PLLA.

scholarly journals Circular Green Technology & Material for the Tire Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elamvazhuthi Kuppusamy
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
High Conversion Rate ◽  
Extrusion Technology

The whole Tire Industry around the Globe is set on an important mission to create a greener environment wherein the used tires, scrap worn out tires & shop floor rejected tires are used back in to the system of new Tire manufacturing thereby create a Circular Economy in the Tire Industry via non-chemical Devulcanization process. The Tyromer TDP (Tyre Derived Polymer) production process uses an industrial proven extrusion technology in a patented Twin Screw Extruder and it is reliable. The process is energy efficient as it is continuous. That also gives fundamentally more consistent product quality compared to batch processes. In this extrusion process, what goes in must come out and hence the TDP production process creates no waste. The only catalyst used in the process is Super Critical Carbon dioxide. No chemical solvents or devulcanization chemicals are used and the process is Energy efficient (400 kWh/MT), Very Fast (2 minutes from crumb powder to TDP) and having High conversion rate (99+% crumb powder to TDP).

scholarly journals Study on Reinforced Modification of Polylactic Acid by New Hyperbranched Polyamide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjian Sun ◽  
Yansong Huang ◽  
Yu juan Jin ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Huafeng Tian
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Chemical Crosslinks ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hyperbranched Polyamide

Abstract In order to achieve enhanced physical performance of polylactic acid (PLA), the hyperbranched polyamide (HBPA) was synthesized by "one-step" as raw materials, and added as a modifier to the PLA matrix. The HBPA/PLA blend was prepared through the twin screw extrusion process and the injection molding process. The results showed that, compared with pure PLA, the tensile strength of HBPA/PLA blends increased by 41.8% while the elongation at break and the impact strength basically unchanged. The addition of HBPA does not affect the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization of PLA significantly, but can improve the thermal deformation temperature of PLA. HBPA acted as a nucleant for PLA during iso-temperature crystallization. HBPA could form hydrogen bonds and chemical crosslinks with PLA, thus exhibits excellent reinforcing effect for PLA.

Optimization and Scale-Up of Twin-Screw Reactive Extrusion: The Case of EVA Transesterification

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
F. Berzin ◽  
C. David ◽  
B. Vergnes
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Crucial Question ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Reactive Extrusion Process

Abstract Despite its complexity, reactive extrusion is continuously developing for the production of new and performing materials. Due to the strong coupling between flow, rheology and chemistry, optimizing this process for a given reaction remains a difficult task. Moreover, the scale-up from the laboratory to the production scale is another crucial question, which cannot be solved by conventional techniques. In this paper, we show how the use of numerical modeling may help answer these complex questions by providing realistic solutions, rapidly and without excessive costs. The example of a transesterification reaction was chosen because this reaction has been carefully characterized in previous studies. The reaction kinetics and the kinetic constants are well known and the modeling of this reactive extrusion process has proved to be realistic and accurate.

Application of Melt Extrusion Process for an In Situ Polymers Blend of Cellulose with Polyethylene Glycol in the Presence of Ionic Liquid

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 667-671
Author(s):  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Xuan Zhong ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

To modifying cellulose through an eco-friendly process, an in-situ chemical blend modification of microcrystalline cellulose with PEG2000 was conducted by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder through a reactive extrusion process in the presence of IL namely, 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride which, was acting as plasticizer and solvent for cellulose . The modified cellulose (cellulose/PEG) was characterized by polarization optical images (POM), FT-IR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis. The POM and XRD confirmed that cellulose I was changed into cellulose II. The FTIR and X-ray scattering showed that the cellulose hydrogen bond was disturbed through the extrusion, and strong interactions occurred between cellulose molecules and PEG which improved the thermal stability and decreased the degree of crystallinity.

Green Process for Preparing Cellulose/Reactive Epoxy (BGE) through an In Situ Chemical Blend (Pre-Hybrid Polymer Bio-Composite)

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Ke Qing Han ◽  
Mu Huo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Butyl Glycidyl Ether

Reactive extrusion as a green has been applied for cellulose/ Butyl Glycidyl Ether (BGE) in-situ chemical blend modification, process was conducted by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder through a reactive extrusion process in presence of IL (1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) which was acts as plasticizer and solvent. The blended materials (cellulose/BGE) were characterized by SEM, elemental analysis, FT-IR, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis. The SEM showed a good compatibility between cellulose and BGE molecules. FTIR and X-ray diffraction are showed that the hydrogen bonds of cellulose was disturbed through the extrusion, and strong interactions occurred between cellulose molecules and BGE, which was an obvious effect on the thermal stability and the degree of crystallinity (decreased).

scholarly journals Screening of lactases suitable for the preparation of low-lactose prebiotic liquid milk and optimisation of their combination

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-284
Author(s):  
Yunli Xu ◽  
Guowei Shu ◽  
Chunji Dai ◽  
Chun Yin ◽  
Xu Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Lactose Hydrolysis ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Liquid Milk

Abstract Lactose intolerance is an important factor restricting the consumption of dairy products. Lactase is used to hydrolyze lactose in milk while generating galactooligosaccharides (GOS), thereby reducing the incidence of lactose intolerance. We used cow milk as raw materials, and selected enzyme preparations with high lactose hydrolysis rate and strong GOS generation ability from 14 commercially available lactase enzymes. The lactose hydrolysis rate is 5.85%-81.38%, and the GOS content is 0.03 g/L- 13.10 g/L. The mixing experiment design determined the two lactase enzymes (E10 and E11) ratio and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process of low-lactose prebiotic milk: compound lactases (E10:E11=0.756:0.244) addition 0.11%, 55℃for 5h, lactose hydrolysis rate and GOS content were 98.02% and 19.69g/L, respectively, and the remaining lactose content was about 0.97 g/L.

scholarly journals Changes in Phenolics during Cooking Extrusion: A Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2100
Author(s):  
Evžen Šárka ◽  
Marcela Sluková ◽  
Svatopluk Henke
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Input Material ◽  
Twin Screw

In this paper, significant attention is paid to the retention of phenolics in extrudates and their health effects. Due to the large number of recent articles devoted to total phenolic content (TPC) of input mixtures and extrudates, the technological changes are only presented for basic raw materials and the originating extrudates, and only the composites identified has having the highest amounts of TPC are referred to. The paper is also devoted to the changes in individual phenolics during extrusion (phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, isoflavons, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins). These changes are related to the choice or raw materials, the configuration of the extruder, and the setting the technological parameters. The results found in this study, presented in the form of tables, also indicate whether a single-screw or twin-screw extruder was used for the experiments. To design an extrusion process, other physico-chemical changes in the input material must also be taken into account, such as gelatinization of starch; denaturation of protein and formation of starch, lipids, and protein complexes; formation of soluble dietary fiber; destruction of antinutritional factors and contaminating microorganisms; and lipid oxidation reduction. The chemical changes also include starch depolymerization, the Maillard reaction, and decomposition of vitamins.

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