scholarly journals A Novel Approach for the Integral Management of Water Extremes in Plain Areas

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guevara Ochoa ◽  
Masson ◽  
Cazenave ◽  
Vives ◽  
Amábile
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Impact

: Due to the socioeconomical impact of water extremes in plain areas, there is a considerable demand for suitable strategies aiding in the management of water resources and rainfed crops. Numerical models allow for the modelling of water extremes and their consequences in order to decide on management strategies. Moreover, the integration of hydrologic models with hydraulic models under continuous or event-based approaches would synergistically contribute to better forecasting of water extreme consequences under different scenarios. This study conducted at the Santa Catalina stream basin (Buenos Aires province, Argentina) focuses on the integration of numerical models to analyze the hydrological response of plain areas to water extremes under different scenarios involving the implementation of an eco-efficient infrastructure (i.e., the integration of a green infrastructure and hydraulic structures). The two models used for the integration were: the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the CELDAS8 (CTSS8) hydrologic-hydraulic model. The former accounts for the processes related to the water balance (e.g., evapotranspiration, soil moisture, percolation, groundwater discharge and surface runoff), allowing for the analysis of water extremes for either dry or wet conditions. Complementarily, CTSS8 models the response of a basin to a rainfall event (e.g., runoff volume, peak flow and time to peak flow, flooded surface area). A 10-year data record (2003–2012) was analyzed to test different green infrastructure scenarios. SWAT was able to reproduce the waterflow in the basin with Nash Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficients of 0.66 and 0.74 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The application of CTSS8 for a flood event with a return period of 10 years showed that the combination of a green infrastructure and hydraulic structures decreased the surface runoff by 28%, increased the soil moisture by 10% on an average daily scale, and reduced the impact of floods by 21% during rainfall events. The integration of continuous and event-based models for studying the impact of water extremes under different hypothetical scenarios represents a novel approach for evaluating potential basin management strategies aimed at improving the agricultural production in plain areas.

Urban Heat Management in Louisville, Kentucky: A Framework for Climate Adaptation Planning

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1987921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stone ◽  
Kevin Lanza ◽  
Evan Mallen ◽  
Jason Vargo ◽  
Armistead Russell
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

We explore the potential for cities to develop urban heat management plans to moderate rising temperatures and to lessen the impact of extreme heat on human health. Specifically, we model the impacts of heat management strategies, including tree planting and other green infrastructure, cool roofing and paving, and a reduction in waste heat emissions from buildings and vehicles, on estimated heat-related mortality across Louisville, Kentucky. Our assessment finds a combination of urban heat management strategies to lessen summer temperatures by as much as 10°F on hot days and to reduce estimated heat-related mortality by more than 20 percent.

scholarly journals Stochastic Hybrid Event Based and Continuous Approach to Derive Flood Frequency Curve

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1931
Author(s):  
Alvaro Sordo-Ward ◽  
Ivan Gabriel-Martín ◽  
Paola Bianucci ◽  
Giuseppe Mascaro ◽  
Enrique R. Vivoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Weather Generator ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Frequency Curve ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Frequency Curves

This study proposes a methodology that combines the advantages of the event-based and continuous models, for the derivation of the maximum flow and maximum hydrograph volume frequency curves, by combining a stochastic continuous weather generator (the advanced weather generator, abbreviated as AWE-GEN) with a fully distributed physically based hydrological model (the TIN-based real-time integrated basin simulator, abbreviated as tRIBS) that runs both event-based and continuous simulation. The methodology is applied to Peacheater Creek, a 64 km2 basin located in Oklahoma, United States. First, a continuous set of 5000 years’ hourly weather forcing series is generated using the stochastic weather generator AWE-GEN. Second, a hydrological continuous simulation of 50 years of the climate series is generated with the hydrological model tRIBS. Simultaneously, the separation of storm events is performed by applying the exponential method to the 5000- and 50-years climate series. From the continuous simulation of 50 years, the mean soil moisture in the top 10 cm (MSM10) of the soil layer of the basin at an hourly time step is extracted. Afterwards, from the times series of hourly MSM10, the values associated to all the storm events within the 50 years of hourly weather series are extracted. Therefore, each storm event has an initial soil moisture value associated (MSM10Event). Thus, the probability distribution of MSM10Event for each month of the year is obtained. Third, the five major events of each of the 5000 years in terms of total depth are simulated in an event-based framework in tRIBS, assigning an initial moisture state value for the basin using a Monte Carlo framework. Finally, the maximum annual hydrographs are obtained in terms of maximum peak-flow and volume, and the associated frequency curves are derived. To validate the method, the results obtained by the hybrid method are compared to those obtained by deriving the flood frequency curves from the continuous simulation of 5000 years, analyzing the maximum annual peak-flow and maximum annual volume, and the dependence between the peak-flow and volume. Independence between rainfall events and prior hydrological soil moisture conditions has been proved. The proposed hybrid method can reproduce the univariate flood frequency curves with a good agreement to those obtained by the continuous simulation. The maximum annual peak-flow frequency curve is obtained with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.98, whereas the maximum annual volume frequency curve is obtained with a Nash–Sutcliffe value of 0.97. The proposed hybrid method permits to generate hydrological forcing by using a fully distributed physically based model but reducing the computation times on the order from months to hours.

Parametrizating Soil Surface Fluxes in the JULES Land Surface Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
The Impact

<p>The parametrization of land-atmosphere interactions in numerical weather prediction and climate models is a topic of active and growing interest, especially in connection with extreme events such as heat waves and droughts. Semiarid regions are sensitive to drought and are currently expanding, but they are often poorly represented in numerical models. On forecasting timescales, comparisons of simulated land surface temperature against retrievals from satellites often show significant cold biases around noon, whilst, on climate timescales, land surface models often fail to represent droughts realistically. Inadequate treatment of the land surface, and particularly of soil properties and soil moisture, is likely to contribute to such errors.</p> <p>Efforts to develop improved parametrizations of soil processes in the JULES land surface model for application in weather prediction and climate simulations are underway. Whilst processes at the soil surface are a central part of this, to obtain acceptable performance it is also important to consider the surface flux budget as a whole, including the treatment of the plant canopy. Here, we shall describe the current status of developments aimed at improving the representation of evapotranspiration and ground heat fluxes in the model, noting the major issues encountered. The importance of accurately representing the impact of soil moisture on thermal properties will be stressed. Results from initial studies will be presented and we shall offer a perspective on future developments.<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Effects of Underlay on Hill-Slope Surface Runoff Process of Cupressus funebris Endl. Plantations in Southwestern China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Bingchen Wu ◽  
Shi Qi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Topography

Clarifying the impact of underlay (i.e., the combination of near-surface vegetation and surface micro-topography) on the surface runoff process would provide a significant theoretical basis for the adjustment of vegetation patterns and the control of soil erosion on steep slopes in mountainous areas of southwestern China. In the current study, the runoff process under different rainfall characteristics was observed based on 10 natural runoff plots, and the correlation between the spatial pattern of cypress (Cupressus funebris), micro-topography, and runoff characteristic parameters was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient method. The coupling effects of the spatial pattern of cypress and micro-topography on surface runoff also were analyzed using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The results showed that (1) under the conditions of long-duration moderate rainfall or long-duration rainstorm, topographic relief, surface roughness, runoff path density, contagion index of cypress, and stand density of cypress were the main reasons for the difference in the peak flow of each runoff plot, while under the condition of the short-duration rainstorm, the factors previously mentioned were no longer the dominant factors; (2) under the conditions of long-duration heavy rainfall or long-duration rainstorm, the common laws reflected by the response of the peak flow to the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress and micro-topography were that (1) when the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress (V) was below 21 and the composite index of micro-topography (U) was below 10.5, the peak flow would not be significantly affected; (2) when U > 10.5, increasing the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress within a certain range would promote peak flow; (3) when U < 7.5 and V > 18, the increase of V value could significantly reduce the peak flow, and on this basis, adjusting the V value to 41, the reduction rate of peak flow could reach 84%.

Probing the relationship between formaldehyde column concentrations and soil moisture using mixed models and attribution analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Strada ◽  
Josep Penuelas ◽  
Marcos Fernández Martinez ◽  
Iolanda Filella ◽  
Ana Maria Yanez-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In response to changes in environmental factors (e.g., temperature, radiation, soil moisture), plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Once released in the atmosphere, BVOCs influence levels of greenhouse gases and air pollutants (e.g., methane, ozone and aerosols), thus affecting both climate and air quality. In turn, climate change may alter BVOC emissions by modifying the driving environmental conditions and by increasing the occurrence and intensity of severe stresses that alter plant functioning. To understand and better constrain the evolution of BVOC emissions under future climates, it is important to reduce the uncertainties in global and regional estimates of BVOC emissions under present climate. Part of the uncertainty in the estimates of BVOC emissions is related to the impact that water stress might have on BVOC emissions. Field campaign, in-situ and laboratory experiments investigated the effect of different regimes of water stress (short- vs. long-term) on BVOC emissions. However, these studies provide geographically scattered and uneven results. To explore the relationship between BVOC emissions and water stress globally, we use remotely sensed soil moisture and formaldehyde, a proxy of BVOC emissions. As BVOCs include a multitude of gas tracers with lifetime ranging from few hours to days, a fully characterisation of these components is virtually impossible. Nevertheless, in the continental boundary layer, formaldehyde is an intermediate by-product of the oxidation of BVOCs, it thus provides a proxy for probing local BVOC emissions, and in particular isoprene, which accounts for about 50% of the total BVOC emissions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the present study, retrievals of formaldehyde from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are combined with observations of soil moisture, biomass, aerosols, evapotranspiration, drought index, temperature and precipitation. Firstly, we look into the linear annual trend of the selected fields. Secondly, assuming formaldehyde as the dependent variable, we apply a linear mixed model analysis that extends the application of a simple linear regression model by accounting for both fixed (i.e., explained by the independent variables) and random (i.e., due to dependence in the data) effects. The analysis of the linear trend of formaldehyde concentrations shows a positive trend over the Amazon and Central Africa and a negative trend over South Africa and Australia. Over the Amazon, formaldehyde is negatively correlated with the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a drought index that accounts for both changes in temperature and precipitation, with positive and negative values identifying wet and dry events, respectively. The outcomes of this analysis might provide new insights in the relationship between BVOC emissions and water stress and might help in improving parameterizations that link soil moisture to BVOC emissions in numerical models.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Improved curve number selection for runoff prediction

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Perrone ◽  
C A Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Precipitation Index ◽  
Scs Curve Number ◽  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Antecedent Precipitation Index

The three antecedent moisture conditions used in the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) curve number method of surface runoff volume prediction have been shown to be inapplicable in humid regions such as the Ottawa - St. Lawrence Lowlands. The antecedent precipitation index is an alternative indicator of soil moisture. Using a hydrologic database, calibration curves were developed to correlate antecedent precipitation index to the SCS curve number. Curve numbers were then input to the AGNPS hydrologic model. When compared to the three antecedent moisture conditions in the SCS curve number method, use of antecedent precipitation index as a soil moisture indicator considerably improved surface runoff volume simulations. However, peak flow was generally overpredicted by the AGNPS model.Key words: AGNPS, antecedent moisture, curve number, peak flow, surface runoff, hydrologic modeling, precipitation.

scholarly journals Multi-Step Calibration Approach for SWAT Model Using Soil Moisture and Crop Yields in a Small Agricultural Catchment

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2238
Author(s):  
Francis Kilundu Musyoka ◽  
Peter Strauss ◽  
Guangju Zhao ◽  
Raghavan Srinivasan ◽  
Andreas Klik
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Calibration Approach

The quantitative prediction of hydrological components through hydrological models could serve as a basis for developing better land and water management policies. This study provides a comprehensive step by step modelling approach for a small agricultural watershed using the SWAT model. The watershed is situated in Petzenkirchen in the western part of Lower Austria and has total area of 66 hectares. At present, 87% of the catchment area is arable land, 5% is used as pasture, 6% is forested and 2% is paved. The calibration approach involves a sequential calibration of the model starting from surface runoff, and groundwater flow, followed by crop yields and then soil moisture, and finally total streamflow and sediment yields. Calibration and validation are carried out using the r-package SWATplusR. The impact of each calibration step on sediment yields and total streamflow is evaluated. The results of this approach are compared with those of the conventional model calibration approach, where all the parameters governing various hydrological processes are calibrated simultaneously. Results showed that the model was capable of successfully predicting surface runoff, groundwater flow, soil profile water content, total streamflow and sediment yields with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of greater than 0.75. Crop yields were also well simulated with a percent bias (PBIAS) ranging from −17% to 14%. Surface runoff calibration had the highest impact on streamflow output, improving NSE from 0.39 to 0.77. The step-wise calibration approach performed better for streamflow prediction than the simultaneous calibration approach. The results of this study show that the step-wise calibration approach is more accurate, and provides a better representation of different hydrological components and processes than the simultaneous calibration approach.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change and Vegetation Restoration on the Hydrological Cycle over the Loess Plateau, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Kang ◽  
Bu ◽  
Chen ◽  
Gao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
The Impact

In recent decades, both observation and simulation data have demonstrated an obvious decrease in runoff and soil moisture, with increasing evapotranspiration, over the Loess Plateau. In this study, we employed a Variable Infiltration Capacity model coupled with scenario simulation to explore the impact of change in climate and land cover on four hydrological variables (HVs) over the Loess Plateau, i.e., evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (Runoff), shallow soil moisture (SM1), and deep soil moisture (SM2). Results showed precipitation, rather than temperature, had the closest relationship with the four HVs, with r ranging from 0.76 to 0.97 (p < 0.01), and this was therefore presumed to be the dominant climate-based driving factor in the variation of hydrological regimes. Vegetation conversion, from cropland and grassland to woodland, significantly reduced runoff and increased soil moisture consumption, to sustain an increased ET, and, assuming that the reduction of SM2 is entirely evaporated, we can attribute 71.28% ± 18.64%, 65.89% ± 24.14% of the ET increase to the water loss of SM2 in the two conversion modes, respectively. The variation in HVs, induced by land cover change, were higher than the expected climate change with respect to SM1, while different factors were selected to determine HVs variation in six catchments, due to differences in the mode and intensity of vegetation conversion, and the degree of climate change. Our findings are critical for understanding and quantifying the impact of climate change and vegetation conversions, and provide a further basis for the design of water resources and land-use management strategies with respect to climate change, especially in the water-limited Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Impact of Eastern Redcedar Proliferation on Water Resources in the Great Plains USA—Current State of Knowledge

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Zou ◽  
Dirac Twidwell ◽  
Christine Bielski ◽  
Dillon Fogarty ◽  
Aaron Mittelstet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
South Central ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

In the Great Plains of the central United States, water resources for human and aquatic life rely primarily on surface runoff and local recharge from rangelands that are under rapid transformation to woodland by the encroachment of Eastern redcedar (redcedar; Juniperus virginiana) trees. In this synthesis, the current understanding and impact of redcedar encroachment on the water budget and water resources available for non-ecosystem use are reviewed. Existing studies concluded that the conversion from herbaceous-dominated rangeland to redcedar woodland increases precipitation loss to canopy interception and vegetation transpiration. The decrease of soil moisture, particularly for the subsurface soil layer, is widely documented. The depletion of soil moisture is directly related to the observed decrease in surface runoff, and the potential of deep recharge for redcedar encroached watersheds. Model simulations suggest that complete conversion of the rangelands to redcedar woodland at the watershed and basin scale in the South-central Great Plains would lead to reduced streamflow throughout the year, with the reductions of streamflow between 20 to 40% depending on the aridity of the climate of the watershed. Recommended topics for future studies include: (i) The spatial dynamics of redcedar proliferation and its impact on water budget across a regional hydrologic network; (ii) the temporal dynamics of precipitation interception by the herbaceous canopy; (iii) the impact of redcedar infilling into deciduous forests such as the Cross Timbers and its impact on water budget and water availability for non-ecosystem use; (iv) land surface and climate interaction and cross-scale hydrological modeling and forecasting; (v) impact of redcedar encroachment on sediment production and water quality; and (vi) assessment and efficacy of different redcedar control measures in restoring hydrological functions of watershed.

scholarly journals Dampak Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Limpasan Permukaan dan Laju Aliran Puncak Sub DAS Gajahwong Hulu Kabupaten Sleman

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andiri Rahardian ◽  
Imam Buchori
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Landuse Change ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Impact

Upstream Gajahwong Sub-Watershed included in Yogyakarta Urban Agglomeration Region and regional development of tourism that utilizes the beauty of the slopes of Mount Merapi also the support accessibility (Solo-Magelang-Semarang road; this condition is assumed to be the cause of landuse changes, followed by vegetation land shrinkage. The shrinkage’s result is water catchment areas reduction that disrupts the Sub-Watershed hydrology function. One of indication is the increasing flood discharge that can be seen from the changes in surface runoff and peak flow rate. This research aims to assess the impact of landuse change on surface runoff and peak flow rate in Gajahwong Sub-Watershed using a quantitative method that consists of spatial and mathematic analysis with SCS and Rational Method. The results showed that the landuse changes impact on increasing surface runoff and peak flow rate. The surface runoff in year 2002 amounted to 3.073 mm with a peak flow rate of 98.02 m³/sec then increased to 3.901 mm with a peak flow rate of 101.65 m³/sec in year 2011. The landuse changes that occur tend to built landuse which was followed by vegetation shrinkage and impact on the increase in surface runoff and peak flow rate. Predictions in year 2031 also showed an increase in surface runoff and peak flow rate, if there is a tendency of landuse changes linearly as landuse changes in year 2002 – 2011. Alternative analytical efforts to handle surface runoff and peak flow rate showed that by combining the development of Green Open Space with water conservation technology (Biopori and Infiltration Wells) can reduce surface runoff and peak flow rate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document