Formulation and Evaluation of Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer Gels to Prevent the Spread of Infections during Pandemics

Hand hygiene is an essential factor to prevent or minimize the spread of infections. The ability to prepare an alcohol-free hand sanitizer (AFHS) with antimicrobial properties is crucial, especially during pandemics, when there are high demands and a low supply chain for ethanol and isopropanol. The objective of this study was to prepare AFHS gels based on natural materials that contain essential oils (EOs) that would be effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The results showed that the organoleptic characteristics of all prepared hand sanitizer gels were considered acceptable. The pH of the formulations was slightly acidic (circa 3.9) owing to the presence of aloe vera in large proportions (90% v/v), which is known for its acidity. The spreadability for all tested formulations was in the acceptable range. The antimicrobial effectiveness test demonstrated that the prepared hand sanitizer gels had antimicrobial activities against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans yeast. The highest antibacterial effect was observed with tea tree oil hand sanitizers, which lack activity against the yeast, while clove oil hand sanitizers showed effectiveness against all microorganisms, including Candida albicans. The lavender hand sanitizer exhibited the least antimicrobial efficiency. The acceptability study on 20 human volunteers showed that the hand sanitizer gel containing 1.25% (v/v) clove oil did not produce any signs of skin irritation. This study suggested that the prepared natural hand sanitizer gel with 1.25% (v/v) clove oil can be a potential alternative to commonly used alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS).

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Preparation of Ethanol-Free Hand Sanitizers Gels and Studying its Sterile Efficacy

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2063/1/012007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2063 (1) ◽

pp. 012007

Author(s):

Mahmood M. Fahad ◽

Mohammed G.A. Al-Khuzaie

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Tea Tree Oil ◽

Tea Tree ◽

E Coli ◽

Hand Sanitizer ◽

Thickening Agents ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract Due to the spread of the Corona pandemic, the demand for hand sanitizers has increased dramatically. This led to a global scarcity of sterilizers. Therefore, this study was performed to produce and evaluate the effectiveness of new commercially available, cheap and ethanol-free hand sanitizers from various sources. The new hand sanitizers were prepared by mixing (glycerin) as a moisturizer and (carbomer) as thickening agents to form the gel with (tri-ethanolamine base) as pH neutralizer and (Tea tree oil, Aloe vera extract or Povidone 10%) respectively as antiseptic agents. All prepared hand sanitizers were examined with four kinds of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) And two kinds of fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus). The prepared hand sanitizer gels showed good sterilization efficacy and similar to commercially prepared hand sanitizers (70% ethanol).

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Facile Synthesis of Antimicrobial Aloe Vera-“Smart” Triiodide-PVP Biomaterials

Biomimetics ◽

10.3390/biomimetics5030045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zehra Edis ◽

Samir Haj Bloukh

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Halogen Bonding ◽

Polyglycolic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

One Pot

Antibiotic resistance is an eminent threat for the survival of mankind. Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistant microorganisms are a reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Plant-based antimicrobial agents are based on synergistic mechanisms which prevent resistance and have been used for centuries against ailments. We suggest the use of cost-effective, eco-friendly Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV)-iodine biomaterials as a new generation of antimicrobial agents. In a facile, one-pot synthesis, we encapsulated fresh AV gel with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent and incorporated iodine moieties in the form of iodine (I2) and sodium iodide (NaI) into the polymer matrix. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) verified the composition of AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI. AV, AV-PVP, AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI, and AV-PVP-NaI were tested in-vitro by disc diffusion assay and dip-coated on polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures against ten microbial reference strains. All the tested pathogens were more susceptible towards AV-PVP-I2 due to the inclusion of “smart” triiodides with halogen bonding in vitro and on dip-coated sutures. The biocomplexes AV-PVP-I2, AV-PVP-I2-NaI showed remarkable antimicrobial properties. “Smart” biohybrids with triiodide inclusions have excellent antifungal and promising antimicrobial activities, with potential use against surgical site infections (SSI) and as disinfecting agents.

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PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSLUCENT SOAP PREPARED USING ALOE VERA GEL AND ZIZIPHUS JUJUBE LEAF EXTRACT AS ANTIMICROBIAL SOURCE

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 348-354

Author(s):

Aliyu Shehu ◽

Ahmed Salisu ◽

Nura S. Gwaram

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Aloe Vera Gel ◽

Ziziphus Jujube

In this study, the antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of translucent antimicrobial soap prepared using two medicinal plants, Aloe vera gel and Ziziphus jujube leaf extract was evaluated. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed the pH (7.52±0.02), hardness(1.3 cm±0.02), solubility (0.82 g±0.02) and foamability (6.80 cm±0.03) of the prepared soap and these values were within the acceptable limit set by WHO/SON which make the prepared soap skin-friendly. Similarly, the antimicrobial screening was carried out on selected Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as on fungi species using disc diffusion methods and the results showed varying antimicrobial activity at different concentrations ranging from 62.5-500 mg/ml. However, the susceptibility of test bacteria in terms of the zone of inhibition at 500mg/ml of the soap was observed on Staphylococcus lentus (22 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm), Raoltella ornithinolytica (12mm). The result of antifungal properties was as follows, Candida albicans (12 mm), Trichophyton rubrum (12 mm), and Aspergillus nigar (10 mm) at 500 mg/ml concentration. The results when compared to other antimicrobial soap in the market indicate good quality by inhibiting the growth of both Gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activities exhibited by the soap in this study could be attributed to the presence of phytochemical constituents in the plant extracts, which signify the potential of the soap as an antimicrobial agent. Therefore, these findings confirmed the efficacy of Aloe vera gel and Zizipus jujube extract in traditional medicine.

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Antibiogram and Phytochemical Analysis of Cinnamon, Clove, and Sichuan Pepper Extracts

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v9i1.38644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Bibek Adhikari ◽

Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽

Roman Karki

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽

Wide Range

A wide range of medicinal plant extracts has phytochemicals that possess antimicrobial properties and these plants are used to treat several infections. The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activities of some spices extracts and to evaluate the phytochemicals present in them. The extracts of spices were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus refluxing with methanol and ethanol. The well diffusion technique was implemented for the evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the zone of inhibitions was recorded in millimeters. The antimicrobial test was done against five bacterial isolates: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus and a fungal isolate: Candida albicans. The extracts were concentrated by Rotary Vacuum Evaporator and a stock solution of 200 mg/mL was prepared by dissolving in 10 % DMSO. Concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/mL extracts were used for antimicrobial activity. The result of this study showed that clove extracts had the highest antimicrobial property against all the test microorganisms. Methanolic extract of clove had the highest inhibitory effect against Proteus mirabilis (24.21±0.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.78±0.23 mm), and Candida albicans (20.07±0.08 mm) whereas ethanolic extract was effective against Escherichia coli (20.44±0.16 mm), Salmonella Typhi (21.66±0.31 mm) and Candida albicans (21.11±0.09 mm). Cinnamon and pepper extracts, leaving some exceptions, also had antimicrobial properties. The presence of phytochemicals: polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins are the major components responsible for antimicrobial activity. Thereby, this study successfully demonstrated the possibilities of using spices extracts in the treatment of microbial infections.

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Comparative efficacy of tea tree oil nanoemulgel and clove oil nanoemulgel against Candida albicans

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation ◽

10.4103/jphi.jphi_14_18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

JasjeetKaur Narang ◽

RamandeepSingh Narang ◽

Balwinder Singh ◽

SukhdeepS Kahlon ◽

Jiji George ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Clove Oil ◽

Tea Tree Oil ◽

Comparative Efficacy ◽

Tea Tree

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Antimicrobial Activities of Hydrophobically Modified Poly(Acrylate) Films and Their Complexes with Different Chain Length Cationic Surfactants

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings9040244 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 244

Author(s):

Ioana Cătălina Gîfu ◽

Monica Elisabeta Maxim ◽

Ludmila Otilia Cinteza ◽

Marcela Popa ◽

Ludmila Aricov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Cationic Surfactants ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Multilayer Films ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Antimicrobial Efficiency ◽

Hydrophobically Modified ◽

Multilayered Systems ◽

The Stability

Multilayer films from hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) (HMPA) and their complexes with cationic surfactants were successfully prepared using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method. Alkyl trimethylammonium bromide derivatives with various lengths of the hydrophobic chain (C10–C18) were used to interact with the HMPA polymer, generating highly hydrophobic domains in the films and contributing to the antimicrobial properties of the prepared coating. The antimicrobial efficiency against common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans was investigated in relationship with the morphology and composition of the thin films. The wettability and roughness of the multilayered systems were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. The effects of the microbial exposure on the surface properties of the prepared films were investigated in order to assess the stability of the HMPA-deposited multilayers and the durability of the antimicrobial activity. The hydrophobically modified films exhibited antimicrobial activity against the studied pathogens. The best efficiency was registered in the case of S. aureus, which showed an inhibition of growth up to 100% after 2 h. C. albicans proved to be less sensitive to the effect of the multilayers deposited from HMPA–surfactant complexes. These results suggest that HMPA and HMPA–surfactant complex LbL multilayer films can be used as promising materials in antimicrobial surface coatings with increased resistance to pathogens during exposure.

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Screening of some Malay medicated oils for antimicrobial activity

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1002393k ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 393-395

Author(s):

Khalisanni Khalid ◽

Hung Kiong

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Property ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Clove Oil ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Lemon Grass ◽

Anticandidal Activity ◽

Microbial Isolates

Oils from six Malay medicated oils, used traditionally in the treatment of infectious and septic diseases in humans, were tested for their antimicrobial property. The aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of six Malay medicated oils against certain microbial isolates. Locally available Malay medicated oils were checked for their antimicrobial activities using six species of bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis and 2 fungi with 1 yeast (Aspergillus niger, Penicillum spp. and Candida albicans). Clove oil showed the highest antibacterial activity followed, respectively, by 'bunga merah', cajaput, nutmeg, lemon grass and 'gamat' oil. Clove oil and lemon grass showed anticandidal activity. The Malay medicated oil studies did not show any antifungal activity. The study shows that Malay medicated oils, like antibiotics, have antimicrobial activities against some microorganisms.

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ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SOME DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ON FUNGAL ISOLATES OF CANDIDA albicans AND TRICHOPHYTON mentagrophyte

Fungal Territory ◽

10.36547/ft.2021.4.1.1-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Obhioze Augustine Akpoka ◽

A. A. Enaigbe ◽

M. U. Okwu ◽

O. E. Izevbuwa ◽

E. A. Ufuah

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Sensitivity Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Drug Concentrations

The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts were due to secondary metabolites such as amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins contained. The antimicrobial activities of alcoholic extracts were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. This was performed by inoculating the isolates into the pure extract, spread onto petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media, observed for growth at stipulated standards. The sensitivity test was done by the disk diffusion method to test the effectiveness of an antimycotic (Griseofulvin) applied on the specific isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to ascertain the lowest drug concentrations that inhibited the fungal growths. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum and Canjanus cajan inhibited the growths of the organisms while extracts of Citrus aurantifolia and Eucalyptus citriodora only prevented the growth of Candida albicans. The sensitivity test recorded the inhibition zone to range from 11 mm to 32 mm, with the lowest cleared area reported in the extract of E. citriodora and the highest in E, odoratum. Consequently, the MIC values of extracts at dilution levels were; E. odoratum: 1: 10000; 1: 1000, C. cajan: 1: 1000; 1: 10000, E. citriodora: 1:1000; 1:100 and C. aurantifolia: 1: 100000; 1: 100 respectively. This work has confirmed the progressive utilization of plants as antimicrobials for the benefit of mankind, to have originated from microbial sources.

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Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical constituents of the metha-nol extracts of Euphorbia retusa Forssk. and Euphorbia terracina L. from Saudi Arabia

South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.38150/sajeb.4(2).p48-53 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Emad M. Abdallah

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Potency

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimi-crobial activities of the crude methanol extracts of leaves of Euphorbia re-tusa Forssk and Euphorbia terracina L. collected from Saudi Arabia (Al-Rass province). Extracts of both plants showed presence of some bioactive phyto-chemicals such as tannins, saponins, terpenoids and traces of alkaloids for E. terracina; and tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids for E. retusa. Among investigated microorganisms, methanol extracts exhibited some degree of antimicrobial activity towards some microorganisms; name-ly,Candida albicans ATCC 1405, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49461, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27736 respec-tively for E. retusa and towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49461,Candida albicans ATCC 1405,Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27736 re-spectively for E. terracina. MIC testing was ranged from 100 to 6.2 mg/ml, proving the antimicrobial potency of these plants’ extracts against some mi-croorganisms. Further studies regarding purification and fractionation are required since the antimicrobial activities of tested extracts were not com-petitor when compared to the antibiotics Chloramphenicol 25mg/ml or Clot-rimazole 10 mg/ml.

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Potentials of Betel Leaf Infusion (Piper betle L), Lime Peel Extract (Citrus aurantifolia) and Bundung Extract (Actinoscirpus grossus) as Candidiasis Therapy

Berkala Kedokteran ◽

10.20527/jbk.v16i2.9220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Darini Kurniawati ◽

Kunti Nastiti

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Citrus Aurantifolia ◽

Hand Sanitizer ◽

Betel Leaf ◽

Agar Media ◽

Lime Peel ◽

Peel Extract

Abstract: Candidiasis is an infection caused by the fungus Candida, especially Candida albicans. It often occurs in the mouth and sex organs, also in the nails, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and anus. Betel leaf stew is often used by people to gargle and clean the intimate organs. The nature of the betel leaf solution is easily oxidized and turns brown. Therefore, research needs to be done by mixing betel leaf (Piper betle L) with lime (Citrus aurantifolia) to maintain the color of betel leaf, coupled with natural ingredients that have antimicrobial properties, namely lime peel and bundung plants (Actinoscirpus grossus). With the hypothesis of the joining of three natural materials that have antimicrobial activity can strengthen the inhibitory activity of the fungus Candida albicans. This research was conducted by making a betel leaf infusion formulation, lime peel extract, and bundung extract with a concentration of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% which were then tested to determine the effect of the infusion formulation on the inhibitory activity of Candida albicans by the method spread on Saburoud Dextrose Agar media. Based on Zuraidah's research (2015), 80% and 100% betel leaf extraction has activity on Candida albicans. From the results of this study significant results were obtained at a concentration of 50% of a mixture of betel leaf infusion formulations, extracts of lime peel and bundung extract had the same inhibitory properties as the hand sanitizer antiseptic liquid against Candida albicans. Thus it can be concluded that the 50% test formulation of betel leaf infusion mixture with lime extract and bundung extract has greater potential than betel leaf extract alone as a candidiasis therapy. Keywords: Piper betle L, Citruss aurantifolia, Actinoscirpus grossus, Antiseptik, Kandidiasis, Candida albicans

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