scholarly journals Field Trial of an Automated Batch Chlorinator System at Two Shared Shallow Tubewells among Camps for Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12917
Author(s):  
Nuhu Amin ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Abul Kasham Shoab ◽  
Md. Kawsar Alome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Iron Concentrations

Chlorination of shallow tubewell water is challenging due to various iron concentrations. A mixed-method, small-scale before-and-after field trial assessed the accuracy and consistency of an automated chlorinator, Zimba, in Rohingya camp housing, Cox’s Bazar. From August–September 2018, two shallow tubewells (iron concentration = 6.5 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L) were selected and 20 households were randomly enrolled to participate in household surveys and water testing. The field-team tested pre-and post-treated tubewell and household stored water for iron, free and total chlorine, and E. coli. A sub-set of households (n = 10) also received safe storage containers (5 L jerry cans). Overall mean iron concentrations were 5.8 mg/L in Zimba water, 1.9 mg/L in household storage containers, and 2.8 mg/L in the project-provided safe storage containers. At baseline, 0% samples at source and 60% samples stored in household vessels were contaminated with E. coli (mean log10 = 0.62 MPN/100 mL). After treatment, all water samples collected from source and project-provided safe storage containers were free from E. coli, but 41% of post-treated water stored in the household was contaminated with E. coli. E. coli concentrations were significantly lower in the project-provided safe storage containers (log10 mean difference = 0.92 MPN, 95% CI = 0.59–1.14) compared with baseline and post-treated water stored in household vessels (difference = 0.57 MPN, 95% CI = 0.32–0.83). Zimba is a potential water treatment technology for groundwater extracted through tubewells with different iron concentrations in humanitarian settings.

scholarly journals Field trial of an automated batch chlorinator system at two shared shallow tubewells among camps for forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN) in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuhu Amin ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Abul Kasham Shoab ◽  
Md. Kawsar Alome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Storage Containers

Abstract Background: There are considerable benefits of point-of-use water chlorination programmes in emergencies but remaining challenges include lack of standard dosing recommendations for water treatment, inappropriate chlorination technologies, and limited published evaluations. We conducted a small-scale before-and-after field trial to assess the accuracy and consistency of an automated chlorinator named Zimba in camps housing forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN), Cox's Bazar. Methods: From August-September 2018, we selected two shallow tubewells [one with high (6.5 mg/L) and one with low (1.5 mg/L) iron concentration), and enrolled 20 households (10 having access to each tubewell) to participate in household surveys and water sampling. At baseline, field-team tested tubewell, and household stored water for iron, turbidity, free and total chlorine from using digital field-test kits. At baseline, the team collected water samples from selected tubewells (N=2), from Zimba chlorinators immediately after chlorination. (N=8) and household stored drinking water (N=20). Over four weeks, they collected post-treated water stored in household vessels (N=84), and post-treated household stored water in a project provided safe storage container (N=15). Water samples were tested for E. coli. Results: At baseline, 12 (60%) samples of water stored in household vessels were contaminated with E. coli (mean log10 E. coli=0.62 MPN/100mL). After installing the Zimba, all water samples (100%) collected immediately after chlorination and project provided safe storage containers were free from E. coli, but 41% of post-treated water stored in household were contaminated with at least one E. coli/100mL. Log10 mean E. coli concentrations storage containers water stored in household vessels at baseline were similar to the post-treated water stored in the household vessels. E. coli concentrations were significantly lower in the project-provided safe storage containers [(log10 mean difference=0.92 MPN, 95% CI 0.59-1.14)] compared to baseline and to post-treated water stored in household vessels [(log10 mean difference=0.57 MPN, 95% CI 0.32-0.83)]. Conclusions: The Zimba is a potential water treatment technology for groundwater extracted through tubewells with different iron concentrations in humanitarian settings. Future research should address the low chlorine residual in household stored water and its impact on water contamination.

Treatment effectiveness of water in Bouhamdane watershed (Guelma, Northeastern Algeria)

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titi Samia Benrabah ◽  
Mani Hannouche ◽  
Badra Attoui
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Before And After

Purpose This paper represents an analytical study conducted in the laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to monitor changes of some parameters related to water treatment in Hamman Bebagh (Bouhamdane Watershed). Design/methodology/approach This study was focused on three sites: river water, dam water and treated water during the first six months of 2014 (January-June). It included 16 physico-chemical parameters (PH, T, conductivity, etc.) and two bacteriological (E. coli, fecal streptococci). These parameters were analyzed to make a comparison between stagnant dam water (before and after treatment) and river water. Findings The obtained results over the whole period of analysis indicated that treated dam water was less loaded with organic materials, solids, dissolved salts (Cl−, Ca2+, and Mg2+) that were deposited at the bottom of the dam than dam water before treatment. On the other hand, river water was found to be more charged of suspended matter than the dam water and the treated water since flowing water carried all materials in its course. In terms of bacteriological quality, treated water was found to be free from all traces of bacteria analyzed that were present in the dam and the river before the treatment. Originality/value This study was proposed in order to see if it is necessary to establish a second treatment plant in the medium term. On the basis of this analysis, the end results have shown that the treatment plant was effective enough to reach the desired goal (treated water which respects the norms of OMS).

Study of Diabetic Mellitus and Knowledge of Lotion Foot Care on the Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariyadi DM ◽  
Athiyah U ◽  
Hendradi E ◽  
Rosita N ◽  
Erawati T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
T Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Foot Care ◽  
Diabetic Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

The prevention of Diabetic Mellitus (DM) and its complications is the main aim of this study, in addition to the training of lotion foot care application and the development of small scale industry. The research team delivered knowledge in the form of training on Diabetic Mellitus, healthy food, treatment and prevention of complications, and small-scale production of cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between training on diabetic and lotion foot care application as preventive measures against diabetic complications on the patient's blood glucose levels in the community of residents in Banyuurip Jaya, Surabaya. It was expected from this training that the knowledge of the residents increases and people living with diabetic undergo lifestyle changes and therefore blood sugar levels can be controlled. The parameters measured in this research were blood glucose levels, the anti diabetic drug types consumed, and compliance on diabetics. This study used the data taken from 60 patients with DM over a period of one month. Questionnaires and log books was used to retrieve data and changes in blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The results showed the demographic data of patients with type 2 diabetic of 85% female and 15% male, with the range of patients aged of 61-70 years of 46.67% and had history of diabetic (90%). The history of drugs consumed by respondents was anti diabetic drugs such as metformin (40%), glimepiride (33.37%) and insulin (6.67%). In addition, the increased knowledge of DM patients after being given the training compared to before training was shown in several questions in the questionnaire. A statistical analysis using t-test analyzed a correlation between training provided in order to enhance understanding of the patient, as well as correlation with blood glucose levels. A paired T-test showed that there was a relationship between the knowledge of trainees before and after training (p less than 0.05). An interesting result was that there was no relationship between blood glucose levels before and after training provided (p> 0.05).

scholarly journals Species and characteristics of volatile organic compounds emitted from an auto-repair painting workshop

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Y. Song ◽  
H. Chun
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adsorption Systems

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary pollutant precursors having adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Although VOC emissions, their sources, and impacts have been investigated, the focus has been on large-scale industrial sources or indoor environments; studies on relatively small-scale enterprises (e.g., auto-repair workshops) are lacking. Here, we performed field VOC measurements for an auto-repair painting facility in Korea and analyzed the characteristics of VOCs emitted from the main painting workshop (top coat). The total VOC concentration was 5069–8058 ppb, and 24–35 species were detected. The VOCs were mainly identified as butyl acetate, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds. VOC characteristics differed depending on the paint type. Butyl acetate had the highest concentration in both water- and oil-based paints; however, its concentration and proportion were higher in the former (3256 ppb, 65.5%) than in the latter (2449 ppb, 31.1%). Comparing VOC concentration before and after passing through adsorption systems, concentrations of most VOCs were lower at the outlets than the inlets of the adsorption systems, but were found to be high at the outlets in some workshops. These results provide a theoretical basis for developing effective VOC control systems and managing VOC emissions from auto-repair painting workshops.

Study on Mechanism of Removing the Organic Matter in Heavy Oil Sewage by the Electric Flocculation Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 2201-2208
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Jie Nian Jie ◽  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Li Guo Wang ◽  
Jiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Tin Dioxide ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Oily Wastewater Treatment

Oily sewage is one of the wastes produced in the oil industry production process and its quantity has been increasing year by year, which influences the environment and human health severely. Electric flocculation method is one of the wide application electrochemical treatment technologies for the oily wastewater treatment at home and abroad, which has higher efficiency than other technologies at the aspect of the organic pollutants degradation. A simulative experiment device dealing with heavy oil sewage by the electric flocculation method has been designed in this paper. The mechanism of the electric flocculation method in removing organic matter of the heavy oil sewage by analyzing the change of the composition and content of the organic matter in water samples before and after the process of the electric flocculation has been studied. Research results show: the carbon/tin dioxide electrode is better than the carbon/ ruthenium dioxide electrode in removing organic matter; most alkanes matters in the oily wastewater have been removed in the dispersing oil form by the electric flocculation; as the current density increases, the types and quantity of the response organic matter can be improved while types of the new synthetic organics increase. At the same time, this paper provides a theory support in specific optimization of the electricity flocculation flotation in oily wastewater treatment technology and process.

Effect of Full- and Small-Scale Reeling Simulation on Mechanical Properties of Weldable 13Cr Seamless Line Pipe

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Shitamoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Hisamune
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

There are several methods currently being used to install offshore oil and gas pipelines. The reel-lay process is fast and one of the most effective offshore pipeline installation methods for seamless, ERW, and UOE line pipes with outside diameters of 18 inches or less. In the case of the reel-laying method, line pipes are subjected to plastic deformation multiplication during reel-laying. It is thus important to understand the change of the mechanical properties of line pipes before and after reel-laying. Therefore, full-scale reeling (FSR) simulations and small-scale reeling (SSR) simulations are applied as evaluation tests for reel-laying. In this study, FSR simulations were performed to investigate the effect of cyclic deformation on the mechanical properties of weldable 13Cr seamless line pipes. Furthermore, SSR simulations were performed to compare the results obtained by FSR simulations.

scholarly journals Towards Oxidatively Stable Emulsions Containing Iron-Loaded Liposomes: The Key Role of Phospholipid-to-Iron Ratio

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Alime Cengiz ◽  
Karin Schroën ◽  
Claire Berton-Carabin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Iron Concentrations

To encapsulate soluble iron, liposomes were prepared using unsaturated phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk), leading to high encapsulation efficiencies (82–99%). The iron concentration affected their oxidative stability: at 0.2 and 1 mM ferrous sulfate, the liposomes were stable, whereas at higher concentrations (10 and 48 mM), phospholipid oxidation was considerably higher. When applied in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, emulsions with liposomes containing low iron concentrations were much more stable to lipid oxidation than those added with liposomes containing higher iron concentrations, even though the overall iron concentration was similar (0.1 M). Iron-loaded liposomes thus have an antioxidant effect at high phospholipid-to-iron ratio, but act as pro-oxidants when this ratio is too low, most likely as a result of oxidation of the phospholipids themselves. This non-monotonic effect can be of crucial importance in the design of iron-fortified foods.

A Comparison of Hand Washing Techniques To Remove Escherichia coli and Caliciviruses under Natural or Artificial Fingernails

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2296-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIA-MIN LIN ◽  
FONE-MAO WU ◽  
HOI-KYUNG KIM ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Escherichia Coli Jm109 ◽  
Viral Indicators

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P > 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

Efficiency and selectivity of the Anomalocardia brasiliana (Mollusca: Veneridae) hand dredge used in southern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo R. Pezzuto ◽  
Caroline Schio ◽  
Tito C.M. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Management Plan ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Fishing Rights ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Plots

In Florianópolis, southern Brazil, the venerid clam Anomalocardia brasiliana has supported subsistence and small-scale commercial fisheries for decades. The introduction of a hand dredge (gancho) since 1987 led to the development of a significant fishery supplying both local and regional shellfish markets. In 1992 one of the main fishing areas in the region was designated as the first Brazilian Marine Extractive Reserve (Pirajubaé RESEX), a federal form of governance intended to promote sustainable exploitation of natural resources by assigning exclusive fishing rights to traditional users. However, excessive fishing effort, institutional shortcomings and lack of a negotiated management plan have resulted in the overexploitation of the species since 2000. This study was aimed at evaluating the efficiency and selectivity of the hand dredge currently in use at the RESEX, through a field experiment conducted in October 2006. Quantitative samples of A. brasiliana were collected before and after dredging 15 experimental plots. Additional samples were obtained inside the dredge (catch) and respective cover cod-end (discard) for selectivity analysis. A single haul of the hand dredge can dislocate up to 76% of the individuals present in the sediment irrespective of their size, and retain up to 69% of the commercial-sized organisms. The gear has a knife-edge selection pattern, which enables the use of the minimum spacing between the iron bars of the dredge's basket as an effective management tool.

Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for the Detection and Quantification of the Six Major Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups in Cattle Feces†

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. SHRIDHAR ◽  
L. W. NOLL ◽  
X. SHI ◽  
B. AN ◽  
N. CERNICCHIARO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, called non-O157 STEC, are important foodborne pathogens. Cattle, a major reservoir, harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed them in the feces. Although limited data exist on fecal shedding, concentrations of non-O157 STEC in feces have not been reported. The objectives of our study were (i) to develop and validate two multiplex quantitative PCR (mqPCR) assays, targeting O-antigen genes of O26, O103, and O111 (mqPCR-1) and O45, O121, and O145 (mqPCR-2); (ii) to utilize the two assays, together with a previously developed four-plex qPCR assay (mqPCR-3) targeting the O157 antigen and three virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae), to quantify seven serogroups and three virulence genes in cattle feces; and (iii) to compare the three mqPCR assays to a 10-plex conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting seven serogroups and three virulence genes and culture methods to detect seven E. coli serogroups in cattle feces. The two mqPCR assays (1 and 2) were shown to be specific to the target genes, and the detection limits were 4 and 2 log CFU/g of pure culture–spiked fecal samples, before and after enrichment, respectively. A total of 576 fecal samples collected from a feedlot were enriched in E. coli broth and were subjected to quantification (before enrichment) and detection (after enrichment). Of the 576 fecal samples subjected, before enrichment, to three mqPCR assays for quantification, 175 (30.4%) were quantifiable (≥4 log CFU/g) for at least one of the seven serogroups, with O157 being the most common serogroup. The three mqPCR assays detected higher proportions of postenriched fecal samples (P < 0.01) as positive for one or more serogroups compared with cPCR and culture methods. This is the first study to assess the applicability of qPCR assays to detect and quantify six non-O157 serogroups in cattle feces and to generate data on fecal concentration of the six serogroups.

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