scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Potential Mechanisms of the Maternal Effect on Egg Diapause Induction of Locusta migratoria

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Hao ◽  
Aftab Raza Jarwar ◽  
Hidayat Ullah ◽  
Xiongbing Tu ◽  
Xiangqun Nong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Egg Diapause ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Regulation Function ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
Long Photoperiod ◽  
Foxo Signaling Pathway

Photoperiod is one of the most important maternal factors with an impact on the offspring diapause induction of Locusta migratoria. Previous studies have shown that forkhead box protein O (FOXO) plays an important role in regulating insect diapause, but how photoperiod stimulates maternal migratory locusts to regulate the next generation of egg diapause through the FOXO signaling pathway still needs to be addressed. In this study, the transcriptomes of ovaries and fat bodies of adult locusts under a long and short photoperiod were obtained. Among the total of 137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both ovaries and fat bodies, 71 DEGs involved in FOXO signaling pathways might be closely related to diapause induction. 24 key DEGs were selected and their expression profiles were confirmed to be consistent with the transcriptome results using qRT-PCR. RNA interference was then performed to verify the function of retinoic acid induced protein gene (rai1) and foxo. Egg diapause rates were significantly increased by RNAi maternal locusts rai1 gene under short photoperiods. However, the egg diapause rates were significantly decreased by knock down of the foxo gene in the maternal locusts under a short photoperiod. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were promoted by RNAi rai1. We identified the candidate genes related to the FOXO pathway, and verified the diapause regulation function of rai1 and foxo under a short photoperiod only. In the future, the researchers can work in the area to explore other factors and genes that can promote diapause induction under a long photoperiod.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Profiles of Central Nervous System in Maternal Diapause Induction of Locusta migratoria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3287-3296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aftab Raza Jarwar ◽  
Kun Hao ◽  
Ellyn Valery Bitume ◽  
Hidayat Ullah ◽  
Dongnan Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Egg Diapause ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Egg diapause in Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) is believed to be influenced by maternal photoperiod. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the phenomenon of maternal diapause induction is unclear. Here we performed transcriptomic analyses from the central nervous system (CNS) of migratory locusts under long and short photoperiods to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to diapause induction. There were total of 165750 unigenes from 569491 transcripts, and 610 DEGs were obtained in S_CNS (CNS of short photoperiod treated locusts) vs. L_CNS (CNS of long photoperiod treated locusts). Of these, 360 were up-regulated, 250 were down-regulated, and 84 DEGs were found to be related to FOXO signaling pathways, including citrate cycle/TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and PI3K-Akt. The qRT-PCR validation of mRNA expression of 12 randomly selected DEGs showed consistency with transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, the takeout gene thought to be involved in circadian rhythm was cloned and used for RNAi to observe its function in maternal diapause induction. We found that the mRNA level of Lm-takeout was significantly lower in dstakeout treatments as compared to the control under both long and short photoperiods. Similarly, the offspring diapause rate was significantly higher in dstakeout treatment as compared to the control only in short photoperiod. This shows that the Lm-takeout gene might be involved in the inhibition of maternal diapause induction of L. migratoria under short photoperiods. The present study provides extensive data of the CNS transcriptome and particular insights into the molecular mechanisms of maternal effects on egg diapause of L. migratoria. As well for the future, the researchers can explore other factors and genes that may promote diapause in insect species.

Photoperiodic Control of Diapause Induction in the Larva of Lucilia Caesar L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
R. A. RING
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Photoperiod Regime ◽  
Absolute Length ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Diapause Incidence ◽  
Long Photoperiod

1. It has been shown that photoperiod has a direct effect on the larva of Lucilia casear L. in the induction of diapause. 2. Transference of larvae from long to short photoperiod conditions during the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd instar increases their tendency to enter diapause. Conversely, transfer from short to long photoperiod conditions decreases their tendency to enter diapause. 3. Larvae are sensitive to changes in the absolute length of the photoperiod during all instars. The reaction is not restricted to any one stage but tends to be cumulative; thus the earlier the larvae are transferred from one photoperiod regime to another then the greater the contrast in diapause incidence between experimental groups and controls.

scholarly journals Early Molecular Events during Onset of Diapause in Silkworm Eggs Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6180
Author(s):  
Jing Gong ◽  
Xi Zheng ◽  
Shan Zhao ◽  
Lingzhen Yang ◽  
Zhao Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Hydrogen Transport ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Key Pathways ◽  
Foxo Signaling Pathway

Diapause is a form of dormancy, and Bombyx mori silkworm embryos are ideal models for studying diapause in insects. However, molecular events in eggs during the onset of diapause remain unclear. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed on silkworm diapause eggs via RNA sequencing at 20 and 48 h after oviposition. A total of 6402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in diapause eggs at 48 h versus that at 20 h after oviposition. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in diapause eggs at 48 h versus that at 20 h after oviposition were involved in ribosome-related metabolism and hydrogen transport. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed several significantly enriched biological pathways, namely the oxidative phosphorylation, Forkhead box protein O3 (FoxO) signaling, ribosome, endoplasmic reticular protein processing, and autophagy pathways. Fifteen DEGs from the FoxO signaling pathway were selected, and their expression profiles were consistent with the transcriptome results from real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Our results can improve understanding of the diapause mechanism in silkworm eggs and identified key pathways for future studies.

scholarly journals Antagonism between PTP1B and PTK Mediates Adults’ Insulin-Like Signaling Regulation of Egg Diapause in the Migratory Locust

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Shuang Li ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Dongnan Cui ◽  
Kun Hao ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Egg Diapause ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Diapause is a physiological development arrest state that helps insects to adapt to seasonality and overcome adverse environmental conditions. Numerous reports have indicated that insulinlike and fork head transcription factor (FOXO) are involved in the regulation of diapause in insects. However, the upstream modulators of the insulin-like signaling pathway (ISP) involved in diapause regulation are still unknown. Here, we used RNAi and an inhibitor to treat PTK and PTP1B in adult tissues and injected Prx V or RNAi Prx V under both short and long photoperiod conditions and monitored effects on the expression of ISP genes, the phosphorylation levels for IR and IRS, the activity of NADPH oxidase, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and energy metabolism, seeking to identify both proteins and broader cellular metabolism influences on diapause regulation. We found that under short photoperiod conditions PTP1B in female adults induces egg diapause, whereas PTK in female adults inhibits egg diapause. Intriguingly, we also found that the antioxidant enzyme Prx V is a negative regulator of NADPH oxidizing reaction and apparently decreases ROS production and NADPH-OX activity. In contrast, all the eggs laid by adults that were treated with a series of knockdown or purified-protein injection experiments or inhibitor studies and that were reared under long photoperiod conditions hatched successfully. Thus, our results suggest a mechanism wherein diapause-related proteins (PTP1B, PTK, and Prx V) of female adults are the upstream modulators that regulate offspring eggs’ diapause process through the insulin-like signaling pathway under short photoperiod conditions.

Plasticity of nutrient accumulation patterns in diapausing fall webworm pupae

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lvquan Zhao ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ying Qiu ◽  
Alex S. Torson
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Energy Reserve ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Induction Phase ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Hyphantria Cunea ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Fall Webworm ◽  
Diapause Incidence

Abstract The accumulation of nutrients during diapause preparation is crucial because any lack of nutrition will reduce the likelihood of insects completing diapause, thereby decreasing their chances of survival and reproduction. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, diapause as overwintering pupae and their diapause incidence and diapause intensity are regulated by the photoperiod. In this study, we test the hypothesis that photoperiod influences energy reserve accumulation during diapause preparation in fall webworm. We found that the body size and mass, lipid and carbohydrate content of pupae with a short photoperiod during the diapause induction phase were significantly greater than those of pupae with a relatively short photoperiod, and the efficiency of converting digested food and ingested food into body matter was greater in the short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae than the relatively short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae. We also observed higher lipase and amylase activities in short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae relative to the counterparts. However, no obvious difference was found in protein and protease in the pupae with a short photoperiod during the diapause induction phase and short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae compared with the counterparts. Therefore, we conclude that the energy reserve patterns of diapausing fall webworm pupae are plastic and that short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae increase their energy reserves by improving their feeding efficiency and increase their lipid and carbohydrate stores by increasing the lipase and amylase activities in the midgut.

scholarly journals The forkhead box L2 transcription factor (FOXL2) is differentially expressed in high-grade serous ovarian cancers.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Tumors ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Normal Ovary ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Ovarian Cancers

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer (1). We sought to identify genes associated with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) by comparing global gene expression profiles of normal ovary with that of primary tumors from women diagnosed with HGSC using published microarray data (2, 3). We identified the forkhead box L2, (FOXL2) (4) as among the genes whose expression was most different in HGSC ovarian tumors. FOXL2 expression was significantly lower in ovarian tumors relative to normal ovary. FOXL2 has established roles in ovarian development (4, 5), and the FOXL2 gene is mutated in granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary (6). These data indicate FOXL2 might also be perturbed, at the level of gene expression, in high-grade serous ovarian cancers.

scholarly journals Probability of pregnancy before ninety days postpartum in water buffaloes

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Hector Nava-Trujillo ◽  
Robert Valeris-Chacin ◽  
Adriana Morgado-Osorio ◽  
Javier Hernández ◽  
Janeth Caamaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Log Odds ◽  
First 90 Days ◽  
Long Photoperiod

This study aimed to determine the effect of parity and season of calving on the probability of water buffalo cows becoming pregnant before 90 days postpartum. A retrospective analysis of reproductive records of 1,465 water buffaloes with 3,181 pregnancies was carried out. Buffaloes were grouped according to parity in one, two, or three and more calvings. Season of calving was created with the following values: long photoperiod (March-August) and short photoperiod (September-February) and predicted probabilities from the mixed-effects logistic regression model were calculated, and a generalized linear mixed model was fitted with random intercepts to calculate the log odds of becoming pregnant ≤90 days postpartum. The probability of pregnancy ≤90 days postpartum was 0.3645, and this was lower in primiparous (0.2717) in comparison with two-calved (0.3863) and three or more calving buffaloes (0.5166). Probability of pregnancy ≤90 days postpartum increased 1.77 odds by each increase in parity. The probability of becoming pregnant ≤90 days postpartum was higher in water buffaloes calving during the short photoperiod season (0.4239 vs. 0.2474, P>0.000), and water buffaloes calving during the long photoperiod season only had 0.2645 odds to become pregnant than those calving during the short photoperiod season. The negative effect of long photoperiod was observed indifferently of parity. In conclusion, primiparity and the long photoperiod affect water buffalo cow's reproductive performance, decreasing pregnancy probability during the first 90 days postpartum.

scholarly journals Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 Mediated Knockout Reveals Functions of the yellow-y Gene in Spodoptera litura

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Long Liu ◽  
Wei-Kang Han ◽  
Long-Ji Ze ◽  
Ying-Chuan Peng ◽  
Yi-Lin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

Yellow genes are thought to be involved in the melanin biosynthetic pathway and play a crucial role in pigmentation reactions in insects. However, little research has been done on yellow genes in lepidopteran pests. To clarify the function of one of the yellow genes (yellow-y) in Spodoptera litura, we cloned the full-length of yellow-y, and investigated its spatial and temporal expression profiles by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). It revealed that yellow-y was highly expressed in larva of fourth, fifth, and sixth instars, as well as in epidermis (Ep), fat bodies (FB), Malpighian tubes (MT), and midguts (MG) of the larvae; whereas it was expressed in very low levels in different tissues of adults, and was almost undetected in pupa. This expression profile suggests an important role of yellow-y in larvae, minor role in adults, and no role in pupae. To confirm this, we disrupted yellow-y using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, and obtained G0 insects with mutation in yellow-y. The mutation in yellow-y clearly rendered the larvae body, a color yellower than that of wide type insects, and in addition, the mutation resulted in abnormal segmentation and molting for older larvae. The mutation of yellow-y also made various adult tissues (antennae, proboscis, legs, and wings) yellowish. However, the mutation had no effect on pigmentation of the pupal cuticle. Taken together, our study clearly demonstrated the role of yellow-y not only in the body pigmentation of larvae and adults, and but also in segmentation and molting of larvae, providing new insights into the physiology of larval development, as well as a useful marker gene for genome editing based studies.

scholarly journals Functional identification of an FMRFamide-related peptide gene on diapause induction of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L

Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 1821-1828
Author(s):  
Kun Hao ◽  
Hidayat Ullah ◽  
Aftab Raza Jarwar ◽  
Xiangqun Nong ◽  
Xiongbing Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Peptide Gene

CIRCA-ANNUAL RHYTHMS OF PROLACTIN SECRETION IN EWES AND THE EFFECT OF PINEALECTOMY

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. MUNRO ◽  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
L. RENSHAW
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Changes in the plasma concentration of prolactin in intact, pinealectomized, shampinealectomized, ovariectomized and hysterectomized ewes were investigated over a period of 11 months. The concentrations of prolactin were consistently low (<20 ng/ml) during the winter months (short photoperiod) in the intact, sham-pinealectomized, ovariectomized and hysterectomized animals. In contrast, the concentrations of prolactin were consistently raised (> 50 ng/ml) during the summer months (long photoperiod) in the same groups. During the transitional period from winter to summer the concentrations of prolactin were correlated with the reproductive status of the animals. In the pregnant animals, the prolactin concentrations increased from low values during pregnancy to high values at parturition. During lactation, the concentrations of prolactin in these animals remained high, although they were lower than those found subsequently during the summer months when the ewes were no longer lactating. In the non-pregnant ewes (i.e. the ovariectomized and hysterectomized animals), the prolactin concentrations increased more gradually during the transitional period from winter to summer than was the case in the parturient animals. In the pinealectomized ewes, the plasma concentrations of prolactin were raised throughout the year, irrespective of whether the animals were pregnant, lactating or in anoestrus. In these animals, the only occasion when prolactin concentrations were consistently low was during the mid-winter period, although they were also low at times during the period of oestrous activity. It was concluded that the circa-annual pattern of prolactin concentrations in ewes is primarily determined by the photoperiod, and that the pineal gland in the ewe is an important translator of the photoperiod. Parturition and suckling have important, but secondary, influences. Moreover, it was concluded that the secretions from the reproductive tract and the seasonal variations in temperature normally have little influence by themselves on the circa-annual rhythm of prolactin.

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