scholarly journals Role of RNA Oxidation in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqian Liu ◽  
Xiatian Chen ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Wei Ye ◽  
Hongyan Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Death Studies ◽  
Rna Oxidation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nucleic Acid Research ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

In the history of nucleic acid research, DNA has always been the main research focus. After the sketch of the human genome was completed in 2000, RNA has been started to gain more attention due to its abundancies in the cell and its essential role in cellular physiology and pathologies. Recent studies have shown that RNAs are susceptible to oxidative damage and oxidized RNA is able to break the RNA strand, and affect the protein synthesis, which can lead to cell degradation and cell death. Studies have shown that RNA oxidation is one of the early events in the formation and development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, its molecular mechanism, as well as its impact on these diseases, are still unclear. In this article, we review the different types of RNA oxidative damage and the neurodegenerative diseases that are reported to be associated with RNA oxidative damage. In addition, we discuss recent findings on the association between RNA oxidative damage and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which will have great significance for the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Prosody in Automatic Speech Processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 632-645
Author(s):  
Anton Batliner ◽  
Bernd Möbius
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Short History ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Dialogue Acts ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Automatic speech processing (ASP) is understood as covering word recognition, the processing of higher linguistic components (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics), and the processing of computational paralinguistics (CP), which deals with speaker states and traits. This chapter attempts to track the role of prosody in ASP from the word level up to CP. A short history of the field from 1980 to 2020 distinguishes the early years (until 2000)—when the prosodic contribution to the modelling of linguistic phenomena, such as accents, boundaries, syntax, semantics, and dialogue acts, was the focus—from the later years, when the focus shifted to paralinguistics; prosody ceased to be visible. Different types of predictor variables are addressed, among them high-performance power features as well as leverage features, which can also be employed in teaching and therapy.

ATP-binding cassette transporters and neurodegenerative diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared S. Katzeff ◽  
Woojin Scott Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Atp Binding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Atp Binding Cassette

Abstract ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the largest groups of transporter families in humans. ABC transporters mediate the translocation of a diverse range of substrates across cellular membranes, including amino acids, nucleosides, lipids, sugars and xenobiotics. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of brain diseases that detrimentally affect neurons and other brain cells and are usually associated with deposits of pathogenic proteins in the brain. Major neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ABC transporters are highly expressed in the brain and have been implicated in a number of pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases. This review outlines the current understanding of the role of ABC transporters in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on some of the most important pathways, and also suggests future directions for research in this field.

scholarly journals FAMILY STORIES IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISCOURSE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Pomnikova
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Institutional Discourse ◽  
Family Stories ◽  
Communicative Behavior ◽  
Behavior Observation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communicative Space

Introduction: the last decades are characterized by a rising tide of interest of Russian citizens for the history of their families. The main form of its existence are family stories - both about the present of the family and its subjects, and about their past. These stories become natural part of our communicative space, no matter which type of activity and what social roles we are involved in. Materials and methods: the study was conducted on the material of texts - both oral and written, - containing information about addresser’s family. The main methods included the method of communicative behavior observation, the method of studying the forms and types of representation of family stories in different types of conversation, the method of analyzing and the method of generalization. Results: the purpose of this article was to analyze various types of discourse in order to identify the presence/absence of family stories in each of them, and to determine the role of such stories in various spheres of our life. Having considered interpersonal and several types of institutional discourse (scientific, popular scientific, political, medical, pedagogical and advertising), we examined how each of them presents family stories, for what purpose subjects use this kind of stories in each of the analyzed types of discourse and which aspects of family history are most relevant in each case. As a result of the study, it was determined that family stories play a significant role in our communication in each of the analyzed types of discourse, but in each of them they are used with a specific purpose. Discussion and conclusion: if we consider everything we know about our family as a family history (that consists of many separate, private family stories), then we can conclude that it flows into all spheres of our life. Our family history is penetrated by different types of discourse in which we participate, and, being included in our communication, is preserved in it.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Update

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Sachchida Nand Rai ◽  
Payal Singh ◽  
Harry W.M. Steinbusch ◽  
Emanuel Vamanu ◽  
Ghulam Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Acquiring the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is crucial for maintaining homeostatic balance in humans and other animals. A deficiency in or dysregulation of vitamins adversely affects the neuronal metabolism, which may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we discuss how novel vitamin-based approaches aid in attenuating abnormal neuronal functioning in neurodegeneration-based brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Prion disease. Vitamins show their therapeutic activity in Parkinson’s disease by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, different water- and lipid-soluble vitamins have also prevented amyloid beta and tau pathology. On the other hand, some results also show no correlation between vitamin action and the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Some vitamins also exhibit toxic activity too. This review discusses both the beneficial and null effects of vitamin supplementation for neurological disorders. The detailed mechanism of action of both water- and lipid-soluble vitamins is addressed in the manuscript. Hormesis is also an essential factor that is very helpful to determine the effective dose of vitamins. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to conduct the literature search of original articles, review articles, and meta-analyses.

scholarly journals Study of risk factors among stroke patients in a tertiary hospital of Northern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Onkar Nath Rai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of different types of strokes and the associated risk factors and to establish the role of different investigations in patients of stroke.Methods: The study dealt with 100 patients of stroke who were admitted to B. R. D. Medical College, Gorakhpur, India. Each patient was analyzed in detail about clinical presentation and the investigations were aimed to establish the pathologic type of stroke and estimation of risk factors.Results: Stroke incidence was more in males (Male: Female= 1.43:1). Maximum incidence of stroke was in 6th decade (32%) followed by 7th decade (30%). Among modifiable risk factors, history of hypertension was the commonest (51%) followed by smoking (36% patients) exclusively, found in males. Hemiparesis was the most common presentation (95%) followed by altered sensorium (55%). Chest X-ray was abnormal in 16% patients, abnormal ECG was found in 27% patients and abnormal lipid values were found in 54 patients.Conclusions: Apart from control of hypertension and diabetes, abnormal lipid profile remains an important modifiable risk factor for stroke.

The Path of Historian’s Life: to the 90th Anniversary of Academician Alexander Chubaryan

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11 (109)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Velikhan Mirzekhanov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Intellectual Biography ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
90Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the eminent Russian historian and science manager, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander O. Chubaryan. The article provides overview of the scholar’s scientific activities against a broad historical background, reveals the main episodes of his intellectual biography. The article analyzes the main research directions of Alexander Chubaryan, characterizes his activities as a science manager, in particular as a director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Serious attention is paid to the role of Alexander Chubaryan in establishing international relations of the Institute, the development of science diplomacy, strengthening contacts with foreign colleagues and organizations.

scholarly journals Role of DNA Protection and Repair in Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Ultrahigh Shock Pressures Simulating Hypervelocity Impacts

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (21) ◽  
pp. 6682-6689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Moeller ◽  
Gerda Horneck ◽  
Elke Rabbow ◽  
G�nther Reitz ◽  
Cornelia Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Shock Pressure ◽  
Nonhomologous End Joining ◽  
End Joining ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
High Shock ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Impact-induced ejections of rocks from planetary surfaces are frequent events in the early history of the terrestrial planets and have been considered as a possible first step in the potential interplanetary transfer of microorganisms. Spores of Bacillus subtilis were used as a model system to study the effects of a simulated impact-caused ejection on rock-colonizing microorganisms using a high-explosive plane wave setup. Embedded in different types of rock material, spores were subjected to extremely high shock pressures (5 to 50 GPa) lasting for fractions of microseconds to seconds. Nearly exponential pressure response curves were obtained for spore survival and linear dependency for the induction of sporulation-defective mutants. Spores of strains defective in major small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP) (α/β-type SASP) that largely protect the spore DNA and spores of strains deficient in nonhomologous-end-joining DNA repair were significantly more sensitive to the applied shock pressure than were wild-type spores. These results indicate that DNA may be the sensitive target of spores exposed to ultrahigh shock pressures. To assess the nature of the critical physical parameter responsible for spore inactivation by ultrahigh shock pressures, the resulting peak temperature was varied by lowering the preshock temperature, changing the rock composition and porosity, or increasing the water content of the samples. Increased peak temperatures led to increased spore inactivation and reduced mutation rates. The data suggested that besides the potential mechanical stress exerted by the shock pressure, the accompanying high peak temperatures were a critical stress parameter that spores had to cope with.

Research Programs at the Carter Observatory: An Overview

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-164
Author(s):  
R. J. Dodd ◽  
W. Orchiston
Keyword(s):  
Binary Stars ◽  
Star Clusters ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Photometric System ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Standard Star ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
History Of

AbstractAn outline is given of the main research programs currently in progress at the Carter Observatory. These include: the establishment of a set of standard star magnitudes and colours in the Vilnius seven-colour photometric system; the study of galactic and extragalactic star clusters using Vilnius and broadband photometries; binary stars and the development of APTs; and the history of Australasian astronomy. The role of Carter Observatory Honorary Research Associates is described and mention is made of the joint New Zealand/Japan program to observe gravitational microlensing effects, discover variable stars and patrol selected clusters of galaxies for supernovae.

Mitochondria and Neurodegeneration

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Petrozzi ◽  
Giulia Ricci ◽  
Noemi J. Giglioli ◽  
Gabriele Siciliano ◽  
Michelangelo Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria have a central role in ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the evidence of morphological, biochemical and molecular abnormalities in mitochondria in various tissues of patients with neurodegenerative disorders, the question “is mitochondrial dysfunction a necessary step in neurodegeneration?” is still unanswered. In this review, we highlight some of the major neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease) and discuss the role of the mitochondria in the pathogenetic cascade leading to neurodegeneration.

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