scholarly journals Inositols Depletion and Resistance: Principal Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6796
Author(s):  
Elisa Lepore ◽  
Rosa Lauretta ◽  
Marta Bianchini ◽  
Marilda Mormando ◽  
Cherubino Di Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis ◽  
Transport Intestinal

Inositols are natural molecules involved in several biochemical and metabolic functions in different organs and tissues. The term “inositols” refers to five natural stereoisomers, among which myo-Inositol (myo-Ins) is the most abundant one. Several mechanisms contribute to regulate cellular and tissue homeostasis of myo-Ins levels, including its endogenous synthesis and catabolism, transmembrane transport, intestinal adsorption and renal excretion. Alterations in these mechanisms can lead to a reduction of inositols levels, exposing patient to several pathological conditions, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, hormonal and metabolic imbalances, like weight gain, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, myo-Ins is involved in different physiological processes as a key player in signal pathways, including reproductive, hormonal, and metabolic modulation. Genetic mutations in genes codifying for proteins of myo-Ins synthesis and transport, competitive processes with structurally similar molecules, and the administration of specific drugs that cause a central depletion of myo-Ins as a therapeutic outcome, can lead to a reduction of inositols levels. A deeper knowledge of the main mechanisms involved in cellular inositols depletion may add new insights for developing tailored therapeutic approaches and shaping the dosages and the route of administration, with the aim to develop efficacious and safe approaches counteracting inositols depletion-induced pathological events.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: reproductive aspects

2011 ◽  
pp. 1229-1234
Author(s):  
Sophie Catteau-Jonard ◽  
Cécile Gallo ◽  
Didier Didier
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulation and hyperandrogenism in women, affecting between 5 and 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide (1). Although this difficult topic in endocrine gynaecology is under extensive research, controversies still remain about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of PCOS. The PCOS phenotype can be structured in three components: manifestations of anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and the metabolic syndrome (of which hyperinsulinaemia secondary to insulin resistance is the central abnormality). The latter two are addressed in other chapters. Our knowledge about the mechanism of disturbed folliculogenesis in PCOS that is responsible for its reproductive aspects has much increased these last years, thus opening new avenues for the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals NAFLD: comorbidity and associated diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Livzan ◽  
O. V. Gaus ◽  
N. A. Nikolaev ◽  
T. S. Krolevetz
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) went beyond the competence of a gastroenterologist and acquired the character of a multidisciplinary problem. NAFLD requires the attention of many professionals. A characteristic feature of NAFLD is the variety of concomitant diseases and pathological conditions with common pathophysiological mechanisms. This review summarizes and presents the data available in the modern literature on the association of NAFLD with cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic kidney disease, colorectal cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoporosis, psoriasis.

Anti-Müllerian hormone in female reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie di Clemente ◽  
Chrystèle Racine ◽  
Alice Pierre ◽  
Joëlle Taieb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Reliable Marker

Abstract Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the eighties. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, gonadotropins and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

scholarly journals Resveratrol Is Not as Effective as Physical Exercise for Improving Reproductive and Metabolic Functions in Rats with Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Benrick ◽  
Manuel Maliqueo ◽  
Sun Miao ◽  
Jesus A. Villanueva ◽  
Yi Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Clamp ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Metabolic Functions

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive and metabolic disorder associated with obesity and insulin resistance that often precedes the development of type-2 diabetes. Rats continuously exposed to dihydrotestosterone from prepuberty display typical reproductive and metabolic PCOS characteristics including anovulation, polycystic ovaries, insulin resistance, and obesity. Our aim was to investigate if resveratrol improves reproductive and metabolic functions in PCOS rats. The effect was compared to exercise. Control and PCOS rats were treated with vehicle or resveratrol (400 mg · kg−1 · day−1) for 5-6 weeks. Another group of PCOS rats received vehicle treatment and exercised for 5-6 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. The glucose infusion rate was lower in the PCOS-vehicle group compared to control-vehicle rats (P<0.05). Exercise increased insulin sensitivity compared with PCOS-vehicle rats (P<0.05), but resveratrol did not. Resveratrol treatment and exercise resulted in smaller adipocytes, upregulated estrogen-related receptorαgene expression in subcutaneous fat, and improved estrus cyclicity in the previously acyclic PCOS rats. Although resveratrol had positive effects on adiposity and cyclicity in a similar manner to exercise, resveratrol does not seem to be a good candidate for treating insulin resistance associated with PCOS because no improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in PCOS rats on normal chow.

scholarly journals Risk of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Hyperandrogenemia: A Comparison between PCOS Phenotypes and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Valentin Borzan ◽  
Elisabeth Lerchbaum ◽  
Cornelia Missbrenner ◽  
Annemieke C. Heijboer ◽  
Michaela Goschnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Rotterdam Criteria

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women, with a wide spectrum of possible phenotypes, symptoms and sequelae according to the current clinical definition. However, there are women who do not fulfill at least two out of the three commonly used “Rotterdam criteria” and their risk of developing type 2 diabetes or obesity later in life is not defined. Therefore, we addressed this important gap by conducting a retrospective analysis based on 750 women with and without PCOS. We compared four different PCOS phenotypes according to the Rotterdam criteria with women who exhibit only one Rotterdam criterion and with healthy controls. Hormone and metabolic differences were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as logistic regression analysis. We found that hyperandrogenic women have per se a higher risk of developing insulin resistance compared to phenotypes without hyperandrogenism and healthy controls. In addition, hyperandrogenemia is associated with developing insulin resistance also in women with no other Rotterdam criterion. Our study encourages further diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for PCOS phenotypes in order to account for varying risks of developing metabolic diseases. Finally, women with hyperandrogenism as the only symptom should also be screened for insulin resistance to avoid later metabolic risks.

scholarly journals Adiponectin and resistin: potential metabolic signals affecting hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis in females and males of different species

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. R215-R226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rak ◽  
Namya Mellouk ◽  
Pascal Froment ◽  
Joëlle Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
And Gender

Adipokines, including adiponectin and resistin, are cytokines produced mainly by the adipose tissue. They play a significant role in metabolic functions that regulate the insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Alterations in adiponectin and resistin plasma levels, or their expression in metabolic and gonadal tissues, are observed in some metabolic pathologies, such as obesity. Several studies have shown that these two hormones and the receptors for adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are present in various reproductive tissues in both sexes of different species. Thus, these adipokines could be metabolic signals that partially explain infertility related to obesity, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Species and gender differences in plasma levels, tissue or cell distribution and hormonal regulation have been reported for resistin and adiponectin. Furthermore, until now, it has been unclear whether adiponectin and resistin act directly or indirectly on the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. The objective of this review was to summarise the latest findings and particularly the species and gender differences of adiponectin and resistin on female and male reproduction known to date, based on the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis.

scholarly journals Exosomes as Biomarkers for Female Reproductive Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2165
Author(s):  
Sahar Esfandyari ◽  
Hoda Elkafas ◽  
Rishi Man Chugh ◽  
Hang-soo Park ◽  
Antonia Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
System Today

Cell–cell communication is an essential mechanism for the maintenance and development of various organs, including the female reproductive system. Today, it is well-known that the function of the female reproductive system and successful pregnancy are related to appropriate follicular growth, oogenesis, implantation, embryo development, and proper fertilization, dependent on the main regulators of cellular crosstalk, exosomes. During exosome synthesis, selective packaging of different factors into these vesicles happens within the originating cells. Therefore, exosomes contain both genetic and proteomic data that could be applied as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in pregnancy-associated disorders or placental functions. In this context, the present review aims to compile information about the potential exosomes with key molecular cargos that are dysregulated in female reproductive diseases which lead to infertility, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), Asherman syndrome, endometriosis, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and preeclampsia, as well as signaling pathways related to the regulation of the reproductive system and pregnancy outcome during these pathological conditions. This review might help us realize the etiology of reproductive dysfunction and improve the early diagnosis and treatment of the related complications.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Metabolic syndrome through the female life cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 173 (5) ◽  
pp. R153-R163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andromachi Vryonidou ◽  
Stavroula A Paschou ◽  
Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽  
Francesco Orio ◽  
Dimitrios G Goulis
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Premature Adrenarche ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The normal function of the female reproductive system is closely linked to energy homeostasis with the ultimate scope of fertility and human race perpetuation through the centuries. During a woman's lifetime there are normal events such as puberty, pregnancy and menopause which are related to alterations in energy homeostasis and gonadal steroids levels followed by increase of body fat and insulin resistance, important components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Pathological conditions such as premature adrenarche, polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes also present with shifts in gonadal steroid levels and reduced insulin sensitivity. The aim of this review is to discuss these conditions, both normal and pathological, analyzing the changes or abnormalities in ovarian function that coexist with metabolic abnormalities which resemble MetS in relationship with environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors.

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