scholarly journals Ascorbate–Glutathione Oxidant Scavengers, Metabolome Analysis and Adaptation Mechanisms of Ion Exclusion in Sorghum under Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13249
Author(s):  
Himani Punia ◽  
Jayanti Tokas ◽  
Anurag Malik ◽  
Andrzej Bajguz ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Sheikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Ion Transporter ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Ion Exclusion ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes

Salt stress is one of the major significant restrictions that hamper plant development and agriculture ecosystems worldwide. Novel climate-adapted cultivars and stress tolerance-enhancing molecules are increasingly appreciated to mitigate the detrimental impacts of adverse stressful conditions. Sorghum is a valuable source of food and a potential model for exploring and understanding salt stress dynamics in cereals and for gaining a better understanding of their physiological pathways. Herein, we evaluate the antioxidant scavengers, photosynthetic regulation, and molecular mechanism of ion exclusion transporters in sorghum genotypes under saline conditions. A pot experiment was conducted in two sorghum genotypes viz. SSG 59-3 and PC-5 in a climate-controlled greenhouse under different salt concentrations (60, 80, 100, and 120 mM NaCl). Salinity drastically affected the photosynthetic machinery by reducing the accumulation of chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, POD, GR, GST, DHAR, MDHAR, GSH, ASC, proline, GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, electrolyte leakage). Salinity also influenced Na+ ion efflux and maintained a lower cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio via the concomitant upregulation of SbSOS1, SbSOS2, and SbNHX-2 and SbV-Ppase-II ion transporter genes in sorghum genotypes. Overall, these results suggest that Na+ ions were retained and detoxified, and less stress impact was observed in mature and younger leaves. Based on the above, we deciphered that SSG 59-3 performed better by retaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic assimilates and antioxidant potential, and the upregulation of ion transporter genes and may be utilized in the development of resistant sorghum lines in saline regions.

scholarly journals Deciphering Reserve Mobilization, Antioxidant Potential, and Expression Analysis of Starch Synthesis in Sorghum Seedlings under Salt Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2463
Author(s):  
Himani Punia ◽  
Jayanti Tokas ◽  
Virender Singh Mor ◽  
Axay Bhuker ◽  
Anurag Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Ion Transporter ◽  
Reserve Mobilization

Salt stress is one of the major constraints affecting plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. Sorghum is a valuable food source and a potential model for studying and better understanding the salt stress mechanics in the cereals and obtaining a more comprehensive knowledge of their cellular responses. Herein, we examined the effects of salinity on reserve mobilization, antioxidant potential, and expression analysis of starch synthesis genes. Our findings show that germination percentage is adversely affected by all salinity levels, more remarkably at 120 mM (36% reduction) and 140 mM NaCl (46% reduction) than in the control. Lipid peroxidation increased in salt-susceptible genotypes (PC-5: 2.88 and CSV 44F: 2.93 nmloe/g.FW), but not in tolerant genotypes. SSG 59-3 increased activities of α-amylase, and protease enzymes corroborated decreased starch and protein content, respectively. SSG 59-3 alleviated adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, POD, GR, and GPX), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA, electrolyte leakage). A significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) was also observed in SSG 59-3 with proline, ascorbic acid, and total carbohydrates. Among inorganic cations and anions, Na+, Cl−, and SO42− increased, whereas K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ decreased significantly. SSG 59-3 had a less pronounced effect of excess Na+ ions on the gene expression of starch synthesis. Salinity also influenced Na+ ion efflux and maintained a lower cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio via concomitant upregulation of SbNHX-1 and SbVPPase-I ion transporter genes. Thus, we have highlighted that salinity physiologically and biochemically affect sorghum seedling growth. Based on these findings, we highlighted that SSG 59-3 performed better by retaining higher plant water status, antioxidant potential, and upregulation of ion transporter genes and starch synthesis, thereby alleviating stress, which may be augmented as genetic resources to establish sorghum cultivars with improved quality in saline soils.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of NAC Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1605
Author(s):  
Himani Punia ◽  
Jayanti Tokas ◽  
Anurag Malik ◽  
Sonali Sangwan ◽  
Anju Rani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Elevated Salinity

Salinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity. However, systematic analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and their relative expression has not been reported in sorghum under salt stress. The de novo transcriptomic analysis of sorghum under different salinity levels from 60 to 120 mM NaCl was generated using Illumina HiSeq. Approximately 323.49 million high-quality reads, with an average contig length of 1145 bp, were assembled de novo. On average, 62% of unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins. These DEGs were mainly involved in several important metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, APX, POX, GR, GSH, ASC, proline, and GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA and electrolyte leakage). Significant up-regulation of transcripts encoding the NAC, MYB, and WRYK families, NHX transporters, the aquaporin protein family, photosynthetic genes, antioxidants, and compatible osmolyte proteins were observed. The tolerant line (SSG 59-3) engaged highly efficient machinery in response to elevated salinity, especially during the transport and influx of K+ ions, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. Our data provide insights into the evolution of the NAC TFs gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are essential for plant responses to salinity. The findings may provide a molecular foundation for further exploring the potential functions of NAC TFs in developing salt-resistant sorghum lines.

scholarly journals Salinity Stress in Potato: Understanding Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Kumar Nishant Chourasia ◽  
Milan Kumar Lal ◽  
Rahul Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Devanshu Dev ◽  
Hemant Balasaheb Kardile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Molecular Responses

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

Molecular Characterization of a Tonoplast Na+/H+ Antiporter from Iris Lactea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Guo ◽  
Xiaoxia Tian ◽  
Peichun Mao ◽  
Lin Meng
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco Plants ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency

Na+ compartmentalization into vacuoles is one of the effective strategies for adaptation of halophytes to saline environments. The tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) has been proved to be involved in the compartmentalization of Na+ into vacuoles to alleviate Na+ toxicity in cytoplasm. However, the function of NHX in halophyte Iris lactea is still unclear under salt stress. In this study, a significant positive correlation was observed between Na+ accumulations and IlNHX expression levels in shoots and roots under different concentrations of NaCl (0-200 mM), indicating IlNHX might be involved in Na+ accumulation of I. lactea in response to salt stress. More important, IlNHX was specifically localized to the tonoplast. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing IlNHX grew better and showed higher salinity tolerance under salt (200 mM NaCl) stress than those of wild type (WT) plants. Compared to WT plants, transgenic tobacco plants accumulated more Na+ and K+ and maintained higher K+/Na+ ratios in tissues by salt stress, accompanied by the reduction of chlorophyll loss and lipid peroxidation in the presence of salt. Interestingly, we found that transgenic tobacco plants exhibited markedly higher tonoplast H+-ATPase activity relative to WT plants subjected to salt. Overall, overexpression of IlNHX in tobacco could compartmentalize excessive Na+ into vacuoles to keep the cytosolic K+/Na+ balance by enhanced tonoplast proton pumps activity, which would be contributed to maintain K+ and Na+ homeostasis, to improve photosynthesis efficiency and to protect cell membrane integrity under salt stress.

scholarly journals Gas exchange, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Pigments of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) under Salt Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
A. M. W. Cova ◽  
André D. Azevedo Neto ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Rogério F. Ribas ◽  
Leandra B. De Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Total Carotenoids

Noni is a fruit crop well adapted to different soil and climatic conditions. Aiming to evaluate the physiological responses to salinity, noni seedlings were grown in two levels of NaCl (0 and 100 mM) in nutrient solution and the effects of salt stress on gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and membrane integrity were assessed after 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of salt stress. The experimental design was a completely randomized in 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with four replications. Salinity did not affect the intrinsic efficiency of water use, but reduced net assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carboxylation efficiency and contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids. Salinity caused no major changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, however the stressed plants showed a decrease in photoprotection capacity by the cycle of xanthophylls. Salinity did not affect the water status of the leaves, but damages to the integrity of the membranes were observed due to duration of salt exposure. The data indicate that noni presents stomatal closure as a mechanism of salinity tolerance, reducing water loss by transpiration and maintaining the water status.

scholarly journals Deciphering Biochemical Responses, Metabolome Analysis and Key Genes Controlling Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench] Ion Transport in Responses to Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himani Punia ◽  
Jayanti Tokas ◽  
Anurag Malik ◽  
Satpal ◽  
Neeraj Kharor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Abstract Background: Crops usually encounter several abiotic stresses, and salt stress is one of the major constraints affecting plant growth and agricultural productivity globally. Sorghum is not only a valuable source of food but also a potential model for studying and better understanding the salt stress mechanics in the cereals and obtain a better knowledge of their cellular mechanism. Herein, we examined the effects of salt stress on physio-biochemical and molecular responses of sorghum genotypes to determine their tolerance.

Quercetin in attenuation of ischemic/reperfusion injury: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Ashrafizadeh ◽  
Saeed Samarghandian ◽  
Kiavash Hushmandi ◽  
Amirhossein Zabolian ◽  
Md Shahinozzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Cell Membrane Disruption

Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious pathologic event that occurs due to restriction in blood supply to an organ, followed by hypoxia. This condition leads to enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-, and stimulation of oxidative stress via enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Upon reperfusion, blood supply increases, but it deteriorates condition, and leads to generation of ROS, cell membrane disruption and finally, cell death. Plant derived-natural compounds are well-known due to their excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Quercetin is a flavonoid exclusively found in different vegetables, herbs, and fruits. This naturally occurring compound possesses different pharmacological activities making it appropriate option in disease therapy. Quercetin can also demonstrate therapeutic effects via affecting molecular pathways such as NF-B, PI3K/Akt and so on. Methods: In the present review, we demonstrate that quercetin administration is beneficial in ameliorating I/R injury via reducing ROS levels, inhibition of inflammation, and affecting molecular pathways such as TLR4/NF-B, MAPK and so on. Results and conclusion: Quercetin can improve cell membrane integrity via decreasing lipid peroxidation. Apoptotic cell death is inhibited by quercetin via down-regulation of Bax, and caspases, and upregulation of Bcl-2. Quercetin is able to modulate autophagy (inhibition/induction) in decreasing I/R injury. Nanoparticles have been applied for delivery of quercetin, enhancing its bioavailability and efficacy in alleviation of I/R injury. Noteworthy, clinical trials have also confirmed the capability of quercetin in reducing I/R injury.

scholarly journals Integrating flexible electronics for pulsed electric field delivery in a vascularized 3D glioblastoma model

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie C. Lefevre ◽  
Gerwin Dijk ◽  
Attila Kaszas ◽  
Martin Baca ◽  
David Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity

AbstractGlioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor, very invasive and thus difficult to eradicate with standard oncology therapies. Bioelectric treatments based on pulsed electric fields have proven to be a successful method to treat cancerous tissues. However, they rely on stiff electrodes, which cause acute and chronic injuries, especially in soft tissues like the brain. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of delivering pulsed electric fields with flexible electronics using an in ovo vascularized tumor model. We show with fluorescence widefield and multiphoton microscopy that pulsed electric fields induce vasoconstriction of blood vessels and evoke calcium signals in vascularized glioblastoma spheroids stably expressing a genetically encoded fluorescence reporter. Simulations of the electric field delivery are compared with the measured influence of electric field effects on cell membrane integrity in exposed tumor cells. Our results confirm the feasibility of flexible electronics as a means of delivering intense pulsed electric fields to tumors in an intravital 3D vascularized model of human glioblastoma.

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