scholarly journals COVID-19 and Heart: From Clinical Features to Pharmacological Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Russo ◽  
Roberta Bottino ◽  
Andreina Carbone ◽  
Anna Rago ◽  
Andrea Antonio Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The World

A highly pathogenic human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been recently recognized in Wuhan, China, as the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak which has spread rapidly from China to other countries in the world, causing a pandemic with alarming morbidity and mortality. The emerging epidemiological data about COVID-19 patients suggest an association between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, in term of clinical features at hospital admission and prognosis for disease severity. The aim of our review is to describe the cardiological features of COVID-19 patients at admission, the acute cardiac presentation, the clinical outcome for patients with underlying CVD and the pharmacological implications for disease management.

scholarly journals A comparative study on virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of SARS and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Yanmei Zhao ◽  
Qianying Lu ◽  
Xiangyan Meng ◽  
Siyu Huang ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
New Type ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Monitor And Control

Abstract In December 2019, an outbreak of an unknown cause of pneumonia [later named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] occurred in Wuhan, China. This was found to be attributed to a novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously named 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV). The SARS-CoV-2, a new type of highly pathogenic human coronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), spread rapidly worldwide and caused 53,164,803 confirmed infections, including 1,300,576 deaths, by November 13, 2020 (globally, 206,196,367 cases and 4,345,424 deaths as of August 13, 2021). SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV vary in their specific characteristics, regarding epidemics and pathogenesis. This article focuses on the comparison of the virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to reveal their common and distinct properties, to provide an up-to-date resource for the development of advanced systems and strategies to monitor and control future epidemics of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses.

scholarly journals An Update on Animal Models for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Countermeasure Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Critical Aspects

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since March 2020 and led to significant challenges to over 200 countries and regions all over the world. The establishment of highly pathogenic coronavirus animal model is beneficial for the study of vaccines and pathogenic mechanism of the virus. Laboratory mice, Syrian hamsters, Non-human primates and Ferrets have been used to establish animal models of emerging coronavirus infection. Different animal models can reproduce clinical infection symptoms at different levels. Appropriate animal models are of great significance for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the research progress related to vaccines. This review aims to introduce the current progress about experimental animal models for SARS-CoV-2, and collectively generalize critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans and increase their usefulness in research into COVID-19 pathogenesis and developing new preventions and treatments.

scholarly journals The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characteristics, and Insights into Potential Drugs and Its Mechanisms

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lo’ai Alanagreh ◽  
Foad Alzoughool ◽  
Manar Atoum
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Drugs

The emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19) swept across the world, affecting more than 200 countries and territories. Genomic analysis suggests that the COVID-19 virus originated in bats and transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate hosts in the Wuhan seafood market, China, in December of 2019. This virus belongs to the Betacoronavirus group, the same group of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and for the similarity, it was named SARS-CoV-2. Given the lack of registered clinical therapies or vaccines, many physicians and scientists are investigating previously used clinical drugs for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the CoVs origin, pathogenicity, and genomic structure, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Besides, we summarize the recently investigated drugs that constitute an option for COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Biology and Therapeutic Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suliman Khan ◽  
Rabeea Siddique ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Shereen ◽  
Ashaq Ali ◽  
Jianbo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

ABSTRACT The new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans. The source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 are not yet clear, however, its resemblance to SARS-CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed through genome sequencing-related studies. The development of therapeutic strategies is necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infections. In this review, we summarize current information about the emergence, origin, diversity, and epidemiology of three pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan, China. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 2632010X2095182
Author(s):  
Bita Geramizadeh ◽  
Mahsa Marzban
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Lung Involvement ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathologic Findings ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens. There have been several outbreaks of lung involvement by this category of viruses in the world, ie, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) in 2002 and 2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan, China, since December 2019. There have been several studies about the clinical features and imaging features, but very few reports have been published about pathologic findings in lung tissue, which was partly because of the lack of tissue diagnosis secondary to suddenness of the outbreak. Overall, less than 30 reports have been published in the literature about histologic findings of lung in these viruses, so far. In this report, we will review the published reports about the histopathologic findings of lung tissue in the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with 2 other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks, ie, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.

scholarly journals The epidemiology and therapeutic options for the COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwei Li ◽  
Jun Shao ◽  
Chengdi Wang ◽  
Weimin Li
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Century ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Harm

Abstract An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by a novel pneumonia virus, has affected over 200 countries and regions worldwide. With the increasing number of patients and deaths, WHO have declared it as a global pandemic currently, indicating a third large-scale epidemic coronavirus has appeared since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in the twenty-first century. Considering the great harm it has caused, researchers throughout the world have been chasing to exploit the pathophysiology, characteristics, and potential remedies for COVID-19 to better battle the outbreak. Therefore, the current study revisits advances of the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic options, and prevention of COVID-19. The features of asymptomatic carriers are also been explored.

The Study of the Epidemiology and Clinical Features of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Ranjit Barua ◽  
Sudipto Datta ◽  
Amit Roychowdhury ◽  
Pallab Datta
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Prognosis

Epidemiology is the technique used to detect the origins of health outcomes and diseases in inhabitants. In epidemiology, the patient, the individual, and community are viewed mutually. Epidemiology is not only the analysis of health in inhabitants; it also includes applying the information enlarged by the analysis of public-based practice. In case of medicine, the practice of epidemiology is both an art and science. Currently, COVID-19 has spread all around the world. It is basically a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the binding of receptor in gene region of its spike protein, ACE2 is bounded by corona virus. In this chapter, the authors summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment prognosis of COVID-19. A complete consideration will help to control the disease.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus NS4b Protein Inhibits Host RNase L Activation

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Thornbrough ◽  
Babal K. Jha ◽  
Boyd Yount ◽  
Stephen A. Goldstein ◽  
Yize Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Rnase L ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Ns4b Protein

ABSTRACTMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. Like many coronaviruses, MERS-CoV carries genes that encode multiple accessory proteins that are not required for replication of the genome but are likely involved in pathogenesis. Evasion of host innate immunity through interferon (IFN) antagonism is a critical component of viral pathogenesis. The IFN-inducible oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway activates upon sensing of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Activated RNase L cleaves viral and host single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which leads to translational arrest and subsequent cell death, preventing viral replication and spread. Here we report that MERS-CoV, a lineage CBetacoronavirus, and related bat CoV NS4b accessory proteins have phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and antagonize OAS-RNase L by enzymatically degrading 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A), activators of RNase L. This is a novel function for NS4b, which has previously been reported to antagonize IFN signaling. NS4b proteins are distinct from lineage ABetacoronavirusPDEs and rotavirus gene-encoded PDEs, in having an amino-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are localized mostly to the nucleus. However, the expression level of cytoplasmic MERS-CoV NS4b protein is sufficient to prevent activation of RNase L. Finally, this is the first report of an RNase L antagonist expressed by a human or bat coronavirus and provides a specific mechanism by which this occurs. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for evasion of innate immunity by MERS-CoV while also identifying a potential target for therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCEMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, carries genes that encode accessory proteins that antagonize the host antiviral response, often the type I interferon response, and contribute to virulence. We found that MERS-CoV NS4b and homologs from related lineage C bat betacoronaviruses BtCoV-SC2013 (SC2013) and BtCoV-HKU5 (HKU5) are members of the 2H-phosphoesterase (2H-PE) enzyme family with phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Like murine coronavirus NS2, a previously characterized PDE, MERS NS4b, can antagonize activation of the OAS-RNase L pathway, an interferon-induced potent antiviral activity. Furthermore, MERS-CoV mutants with deletion of genes encoding accessory proteins NS3 to NS5 or NS4b alone or inactivation of the PDE can activate RNase L during infection of Calu-3 cells. Our report may offer a potential target for therapeutic intervention if NS4b proves to be critical to pathogenesis inin vivomodels of MERS-CoV infection.

scholarly journals Liver injury in COVID-19: clinical features and treatment management

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongdong Yu ◽  
Qingru Du ◽  
Shengguang Yan ◽  
Xu-Guang Guo ◽  
Yehao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Management ◽  
The World

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to many countries around the world. In addition to lung disease, severe cases also displayed varying degrees of liver injury. This article will describe the latest developments regarding coronavirus and the pathogenesis of liver injury, the prone population and clinical characteristics of these patients, as well as providing some suggestions for clinical treatment.

COVID-19

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Soraia El Baz ◽  
My Abdelmonaim El Hidan ◽  
Nadia Zouhairi ◽  
Abdelmohcine Aimrane ◽  
Redouane Chatoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Since December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology occurred in Wuhan, China. Later, the pathogen was identified as novel human coronavirus and named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and caused a pandemic. As of 23 June 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic has battered the world. More than 1.5 million people have died with over 80 million people confirmed infected. This outbreak is spreading in approximately 216 countries and regions as of 22 July 2020. Comparing the three human coronavirus, SARS and MERS have significantly higher case fatality rates than COVID-19, but COVID-19 is more infectious and spreads more easily among people. Therefore, in this chapter, the authors summarize the most fatal pandemic in recorded history. Also, they collected all information about the current knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic including similarity and differences with other human coronaviruses.

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