scholarly journals A comparative study on virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of SARS and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Yanmei Zhao ◽  
Qianying Lu ◽  
Xiangyan Meng ◽  
Siyu Huang ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
New Type ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Monitor And Control

Abstract In December 2019, an outbreak of an unknown cause of pneumonia [later named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] occurred in Wuhan, China. This was found to be attributed to a novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously named 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV). The SARS-CoV-2, a new type of highly pathogenic human coronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), spread rapidly worldwide and caused 53,164,803 confirmed infections, including 1,300,576 deaths, by November 13, 2020 (globally, 206,196,367 cases and 4,345,424 deaths as of August 13, 2021). SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV vary in their specific characteristics, regarding epidemics and pathogenesis. This article focuses on the comparison of the virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to reveal their common and distinct properties, to provide an up-to-date resource for the development of advanced systems and strategies to monitor and control future epidemics of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Heart: From Clinical Features to Pharmacological Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Russo ◽  
Roberta Bottino ◽  
Andreina Carbone ◽  
Anna Rago ◽  
Andrea Antonio Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The World

A highly pathogenic human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been recently recognized in Wuhan, China, as the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak which has spread rapidly from China to other countries in the world, causing a pandemic with alarming morbidity and mortality. The emerging epidemiological data about COVID-19 patients suggest an association between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, in term of clinical features at hospital admission and prognosis for disease severity. The aim of our review is to describe the cardiological features of COVID-19 patients at admission, the acute cardiac presentation, the clinical outcome for patients with underlying CVD and the pharmacological implications for disease management.

scholarly journals Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Biology and Therapeutic Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suliman Khan ◽  
Rabeea Siddique ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Shereen ◽  
Ashaq Ali ◽  
Jianbo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

ABSTRACT The new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans. The source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 are not yet clear, however, its resemblance to SARS-CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed through genome sequencing-related studies. The development of therapeutic strategies is necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infections. In this review, we summarize current information about the emergence, origin, diversity, and epidemiology of three pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan, China. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

Is The SARS-CoV2 evolved in Human Being: A prospective Genetic Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Salvatore Dimonte ◽  
Paywast Jamal Jalal ◽  
Taib Ahmed Hama Soor ◽  
Safa Bakr Karim ◽  
Hiwa Abdulrahman Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Recent Effort ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
New Type ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

COVID-19 is the deadly respiratory disease of the century caused by new type unknown origin Coronavirus. The recent effort of the word researchers is toward finding the origin of the virus. The current study investigated the extent of molecular similarity and divergence between SARS-CoV2 and other related Coronavirus. An attempt has been made to investigate the epidemiological study of this new contagious virus using molecular biology techniques. The phylogenetic trees for all human coronaviruses with the novel Coronavirus have been built using a several complete amino acid sequences of the four known structural proteins, S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid). The result of the study revealed that the SARS-CoV2 is related to human SARS-CoV isolated from different countries very cloely, especially those strains recovered from China in recent times, 2020. The evolutionary changes observed in the inserted 23 amino acids in the RNA binding domain (RBD) of the coronvirus spike glycoprotein which cannot be detected in any other human coronavirus. Moreover, the 2019-nCoV is not closely related to other alpha, beta and gamma human Coronavirus, including MERS-CoV. The current study concluded that 2019-nCoV is more likely believed to originated from SARS-CoV. The probability is more vital to be originated from the strain isolated in China in 2020, which is coincident with the spraed of COVID-19 in the same country. The phyloepidemiologic analyses suggested that the coronaviruses are circulating in human hosts evolving gradually by times in response to the different environment stimuli facing the virus inside the host in different geographical areas. Furthermore, the analysis showed the flow of transmission, and evolutionary changes of SARS-CoV2 which may be directed from the transmission of SARS-CoV from human to Bat and Pangolin then jumped to human again in the crowded market Wuhan city in China.

scholarly journals Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Anderson ◽  
Eileen C. Goodwin ◽  
Anurag Verma ◽  
Claudia P. Arevalo ◽  
Marcus J. Bolton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Separate Cohort

SUMMARYSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread within the human population. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, most humans had been previously exposed to other antigenically distinct common seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs) before the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we quantified levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies and hCoV-reactive antibodies in serum samples collected from 204 humans before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then quantified pre-pandemic antibody levels in serum from a separate cohort of 252 individuals who became PCR-confirmed infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we longitudinally measured hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our studies indicate that most individuals possessed hCoV-reactive antibodies before the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined that ∼23% of these individuals possessed non-neutralizing antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations, but paradoxically these hCoV cross-reactive antibodies were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Salvatore Dimonte ◽  
Muhammed Babakir-Mina ◽  
Taib Hama-Soor ◽  
Salar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
New Type ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus causing a pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-2). Coronaviruses are very diverting genetically and mutate so often periodically. The natural selection of viral mutations may cause host infection selectivity and infectivity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study was aimed to indicate the diversity between human and animal coronaviruses through finding the rate of mutation in each of the spike, nucleocapsid, envelope, and membrane proteins. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The mutation rate is abundant in all 4 structural proteins. The most number of statistically significant amino acid mutations were found in spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) which may be because it is responsible for a corresponding receptor binding in a broad range of hosts and host selectivity to infect. Among 17 previously known amino acids which are important for binding of spike to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, all of them are conservative among human coronaviruses, but only 3 of them significantly are mutated in animal coronaviruses. A single amino acid aspartate-454, that causes dissociation of the RBD of the spike and ACE2, and F486 which gives the strength of binding with ACE2 remain intact in all coronaviruses. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Observations of this study provided evidence of the genetic diversity and rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other human and animal coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus in bats

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Geng ◽  
Peng Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
First Century ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
And Control ◽  
Genomic Similarity

AbstractThree major human coronavirus disease outbreaks, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), occurred in the twenty-first century and were caused by different coronaviruses (CoVs). All these viruses are considered to have originated from bats and transmitted to humans through intermediate hosts. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, disease agent of COVID-19, shared around 80% genomic similarity, and thus belong to SARS-related CoVs. As a natural reservoir of viruses, bats harbor numerous other SARS-related CoVs that could potentially infect humans around the world, causing SARS or COVID-19 like outbreaks in the future. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of CoVs on geographical distribution, genetic diversity, cross-species transmission potential and possible pathogenesis in humans, aiming for a better understanding of bat SARS-related CoVs in the context of prevention and control.

scholarly journals Analysis of Serum Cytokines in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 4410-4415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanchun Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuliang Zhan ◽  
Lianqiu Wu ◽  
Xueying Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Tumor Growth Factor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system. Although a novel coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent of SARS, the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS are not understood. In this study, sera were collected from healthy donors, patients with SARS, patients with severe SARS, and patients with SARS in convalescence. The serum concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α were not significantly different in different groups. The IL-6 concentration was increased in SARS patients and was significantly elevated in severe SARS patients, but the IL-6 concentrations were similar in convalescent patients and control subjects, suggesting that there was a positive relationship between the serum IL-6 concentration and SARS severity. The concentrations of IL-8 and TGF-β were decreased in SARS patients and significantly reduced in severe SARS patients, but they were comparable in convalescent SARS patients and control subjects, suggesting that there was a negative relationship between the IL-8 and TGF-β concentrations and SARS severity. The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 showed significant changes only in convalescent SARS patients. The IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were decreased, while the levels of IL-10 were increased, and the differences between convalescent SARS patients and other patient groups were statistically significant. These results suggest that there are different immunoregulatory events during and after SARS and may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this syndrome.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Clinical Features and Outcomes in Young and Older Adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak Yeung Chan ◽  
Ka Ying Miu ◽  
Chung Kan Tsui ◽  
Kwok Sang Yee ◽  
Ming Houng Chan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Clinical Features

scholarly journals HTCC as a Polymeric Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Milewska ◽  
Ying Chi ◽  
Artur Szczepanski ◽  
Emilia Barreto-Duran ◽  
Agnieszka Dabrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
Human Airway Epithelium ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Global And Local

Among seven coronaviruses that infect humans, three (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and the newly identified SARS-CoV-2) are associated with a severe, life-threatening respiratory infection and multiorgan failure. We previously proposed that the cationically modified chitosan, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) is a potent inhibitor of HCoV-NL63. Next, we demonstrated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the compound, as it inhibited all low pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1). Here, using in vitro and ex vivo model of human airway epithelium, we show that HTCC effectively blocks MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also confirmed the mechanism of action for these two viruses, showing that the polymer blocks the virus entry to the host cell by interaction with the S protein. IMPORTANCE The beginning of 2020 brought us information about the novel coronavirus emerging in China. Rapid research resulted in the characterization of the pathogen, which appeared to be a member of the SARS-like cluster, commonly seen in bats. Despite the global and local efforts, the virus escaped the health care measures and rapidly spread in China and later globally, officially causing a pandemic and global crisis in March 2020. At present, different scenarios are being written to contain the virus, but the development of novel anticoronavirals for all highly pathogenic coronaviruses remains the major challenge. Here, we describe the antiviral activity of previously developed by us HTCC compound, which may be used as a potential inhibitor of currently circulating highly pathogenic coronaviruses – SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Look to the Future, Learn from the Past

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1226
Author(s):  
Zhangkai J. Cheng ◽  
Hui-Qi Qu ◽  
Lifeng Tian ◽  
Zhifeng Duan ◽  
Hakon Hakonarson
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current ◽  
Control Management

There is a current pandemic of a new type of coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The number of confirmed infected cases has been rapidly increasing. This paper analyzes the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza. COVID-19 is similar to the diseases caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV virologically and etiologically, but closer to influenza in epidemiology and virulence. The comparison provides a new perspective for the future of the disease control, and offers some ideas in the prevention and control management strategy. The large number of infectious people from the origin, and the highly infectious and occult nature have been two major problems, making the virus difficult to eradicate. We thus need to contemplate the possibility of long-term co-existence with COVID-19.

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