scholarly journals Cropland Abandonment and Influencing Factors in Chongqing, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1206
Author(s):  
Han Li ◽  
Wei Song
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Cropland Abandonment ◽  
The North ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Abandoned Cropland ◽  
The Government

Cropland abandonment occurs frequently in many countries and regions around the world, particularly in those with poor environmental conditions, such as mountainous regions. In Chongqing county, China, over 76% of the total area is mountainous. Due to the lack of reliable remote sensing monitoring and identification methods, the spatial and temporal distribution of abandoned cropland areas and its underlying causes are poorly understood. Thus, the extent of cropland abandonment in Chongqing, since 2001, was estimated using land use trajectories. The following results were obtained: (1) the cropland abandonment rate was 12.2–15.4% from 2001 to 2020, with an average of 13.3%; (2) hotspots of abandoned cropland were concentrated in the north and southeast. Cropland abandonment was clustered in the northern, southeastern, and southwestern areas; (3) socio-economic factors (including gross domestic product density, population density, and road density) had a greater impact on the spatial distribution of abandoned cropland than environmental factors. Based on the results, the government should strive to reduce production costs associated with poor agricultural infrastructure, sporadic cropland, and higher labor costs by providing grain subsidies, undertaking cropland consolidation, encouraging land transfer, and improving agricultural infrastructure.

scholarly journals Mapping Cropland Abandonment in Mountainous Areas Using an Annual Land-Use Trajectory Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Cropland Abandonment ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Trajectory Approach ◽  
Abandoned Cropland ◽  
Cropland Change

In recent years, with the unceasing acceleration of China’s urbanization and rapid development of the country’s economy, cropland abandonment has become an ongoing issue, especially in mountainous areas. Mapping abandoned cropland using remote sensing technology is still challenging due to the difficulties in distinguishing abandoned cropland from fallowed land. In addition, there are few credible approaches to map timing and recultivation of abandoned cropland. In this context, this research developed an annual land-use trajectory approach to map different types of abandoned cropland based on freely available Landsat and HJ-1 satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30 m. Based on this method, five types of cropland change, including one type of fallowed land and two types of abandoned land, were identified in a mountainous town of China (Zhongduo). In addition, the timing and recultivation of abandoned cropland were assessed. The accuracy of the abandonment map was assessed as high as 86.67%. It was found that the percentages of spontaneous abandoned, induced abandoned, fallowed, stable, and lost cropland in Zhongduo were 23.16%, 8.40%, 13.69%, 27.84%, and 26.91% from 2012 to 2017, respectively. The average time for spontaneously abandoned cropland was 3.45 years. Furthermore, 50.54% of the spontaneously abandoned cropland and 12.91% of induced abandoned cropland were recultivated due to fluctuating prices of agricultural products and materials, and the implemented land transfer policy.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KELAYAKAN DAN PERSPEKTIF PENGEMBANGAN PENGOLAHAN SAGU DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Zainal Abidin ◽  
Bungati ◽  
Musadar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Sago Starch ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
Break Even Point

<p><strong><em>Feasibility and Perspective Analysis of Sagu Processing Development in South Sulawesi</em></strong><em>.</em><em> </em><em>Sago starch has an important role both as a staple food and a material for making various other processed food products. Sago processing can produce both wet sago and dried sago starch. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the sago processing business and its development perspective in Southeast Sulawesi. The study was conducted in South Konawe District in March - December 2017. Data were collected through field observations of the Biosagu Sejahtera Farmer Group in Matalamokula Village, North Moramo Sub District which has wet and dry sago production units. The data collected were the production capacity of wet sago and dry sago, the price of sago trees, the price of wet sago and dry sago, the production costs include labor costs, fuel costs, packaging costs as well as the costs of depreciation of tools and machinery. Data were analyzed using a profit equation. The results showed that the production of wet sago starch on a processing scale of 12 sago trees (1 production cycle) was feasible because it provided a profit of 7,314,000 IDR with Production-Break Even Point (PBEP) of 2,359 kg and Price BEP of 1,493 IDR and RCR value was 1.93. Likewise, dry sago production business was feasible with an RCR of 2.18; BEP from the production and price were 460 kg and 7,571 IDR respectively and provided profit of around 6,435,000 IDR. Thus the production of wet sago and dry sago can be alternative non-farm employment in rural areas. Perspective of sago processing in Southeast Sulawesi in the future is quite good due to the several supports such as availability of sago plantation area, the availability of human resources, the technology available as well as policies and regulations from the government. The demand for sago in the future will be influenced by the demand to substitute commodities that are still imported such as wheat and sugar as well as products that have a large domestic use, namely bioethanol. The development of sago in the future needs to respond to changes in demand by changing the management model with conventional management to modern technology.</em><em></em></p><p> </p><p>Tepung sagu memiliki peran penting baik sebagai bahan pangan pokok maupun sebagai bahan pembuatan berbagai produk olahan pangan lainnya. Pengolahan sagu dapat menghasilkan tepung sagu basah dan tepung sagu kering. Kajian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha pengolahan sagu serta perspektif pengembangannya di Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan bulan Maret – Desember tahun 2017. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan terhadap Kelompok Tani Biosagu Sejahtera Desa Matalamokula, Kecamatan Moramo Utara yang memiliki unit produksi sagu basah dan unit produksi sagu kering. Data yang dikumpulkan  adalah kapasitas produksi sagu basah dan sagu kering, harga pohon sagu, harga sagu basah dan sagu kering, biaya produksi meliputi biaya tenaga kerja, biaya bahan bakar, biaya kemasan serta biaya penyusutan alat dan mesin, analisis data dilakukan menggunakan persamaan keuntungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usaha produksi tepung sagu basah pada skala pengolahan 12 pohon sagu (1 siklus produksi) layak diusahakan karena memberikan keuntungan sebesar Rp 7.314.000, dengan nilai Titik Impas Produksi (TIP) dan Titik Impas Harga (TIH) masing-masing 2.359 kg dan Rp 1.493 serta nilai RCR sebesar 1,93. Usaha produksi sagu kering layak dilakukan dengan nilai RCR sebesar 2,18; nilai TIP dan TIH masing-masing 460 kg dan Rp 7.571 serta memberikan keuntungan sebesar Rp 6.435.000. Usaha produksi sagu basah maupun sagu kering dapat menjadi alternatif lapangan kerja <em>non farm</em> di pedesaan. Perspektif pengolahan sagu di Sulawesi Tenggara ke depan cukup baik karena ditunjang ketersediaan areal pertanaman sagu cukup luas, ketersediaan sumberdaya manusia, teknologi hingga dukungan kebijakan dan regulasi. Permintaan sagu ke depan akan dihela oleh permintaan untuk mensubstitusi komoditas-komoditas yang selama ini masih diimpor seperti gandum dan gula maupun produk yang pemanfaatannya dalam negeri cukup besar yaitu bioetanol. Pengembangan sagu juga perlu merespon perubahan-perubahan permintaan tersebut dengan mengubah model pengelolaan dengan teknologi konvensional menjadi teknologi modern.</p>

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and Simulation of Cropland Abandonment in Wushan County, Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchen Guo ◽  
Wei Song
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
Cropland Abandonment ◽  
Abandoned Cropland

Cropland abandonment (CRA) is an extreme case of cropland marginalization. With the continuous development of global industrialization and urbanization, the phenomenon of CRA gradually spreads from developed countries such as eastern and western European countries and the United States to developing countries such as China, especially in regions with poor geographical conditions such as mountainous areas. However, research on CRA in developing countries is sparse, and adequate identification methods and spatial distribution information are lacking in China, impeding the comprehensive understanding of the status quo of CRA as well as the formulation of related policies and measures. Therefore, taking Wushan County in Chongqing as an example, we developed a CRA extraction method to identify cropland. Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS remote sensing images were adopted in the extraction. Subsequently, Google Earth images were used to verify the extraction results, and the extraction accuracy of abandoned cropland plaques reached 89.33%. The CRA rate in Wushan between 2011 and 2016 was 28.71%, and abandoned cropland was highly scattered across the region. In areas above 800 m and with slopes of more than 15°, large areas were abandoned. However, an increasing irrigation radius resulted in higher labor costs and, ultimately, larger abandoned areas. Using the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects-Small (CLUE-S) model, the CRA status under different scenarios was simulated, and under the scenario of economic development, the CRA rate in the next 20 years was as low as 28.84%, while under the scenario of natural growth, the rate reached 33.54%. When the model used the scenario of ecological protection, the cropland area in Wushan County decreased significantly, and the CRA rate reached 42.11%.

scholarly journals The Difference of Interests between Host State and Investors Related to Fair and Equitable Treatment in Bilateral Investment Treaty

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Ana De Carvalho Maria Soares ◽  
Widya Rainnisa Karlina
Keyword(s):  
International Investment ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Host State ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Equitable Treatment

The host state requires a source of funds in its national economic development which requires investors to increase their income to be able to run the national economy which results in people's welfare. However, before investing, the investors consider several factors related to investment, such as low labor costs, abundant natural resources, low production costs, large market share, the existence of supporting facilities, and a consumptive lifestyle. These things are then called the investment climate. On the other hand, developing countries frequently make it difficult for investors who will invest their capital in their countries, such as making it difficult to obtain permits, making changes in legislation due to regime change, changing the way of the government due to changing government structures, and so on. In the international investment, these kind of changes are called the Dynamic Inconsistency Problem (DIP). It then makes the investors feel insecure and not protected by the host state. When the national interests of the host state are confronted with the interests of investors regarding violations of the FET clause, there are many ways that can be done so that the two parties are not disadvantaged in the investment. One of the effective ways that can be done is determining limitations regarding the FET clause and the reasonable expectations of investors with the aim of keeping the investment climate stable.

TBE in Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
East Part ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe. Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.

TBE in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.1

IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA K-Modes UNTUK MENENTUKAN STRATEGI MARKETING STMIK BUDI DARMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewin Karman Nduru ◽  
Efori Buulolo ◽  
Pristiwanto Pristiwanto
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Process Data ◽  
School Students ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
North Sumatra

Universities or institutions that operate in North Sumatra are very many, therefore, of course, competition in accepting new students is very tight, universities or institutions do certain ways or steps to be able to compete with other campuses in gaining interest from community or high school students who will continue their studies to a higher level. STMIK BUDI DARMA Medan (College of Information and Computer Management), is the first computer high school in Medan which was established on March 1, 1996 and received approval from the government through the Minister of Education and Culture, on July 23, 1996 with operating license number 48 / D / O / 1996, in promoting the campus, the team usually formed a promotion team to various regions in the North Sumatra Region to provide information to the community. Students who have learned in this campus are quite a lot who come from various regions in North Sumatra, from this point the need to process data from students who are active in college to be processed using data mining to achieve a target, one method that can be used in data mining, namely the ¬K-Modes clustering (grouping) algorithm. This method is a grouping of student data that will be a help to campus students in promoting, using the K-Modes algorithm is expected to help and become a reference for marketing in determining the marketing strategy STMIK Budi Darma MedanKeywords: STMIK Budi Darma, Marketing Strategy, K-Modes Algorithm.

To the issue of application of thermoplastic reinforced pipes for the construction of oil and gas pipelines in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
A. A. Tolmachev ◽  
V. A. Ivanov ◽  
T. G. Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
The North ◽  
Reinforcing Fibers ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Reinforcing Layer

Ensuring the safety of oil and gas facilities and increasing their facility life are today one of the most important tasks. Emergencies related to rupture and damage of steel pipelines because of their wear and tear and external factors are still the most frequent cases of emergencies during the transportation of hydrocarbons. To expand the fuel and energy complex in the north, in the direction of the Arctic, alternative types of pipelines are needed that solve the problems of reducing energy and labor costs in oil and gas companies, reducing the risk of environmental disasters and depressurization of pipelines during hydrocarbon production. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic pipes can be such an alternative. This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the materials of a composite system consisting of a thermoplastic pipe (inner layer) and reinforcing fibers (outer layer); we are discussing the design of the structural system consisting of polyethylene (inner layer) and aramid fibers (outer reinforcing layer).

Graubündens Wald im Fokus | Focus on the Grisons forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (7) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Reto Hefti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Form Part ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Government

In the mountainous canton Grisons, much visited by tourists, the forest has always had an important role to play. New challenges are now presenting themselves. The article goes more closely into two themes on the Grisons forestry agenda dominating in the next few years: the increased use of timber and climate change. With the increased demand for logs and the new sawmill in Domat/Ems new opportunities are offered to the canton for more intensive use of the raw material, wood. This depends on a reduction in production costs and a positive attitude of the population towards the greater use of wood. A series of measures from the Grisons Forestry Department should be of help here. The risk of damage to infrastructure is particularly high in a mountainous canton. The cantonal government of the Grisons has commissioned the Forestry Department to define the situation concerning the possible consequences of global warming on natural hazards and to propose measures which may be taken. The setting up of extensive measurement and information systems, the elaboration of intervention maps, the estimation of the danger potential in exposed areas outside the building zone and the maintenance of existing protective constructions through the creation of a protective constructions register, all form part of the government programme for 2009 to 2012. In the Grisons, forest owners and visitors will have to become accustomed to the fact that their forests must again produce more wood and that, on account of global warming, protective forests will become even more important than they already are today.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

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