Current Research on the Safety of Pyrethroids Used as Insecticides

Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. They are 2250 times more toxic to insects than to vertebrates due to insects’ smaller size, lower body temperature and more sensitive sodium channels. In particular, three pyrethroid compounds, namely deltamethrin, permethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, are commonly used as insecticides and are recommended for in-home insect control because they are considered to be relatively non-toxic to humans in all stages of life. However, recent data show that they are not completely harmless to human health as they may enter the body through skin contact, by inhalation and food or water, and absorption level depending on the type of food. Permethrin seems to have an adverse effect on fertility, the immune system, cardiovascular and hepatic metabolism as well as enzymatic activity. Deltamethrin induces inflammation, nephro- and hepatotoxicity and influences the activity of antioxidant enzymes in tissues. Alpha-cypermethrin may impair immunity and act to increase glucose and lipid levels in blood. The aim of the review is to provide comprehensive information on potential hazards associated to human exposure to deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. The results of presented studies prove that the insecticides must be used with great caution.

Download Full-text

The influence of pyrethroides: permethrin, deltamethrin and alpha-cypermetrin on oxidative damage

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.8309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 229-237

Author(s):

Agnieszka Chrustek ◽

Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽

Dorota Olszewska-Słonina

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Plant Protection ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Health Organization ◽

Synthetic Derivatives ◽

Derivatives Of

Pyrethroids, synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolim, are commonly used for plant protection in the forestry, agricultural, pharmaceutical industry as well as in medicine and veterinary medicine. They can enter the body by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It was assumed that they are characterized by low toxicity to humans, are quickly metabolized and do not accumulate in tissues, and are excreted in the urine. Despite the existing restrictions, their use carries a great risk, because these compounds and their metabolites can get into the natural environment, contaminating water, soil and food. The consequences of using pyrethroids as a direct threat to animal and human health have been described for many years. They are published on an ongoing basis informing about poisoning with these compounds in humans and animals, and about fatalities after their taking. Children are most at risk because pyrethroids can be found in breast milk. These compounds have nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic effects and have a negative effect on the reproductive system and the fetus. Pyrethroids such as permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin are approved by the World Health Organization for daily use; however, numerous scientific studies indicate that they can cause oxidative stress. They lead to DNA, protein, lipid damage and induction of apoptosis. The purpose of the work was to collect and systematize the available knowledge regarding the induction of oxidative stress by selected pyrethroids.

Download Full-text

Methods of the Analysis of Oxylipins in Biological Samples

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25020349 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ivan Liakh ◽

Alicja Pakiet ◽

Tomasz Sledzinski ◽

Adriana Mika

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biological Samples ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

The Body ◽

New Approaches ◽

Analysis Methods ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Comprehensive Information ◽

Popular Subject ◽

Derivatives Of

Oxylipins are derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids and due to their important and diverse functions in the body, they have become a popular subject of studies. The main challenge for researchers is their low stability and often very low concentration in samples. Therefore, in recent years there have been developments in the extraction and analysis methods of oxylipins. New approaches in extraction methods were described in our previous review. In turn, the old analysis methods have been replaced by new approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), and the best of these methods allow hundreds of oxylipins to be quantitatively identified. This review presents comparative and comprehensive information on the progress of various methods used by various authors to achieve the best results in the analysis of oxylipins in biological samples.

Download Full-text

Synthetic derivatives of pulchrol: An antiparasitic natural product

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0036-1596772 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 81 (S 01) ◽

pp. S1-S381

Author(s):

P Terrazas ◽

O Sterner

Keyword(s):

Natural Product ◽

Synthetic Derivatives ◽

Derivatives Of

Download Full-text

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of New Analogs of RC-121 Synthetic Derivatives of Somatostatin

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520618666180417164344 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 1417-1424 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilia Naydenova ◽

Diana Wesselinova ◽

Svetlana Staykova ◽

Ivan Goshev ◽

Ljubomir Vezenkov

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Cell Line ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Cancer Cell Line ◽

Colorectal Cancer Cell Line ◽

Cervical Cancer Cell Line ◽

Synthetic Derivatives ◽

Derivatives Of

Background: Based on the structure of RC-121 (D-Phe-c (Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys)-Thr-NH2, - synthetic derivatives of somatostatin), some analogs were synthesized and tested for in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activity. Objectives: The new analogs were modifyed at position 5 with Dap (diaminopropanoic acid), Dab (diaminobutanoic acid) and Orn and at position 6 with the unnatural amino acids Tle (t-leucine). Methods: The in vitro cytotoxic effects of the substances were investigated against a panel of human tumor cell lines HT-29 (Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line), MDA-MB-23 (Human Breast Cancer Cell Line), Hep G-2 (Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line) and HeLa (cervical cancer cell line). The antioxidant capacities were tested by ORAC (Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity) and HORAC (Hydroxyl Radical Averting Capacity) methods. Results: All substances expressed significantly higher antioxidant capacity by comparison with galic acid and Trolox. All substances showed considerable antioxidant capacity as well. Compound 2T (D-Phe-c(Cys-Tyr-DTrp- Dap-Tle-Cys)-Thr-NH2)had the highest antioxidant effect. The compound 4T (D-Phe-c(Cys-Tyr-D-Trp- Orn-Tle-Cys)-Thr-NH2) displayed antiproliferative effect on HeLa cells with IC50 30 µM. The peptide analog 3T (D-Phe-c(Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Tle-Cys)-Thr-NH2) exerted the most pronounced inhibition on the cell vitality up to 53%, 56% and 65% resp. against MDA-MB-23, Hep G-2, HeLa in the higher tested concentration. Conclusion: The somatostatin analogs showed moderate influence on the vitality of different tumor cells and could be used in changing their pathology.

Download Full-text

Loading comparison of two structures in the moving tube of a non-invasive prosthesis

Technology and Health Care ◽

10.3233/thc-202420 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jie Zhang ◽

Ping Ye ◽

Lizheng Zhang ◽

Hongliu Wu ◽

Tianxi Chi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element Analysis ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Limb Length Discrepancy ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Lower Body ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Testing Method ◽

Finite Element Analysis Simulation

BACKGROUND: The treatment of adolescent patients with distal femoral cancer has always been a concern. The limb-salvage, regarded as a mainstream treatment, had been developed in recent years, but its application in children still remains challenging. This is because it can lead to potential limb-length discrepancy from the continued normal growth of the contralateral lower body. The extendable prosthesis could solve this problem. The principle is that it can artificially control the length of the prosthesis, making it consistent with the length of the side of the lower limbs. However, this prosthesis has some complications. The extendable prosthesis is classified into invasive and minimally invasive, which extends the prosthesis with each operation. OBJECTIVE: We designed a new non-invasive prosthesis that can be extended in the body. Based on the non-invasive and extendable characteristics, we need to verify the supporting performance of this prosthesis. METHODS: We carried out a mechanical testing method and finite element analysis simulation. CONCLUSION: The support performance and non-invasively extension of this prosthesis were verified.

Download Full-text

Indian medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential: An overview

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00411 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2328-2335

Author(s):

Monika Sahu ◽

Vinod Kumar ◽

Veenu Joshi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Drug ◽

Major Health ◽

Synthetic Drugs ◽

Comprehensive Information ◽

Chronic Disorders ◽

The Rich ◽

Indian Medicinal Plants

Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent metabolic disorder which has made it a major health threat worldwide. The available synthetic drugs for the cure of Diabetes mellitus are associated with high cost, various side effects and several limitations. Medicinal plants are the rich depots of the phytochemicals which can be useful for the treatment of chronic disorders. These plants are the better alternative to chemical drugs causing less or no harm to the body. Several plants are traditionally known for their antidiabetic properties but the detail investigation of their active molecules is required in order to be developed as therapeutic drug. Therefore, the present review aims to provide comprehensive information on various Indian medicinal plants, their constituents and mechanism of action for the cure of diabetes mellitus.

Download Full-text

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.188.3.435 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 188 (3) ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. J. Fregly ◽

N. B. Marshall ◽

J. Mayer

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Body ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Exposure To Cold ◽

Running Activity ◽

Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

Download Full-text

THREE DIMENSIONAL INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1437761 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 344-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fraser S. Grant

Keyword(s):

Gravitational Field ◽

Mass Distribution ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Relaxation Method ◽

The Body ◽

Multipole Moments ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Surface Field ◽

Derivatives Of

A method is developed for determining the approximate size and shape of the three‐dimensional mass distribution that is required to produce a given gravitational field. The first few reduced multipole moments of the distribution are calculated from the derivatives of the surface field, and the approximative structure is determined from the values of these moments and a knowledge of the density contrast between the body and its surroundings. A system of classification of problems by symmetry is introduced and its practical usage discussed. A relaxation method is described which may be used to adjust the initial solution systematically to give agreement over the whole field. A descriptive discussion is appended.

Download Full-text