scholarly journals Effect of Alkaline Black Liquor Recycling on Alkali Combined with Ozone Pretreatment of Corn Stalk

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Xia Zhou ◽  
Mengya Wang ◽  
Shuo Fang ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Ozone Pretreatment ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions

In the early stage, the best conditions for alkali-bound ozone pretreatment were studied. But after treatment, the alkaline black liquor was directly discarded due to the large amount of organic matter, resulting in environmental pollution and waste of resources. In this paper, the alkaline black liquor was recycled under the optimal pretreatment conditions. The results showed that the number of alkaline black liquor cycles had little effect on hemicellulose content, and had a great influence on cellulose content and lignin content. Through structural characterization of corn stover, it was found that the pretreatment caused structural changes of lignin in straw. However, when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the ether bond in the side chain of lignin and the covalent bond between the components were not sufficiently destroyed, and the damage to the phenolic hydroxyl group was also weakened. It was indicated that when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the destruction effect of the alkaline black liquor on the straw was significantly inhibited. Therefore, the optimal circulation time of alkaline black liquor was three times, and the cellulolytic conversion rate was 81.53%.

Properties of Heat Treatment Alkaline Pulping Black Liquor with Aluminum Chloride

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2220-2223
Author(s):  
Lan Ge ◽  
Jie Lu ◽  
Rui Feng Yang ◽  
Yan Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Alkaline Pulping

The black liquor contains a large amount of suspended solids, organic pollutants and toxic substances, the black liquor discharged directly into water bodies will lead to serious pollution. So we regards the alkaline pulping black liquor as a research object, using autoclave to heat the mixture of aluminum chloride and soda black liquor lignin. By changing the heating temperature and the pH before the heat treatment, we analyze the lignin and carbohydrates in the cooking liquid to study cleavage situation and the corresponding structural changes. The results show that the lignin content accompanied the increase in temperature, organic matter content decreased and part of the decomposition of organic matter. Without adjusting pH, the lignin content is small and ash (inorganic) content is higher.

scholarly journals Combined Pretreatment as an Effective Technology in Breaking of Phenolic Polymer Lignin from Sustainable Biomass: Bambusa balcooa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
heena Parveen ◽  
Lakshmi Tewari ◽  
Diwas Pradhan ◽  
Parul Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Biomass Structure ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Combined Pretreatment ◽  
Phenolic Polymer ◽  
High Cellulose

Bamboo biomass is a potential source for the production of monomeric sugars containing high cellulose content with low amount of lignin. However, for efficient hydrolysis, the biomass treatment by effective pretreatment technique is required to minimize lignin content and other barrier components. During present study, the bamboo biomass was treated with different physical, chemical, biological and combined treatments to reduce the lignin content. Among all the pretreatments, the maximum lignin removal (14.5%) was obtained with the combined chemical and biological treatment under 2% NaOH+1% H2O2 +WDP2 fungal culture (5 plugs) conditions. In addition, lignolytic fungus and NaOH pretreatment was mainly effective in removing lignin, whereas the H2O2 pretreatment efficiently minimize cellulose crystallinity. To analyze structural changes of raw and treated biomass, we used scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The structural analysis indicated that all treatments causes disruption in the biomass structure and loses the compactness of the biomass which facilitates the biomass conversion during hydrolysis process. The findings of the present study indicate effective pretreatment methods in breaching the recalcitrancy of the potential lignocellulosic biomass for maximum hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Components Analysis of Recycled Alkali Black Liquor Combined with Corn Straw under Ozone Pretreatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Li ◽  
Xiaohong Lu ◽  
Yiming Li ◽  
Shuo Fang ◽  
Xia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Cellulase Hydrolysis

Abstract Previous studies showed that the cellulase hydrolysis of corn straw pretreated with circulating alkali black liquor combined with ozone was suppressed. In this paper, the alkali black liquor was sequentially withdrawn for 0–6 times under the optimal pretreatment conditions, and components characterization was analyzed to identify the main factors inhibiting cellulase hydrolysis in recycled alkali black liquor. Through the component analysis, the organic matter and acid precipitation contents increased throughout the cycles. At the fourth cycle, the cellulase hydrolysis rate was decreased significantly, the growth of lignin content in alkali black liquor was slowed down and the total dissolved solid increment was decreased to 8.33mg/mL, 69.52% lower than previous cycle increase. GC-MS results showed that phenols, benzene ring heterocyclic and furans were main degradation products. It indicated that small molecular organics and lignin were inhibitors of cellulase hydrolysis, which accumulated during recycling, reducing alkali utilization and delignification efficiency, resulting in lower enzymatic hydrolysis rate. This study has revealed the components inhibiting the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn straw in recycled alkali black liquor, which is beneficial to the recovery and efficient utilization of recycled alkali black liquor.

scholarly journals Paper making and characterization from waste coconut and tofu dregs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Erdiana Gultom ◽  
◽  
Hestina Hestina ◽  
Nova Florentina ◽  
Barita Aritonang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Time Required

Research on paper made from coconut and tofu waste has been carried out using the alkalization method of separation technique, with the optimum composition as follows: NaOH concentration used is 3.0% and cooking temperature is 100 0C and the time required is 90 minutes. The results of the catheterization test of paper made from coconut dregs and tofu have a water content of 3.2%; pH 6.9, pulp content 65.75%; cellulose content 80.22%; lignin content 18.27%. The results of the FT-IR spectrum analysis of coconut pulp and tofu pulp are suitable for use as raw materials for making paper because they contain cellulose fibers. This is indicated by the appearance of the O-H hydroxyl group which is observed at a wavenumber of 3312 cm-1. Based on the SEM results, the surface morphology of the coconut pulp and tofu combination paper shows that the surface structure is the denser the fiber bonds, the smaller the fiber diameter, the better the mechanical properties. The results of the research conclusions explain that, paper made from coconut and tofu waste has met the requirements set by SNI 14-0444-1989. Keywords: Paper, Cellulose, Coconut pulp, Tofu pulp, Lignin

scholarly journals DESAIN EKSPERIMENTAL FAKTORIAL UNTUK PENENTUAN FAKTOR PALING BERPENGARUH PADA PROSES PULPING ORGANOSOLV BERBAHAN BAKU LIMBAH DAUN NANAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Glenn Mochamad Rayhan ◽  
Salsabila Fachrina ◽  
Rizka Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Organosolv Pulping

Paper production has been identified with industries that destroy forests (deforestation). Utilizing alternative wood substitute raw materials, such as pineapple leaves can be one solution to the problem. Pineapple plants can produce more than 70 leaves with cellulose content in the leaves which reaches 69.5-71.5%, so it has the potential to be used as raw material for paper. The organosolv process was chosen as a pulp manufacturing process because it produces high purity in the byproducts (lignin and hemicellulose), high pulp yield, easy recovery of black liquor and no sulfur element, making it safer for the environment. This study aims to determine the most influential factors in the organosolv pulping process with a factorial experimental design method 23. Variables used include solvent types (ethanol and acetic acid), pulp cooking time (60 minutes and 110 minutes) and types of leaf dryness (wet leaves) and dried leaves). From the results of the analysis, the most influential factor in the organosolv pulping process is the type of solvent (ethanol). Optimal operating conditions were obtained for solvent ethanol, cooking time of 60 minutes with wet leaves, where cellulose content was 96.31% and lignin content decreased by 17.80% in dry pulp.

Analysis of Sound Reduction and Strong Drag Composite Concrete Fibers Gedebok Banana Results Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide Solvent (Naoh)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rouf Suprayogi ◽  
Annisa Mufida ◽  
Edwin Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Sound Reduction

In composite science, desirable materials that are lighter but have the power and quality that can match or even exceed the material that has been there before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cellulose fiber addition from banana gedebok to tensile strength, compressive strength and damping of concrete composite sound. To achieve this objective, mixing of cellulose fibers with K-275 quality concrete mix with variation of 0% and 5% substitution in which the cellulose is varied in powder and wicker form. Delignification of lignin content from banana gedebok was done by soaking and drying method without any variation and yielding powder having cellulose content of 13,0388%, hemicellulose 18,2796% and lignin 0,6684%. This study produces concrete composites that have a tensile strength and a compressive strength lower than that of normal concrete. Normally reinforced concrete tensile strength value 94.5 kg / cm2, 71.4 kg / cm2 cellulose powder concrete and 90.3 kg / cm2 cellulose woven concrete. Normal concrete compressive strength value 334,22 kg / cm2, cellulose powder concrete 215,7 kg / cm2, and cellulose webbing concrete 157,98 kg / cm2. As for the power damping sound of cellulose webbing concrete has the highest damping power compared to other concrete with the absorbed sound intensity that is 52-68 dB

scholarly journals Structure-Activity Relationships of Sandalwood Odorants: Synthesis of a New Campholene Derivative

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500
Author(s):  
Iris Stappen ◽  
Joris Höfinghoff ◽  
Gerhard Buchbauer ◽  
Peter Wolschann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Quaternary Carbon ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Sandalwood Odorants

Structural modifications of natural (-)-( Z)-β-santalol have shown that the sandalwood odor impression is highly sensitive, even to small structural changes. Particularly, the substitution of the quaternary carbon is of great influence on the scent. Epi-compounds with side chains in the endo-position possess sandalwood odor in only a few derivatives, whereas modifications at this side chain, as well as modification at the bicyclic ring systems mostly lead to a complete loss of sandalwood fragrance.

Staphylococcal infection and pathomurfological characteristic of the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Samira Mammadhasan Yagubova ◽  
◽  
Elchin Chingiz Akbarov ◽  
Tarana Nadir Mirzayeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Specific Symptoms

During the staphylococcal infection, changes in the interaction of glandular cells, dystrophic and disorganizing pathologies in tissues, especially acute structural and hemodynamic changes in the stroma of the glands in the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system, develop from the first day of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, on the background of a decrease in exudative processes, fibroplastic reactions are significantly activated, resulting in signs of incomplete regeneration – mainly sclerotic processes and cystic-atrophic changes in the parenchyma. Structural changes in tissues in the early stages of staphylococcal infection and the dynamics of development are characterized by specific symptoms in each of the glands. Since the pituitary gland is exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors earlier and more often than the adrenal glands, and the adrenal glands are earlier than the thyroid gland, dystrophic and destructive changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands are more pronounced at the early stage of the experiment. These morphological changes can change the hormonal status of the body and lead to dysfunction of the endocrine system as a whole – a decrease in the functional activity of the glands to some extent, and even inhibition of adenohypophyseal cells. Key words: staphylococcal infection, peritonitis, pituitary, adrenal and thyroid glands

Differentiation and positioning of nuclei in eggs of the cecidomyid Heteropeza pygmaea

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
M. Meats ◽  
J.B. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Spindle Orientation ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Pole Cell ◽  
Polar Granules ◽  
Egg Chamber

During the first three cleavage divisions of the egg nuclei a precise sequence of spindle orientation and elongation parallel to the longitudinal axis of the egg is apparently involved in positioning one nucleus among the polar granules at the posterior pole of the egg. The size of this nucleus, and the position at which the egg cleaves when pole cell formation occurs, appear to constitute part of the mechanism which ensures that only one nucleus is included in the first pole cell. Blastoderm formation occurs without a well-defined migration of nuclei to the egg surface. Nuclei are so large in relation to the size of the egg that uniform spacing and distribution of nuclei ensures that a large proportion are situated near the egg surface. Those nuclei which are near the egg surface divide synchronously to form a layer of blastoderm nuclei, while membranous cleavage furrows invaginate from the egg surface between them. Nuclei in the central region of the egg chamber condense to form yolk nuclei before blastoderm nuclei have been separated from the rest of the egg by the completion of the cleavage membranes. Polar granules provide the only evidence of fine-structural differences in different regions of the egg chamber cytoplasm. They are found near the posterior pole of the egg from an early stage of oogenesis. They undergo a specific sequence of structural changes and increase in size as the egg grows. No microtubular or microfibrillar arrays have been found in the egg chamber which might form a cytoskeletal basis for spindle orientation or for the spatial differences which develop during differentiation of the uncleaved egg cytoplasm.

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