scholarly journals Paper making and characterization from waste coconut and tofu dregs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Erdiana Gultom ◽  
◽  
Hestina Hestina ◽  
Nova Florentina ◽  
Barita Aritonang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Time Required

Research on paper made from coconut and tofu waste has been carried out using the alkalization method of separation technique, with the optimum composition as follows: NaOH concentration used is 3.0% and cooking temperature is 100 0C and the time required is 90 minutes. The results of the catheterization test of paper made from coconut dregs and tofu have a water content of 3.2%; pH 6.9, pulp content 65.75%; cellulose content 80.22%; lignin content 18.27%. The results of the FT-IR spectrum analysis of coconut pulp and tofu pulp are suitable for use as raw materials for making paper because they contain cellulose fibers. This is indicated by the appearance of the O-H hydroxyl group which is observed at a wavenumber of 3312 cm-1. Based on the SEM results, the surface morphology of the coconut pulp and tofu combination paper shows that the surface structure is the denser the fiber bonds, the smaller the fiber diameter, the better the mechanical properties. The results of the research conclusions explain that, paper made from coconut and tofu waste has met the requirements set by SNI 14-0444-1989. Keywords: Paper, Cellulose, Coconut pulp, Tofu pulp, Lignin

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic fiber tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557
Author(s):  
Hui-Jin Liu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan-Nian Xu ◽  
Xiao-Ping Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Protein Gene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Significant Expression

The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic tree in Ulmaceae, is the main raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper which is widely used in calligraphy and painting field. The characteristics of P. tatarinowii bark is the main limiting factor for the quality of Xuan Paper specially the content of cellulose and lignin. The molecular basis related to cellulose and lignin synthesis in P. tatarinowii would be helpful to understand and seek higher quality raw materials for Xuan Paper. RNA-seq was utilized to reveal transcriptome differences in P. tatarinowii from three far isolated localities (AL, JX and XA) under different climate environments. A total of 290 million reads were generated for further analysis in three libraries. In total, 2,850, 2,038 and 1,986 DEGs were identified in XA, JX and AL, respectively. Compared with the sample from XA, there were 822 up-regulated and 1706 down-regulated in AL sample. AL sample has 611 up-regulated genes and 647 down-regulated genes in comparison with JX sample. Comparing XA and JX samples, 443 were up-regulated and 1,783 were down-regulated in XA. Three samples had similar GO enrichment patterns. There were 19 and 9 genes identified as CESA and CSL (E-value less than 1.0E-20), respectively. Although no significant expression differences were found in three samples, KOB1, GPI-anchored protein gene and CTL1 were differently expressed, and KOB1 and GPI-anchored protein gene were up-regulated in JX. A number of the unigenes (474) that were involved in ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, were mostly not differently expressed. Only a few genes annotated as PAL, 4CL, C4H and CAD were significantly different in expression. In AL, 3 CAD and 1 PAL were up-regulated, whereas 6 CAD, 3 4CL and 1 HCT were up-regulated in XA, and 1 PAL, 2 4CL, 2 C4H in JX. JX sample had the highest cellulose content and XA sample had the highest lignin content, which being consistent with the hierarchical cluster analysis of differently expressed genes. Differences in the expression of these genes might influence the cellulose and lignin content.

Synthesis and Application of Glyoxalted Polyacrylamide Paper Strengthening Agent

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1385-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Yang Yuan ◽  
Hui Ren Hu ◽  
Yang Bing Wen
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Dimethyl Ammonium ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Radical Solution ◽  
Diallyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride

The glyoxalted polyacrylamide(GPAM) resins were obtained by cross-linking reaction between glyoxal and cationic polyacrylamide(CPAM) through aqueous solution copolymerization. The based CPAM was synthesized with acrylamide(AM) and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DADMAC) as raw materials by living free radical solution polymerization. Various synthesis conditions were discussed and the optimum conditions for copolymer’s synthesis were as follows: the amount of DADMAC 20%(wt), the charge of the initiator 0.5%(wt), the dosage of chain transfer agent(2-mercaptoethanol) 1.0%(wt), and the charge of crosslinking monomer 9.0%, the dosage of glyoxal 25%(wt), the pH value of the tertiary reaction 7.5-8.0 and the tertiary temperature about 65°C. The structure of the resulting product was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR. Then the GPAM resins were used in the process of paper-making as wet-end additive, the results showed that the paper sheets can get a significant increase in strength properties from the added novel product.

scholarly journals Structure, Composition, and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Fibers from Pueraria lobata Treated with a Combination of Steam Explosion and Laccase Mediator System

BioResources ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 6854-6866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghua Li ◽  
Guangting Han ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Yuanming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pueraria Lobata ◽  
Mediator System ◽  
Laccase Mediator System

Cellulosic fibers from the bast of Pueraria lobata (P. lobata) vine were separated using a “green” and efficient method that combined steam explosion (SE) and a laccase mediator system (LMS). The chemical components, structure, and thermal alterations in the fibers were evaluated. The SE performed at 180 °C for 10 min did not change the chemical composition of P. lobata; however, SE did alter the fiber structure and rendered its surface more accessible to the laccase enzyme. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical methods. The cellulose content of the processed fibers was approximately 68.2%, and the lignin content was 11.8%, which was much lower than the 22.98% lignin content of the raw material. The cellulose fibers exhibited higher cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability compared with the untreated samples. This combined treatment approach may be useful for the isolation of cellulose fibers for composites, textiles, and other industrial applications.

scholarly journals Biopulping Of Bagasse Using Different Types Of White Rot Fungi and Different Incubation Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Angelin Marhavyna Cristy ◽  
Aris Mumpuni ◽  
Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors

Bagasse is fibrous residue that remains after the sugarcane is crushed to extract it’s juice. It mostly consists of lignocellulosic materials that may provide material for paper production through biopulping process. White rot fungi (WRF) is producers of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes that has the capability to mineralize lignin compounds. Three types of white rot fungi that were used in this study are Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Schizophyllum commune. Each of it was inoculated on bagasse substrate within 0, 15, and 30 days of incubation. This study was aimed to know the effect of interaction between white rot fungi and incubation time in the biopulping process and to investigate the most appropriate fungus and incubation time to produce good material for paper making obtained from sugarcane bagasse. The experimental design was done by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial pattern in two factors and analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANNOVA) then followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on highly different significance effect of the treatment. The result of this study showed that S. commune is the most effective fungi to degrade highly lignin content (17.38% to 8.88%) at 30 days of incubation, while P. chrysosporium is the most effective fungi to lowering cellulose content in small amount (23.64% to 19.38%) during 30 days of incubation.

scholarly journals Effect of Alkaline Black Liquor Recycling on Alkali Combined with Ozone Pretreatment of Corn Stalk

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Xia Zhou ◽  
Mengya Wang ◽  
Shuo Fang ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Ozone Pretreatment ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions

In the early stage, the best conditions for alkali-bound ozone pretreatment were studied. But after treatment, the alkaline black liquor was directly discarded due to the large amount of organic matter, resulting in environmental pollution and waste of resources. In this paper, the alkaline black liquor was recycled under the optimal pretreatment conditions. The results showed that the number of alkaline black liquor cycles had little effect on hemicellulose content, and had a great influence on cellulose content and lignin content. Through structural characterization of corn stover, it was found that the pretreatment caused structural changes of lignin in straw. However, when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the ether bond in the side chain of lignin and the covalent bond between the components were not sufficiently destroyed, and the damage to the phenolic hydroxyl group was also weakened. It was indicated that when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the destruction effect of the alkaline black liquor on the straw was significantly inhibited. Therefore, the optimal circulation time of alkaline black liquor was three times, and the cellulolytic conversion rate was 81.53%.

scholarly journals Studi Komponen Kimia Pelepah Sawit Varietas Tenera Dan Pengembangannya Sebagai Modul Pembelajaran Kimia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Arpinaini Arpinaini ◽  
Sumpono Sumpono ◽  
Ridwan Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Chemical Component ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Extractive Substance

This study aims to (1) determine the levels of the components of the Tenera variety of palm oil compounds including extractives, holocellulose, ? - cellulose, and lignin. (2) Analyze the utilization of the pulp of Tenera varieties as pulp raw materials based on their chemical components; (3) application of chemistry learning module to improving student learning outcomes. Determination of extractive substance content with TAPPI test methods Q: 204; lignin content T: 222; holocellulose Q: 9 levels and ?-cellulose content with TAPPI test methods T: 204. then lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose produced from the procedure were characterized by an IR spectrophotometer. The results of the study were module and implemented in ICHO students in SMAN 2 Kota Bengkulu. The data of the research results were analyzed by ANOVA test at 5% level. The results of the characterization of lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose with FTIR obtained a distinctive peak of the respective functional groups of the macromolecules. From the research also obtained the average value of chemical component content on the palm velvet varieties of tenera according to their part of base, middle, ends with mean for extractive substance 8.49%, 7,87%, 6,74%, lignin 20,7 %, 18.95%, 16.69%. holocellulose 81.57%, 80.33%, 79.24% and ?- cellulose 44.57%, 43.56%, 43.26%. Based on the results of the variance analysis, the difference in position (base, center, tip) on the palm oil of the tenera varieties on extractive, lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose substances has significant differences. Based on the chemical component classification of Indonesian wide wood leaf, sheep betera varieties of tenera in all three positions are used as pulp raw materials because they have moderate lignin content, high levels of Holocellulose and moderate levels of ?-cellulose. The result of module implementation in students there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest value. The use of modules in learning in science groups can improve student learning outcomes.

scholarly journals A comparative study of greener alternatives for nanocellulose production from sugarcane bagasse

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargavi Pula ◽  
Shradha Ramesh ◽  
Sirisha Pamidipati ◽  
Purnima Doddipatla
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Tga And Dsc

AbstractUse of enzyme for extraction of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse is greener alternative. Literature indicates that effectiveness of these enzymes can be improved by auxiliary enzymes or mediators. In the current study, extraction of nanocellulose using laccase with these moderators, auxiliary enzyme glucose oxidase and mediator molecule, ABTS [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)] individually was done. Cellulose and lignin content, FT-IR, TGA and DSC analysis, XRD, SEM and PSA were done. Enzyme moderators improved the performance of laccase in lignin degradation. Lignin and cellulose content, crystallinity were used as parameters to optimize the concentrations, which was found to be ABTS (at 1.4 mM) and glucose oxidase (at 0.15 mg ml−1). At the optimal concentration, nanocellulose was extracted. Properties of nanocellulose obtained from both routes were compared. Size analysis revealed 339 nm and 636 nm for nanocellulose obtained with glucose oxidase and ABTS, respectively. Defibrillation was better in the case of the former one as seen from SEM. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Comparative Studies of Pulping of Jute Fiber, Jute Cutting and Jute Caddis

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sarwar Jahan ◽  
A Al-Maruf ◽  
MA Quaiyyum
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Dissolving Pulp ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Kraft Process

Comparative studies of retted jute fiber, jute cuttings and jute caddis were carried out in producing dissolving and paper grade pulp. Fiber length of jute fiber was longer than jute cutting and caddis. Klason lignin content was lower and α-cellulose content higher in jute fiber than cuttings and caddis. Extractives content in caddis was higher than jute fiber and cuttings. Pulping of these raw materials was done in soda-anthraquinone process. Higher pulp yield and lower kappa number was observed in jute fiber than that of jute cuttings and caddis. Jute fiber pulp showed better papermaking properties than jute cuttings and caddis. The tear index of these raw materials was similar to softwood. The bleachability of jute fiber pulp was also better than that of cuttings and caddis. These three raw materials were also evaluated in producing dissolving pulp by prehydrolysed kraft process. Pulp yield and bleachability was higher and kappa number lower for jute fiber than jute cuttings and caddis, but α-cellulose, S10 and S18 values and viscosity were almost similar in these three raw materials. Keywords: Jute fiber, Jute cuttings, Jute caddis, Paper grade pulp, Dissolving pulp Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(4), 425-434, 2007

scholarly journals Analisis Karakteristik Pulp Campuran Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Pelepah Pisang dengan Pelarut NaOH

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 389-393
Author(s):  
Sari Rizky Amelia ◽  
Muhammad Yerizam ◽  
Erwana Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
High Cellulose

Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah padatan yang dihasilkan dari proses pembuatan minyak kelapa sawit yang selulosa (45,95%), kadar abu (1,23%), hemiselulosa (22,84%), kadar air (3,74%) dan lignin (16,49%). Pelepah pisang mempunyai kandungan selulosa yang tinggi akan tetapi belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal yang memiliki kandungan densitas ( 1,35 gr/cm3), selulosa (63 -64 %), hemiselulosa (20 %), lignin (5%), kekuatan Tarik rata-rata (600 Mpa), modulus tarik rata-rata (17,85 Gpa), pertambahan panjang (3,36 %), diameter serat (5,8 µm), serta panjang serat (30,9240 cm). Namun bahan-bahan ini mempunyai karakteristik dan sifat fisika kimia yang berbeda-beda. Karakteristik menjadikan perlunya analisa agar menghasilkan pulp yang diinginkan berada pada kondisi optimal. Beberapa parameter yang diukur di antaranya, konsentrasi larutan NaOH dengan variasi 7% dan 9%, dengan variasi bahan baku 40-60% serta waktu pemasakan dengan variasi waktu 75, 90, 105, 120 dan 135 menit. Sehingga pada penelitian ini didapatkan kondisi optimumnya yakni pada rasio 40:60, dengan konsentrasi 9% dan waktu pemasakan selama 120 menit didapatkan nilai kadar lignin 11,21% dan kadar selulosa 68,94%. Oil palm empty fruit bunches or TKKS are solid wastes produced from the process of making palm oil which are cellulose (45.95%), ash content (1.23%), hemicellulose (22.84%), water content (3.74 %) and lignin (16.49%). Banana midrib has a high cellulose content but has not been used optimally which contains density (1.35 g/cm3), cellulose (63 -64 %), hemicellulose (20 %), lignin (5%), average tensile strength. average (600 Mpa), average tensile modulus (17.85 Gpa), increase in length (3.36%), fiber diameter (5.8 m), and fiber length (30,9240 cm). However, these materials have different physicochemical characteristics and properties. The characteristics make the need for analysis in order to produce the desired pulp in optimal conditions. Several parameters were measured including the concentration of NaOH solution with variations of 7% and 9%, with variations of raw materials 40-60% and cooking time with variations of 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 minutes. So that in this study the optimum conditions were obtained, namely at a ratio of 40:60, with a concentration of 9% and cooking time for 120 minutes, the lignin content was 11.21% and the cellulose content was 68.94%.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT JAGUNG DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI KERTAS KEMASAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Jurnal Zarah ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Oktaffi Oktaffi Arinna Manasikana
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Packaging Paper ◽  
High Cellulose

The increasing need for paper and the demands of the community for environmentally friendly technology is increasing, causing the need for a large supply of paper raw materials to the paper industry sector. The limited supply of raw materials for paper production caused by environmental issues causes the price of paper to rise. The content of bagasse is cellulose, pentosan, lignin and others, while the content of corn husk consists of ash, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. These components can be used as paper making materials because they have high cellulose content. The resulting paper is expected to be used as an environmentally friendly packaging material. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of corn husk waste and bagasse as an environmentally friendly packaging paper material, as well as to analyze the comparison between the composition of corn husk and sugarcane bagasse to produce the highest quality packaging paper . The test samples used in this study are tensile, elasticity and biodegradability tests. The results showed that corn husk waste and sugarcane bagasse have the potential to be environmentally friendly packaging paper. Paper with the best quality is compared to 25% corn husk and 75% bagasse with a tensile test of 14.8 N elasticity test of 13.33% and 50% biodegrated paper area.

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