Polyphenols Extracted from Shanxi-Aged Vinegar Inhibit Inflammation in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages and ICR Mice via the Suppression of MAPK/NF-κB Pathway Activation

Shanxi-aged vinegar, a traditional Chinese grain-fermented food that is rich in polyphenols, has been shown to have therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases. However, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenols extracted from Shanxi-aged vinegar (SAVEP) to date. The anti-inflammatory activities of SAVEP, both in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mice, were extensively investigated for the potential application of SAVEP as a novel anti-inflammatory agent. In order to confirm the notion that polyphenols could improve inflammatory symptoms, SAVEP was firstly detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 19 polyphenols were detected, including 12 phenolic acids. The study further investigated the protective effect of SAVEP on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and ICR mice. The results showed that compared with those of the model group, SAVEP could remarkably recover the inflammation of macrophage RAW264.7 and ICR mice. SAVEP can normalise the expression of related proteins via the suppression of MAPK/NF-κB pathway activation, inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins, and consequently the production of inflammatory factors, thus alleviating inflammatory stress. These results suggest that SAVEP may have a potential function against inflammation.

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Chitoheptaose Promotes Heart Rehabilitation in a Rat Myocarditis Model by Improving Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Properties

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/2394704 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Qini Zhao ◽

Liquan Yin ◽

Lirong Zhang ◽

Dongli Jiang ◽

Long Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Cardiac Morbidity ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

The Relationship ◽

Apoptotic Factors

Background. Myocarditis is one of the important causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) may have anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects on myocarditis. However, the exact molecular mechanism for the effects of functional COS on myocarditis remains unclear. Methods. Anti-inflammatory activities of COS (chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetraose, chitopentaose, chitohexaose, chitoheptaose, and chitooctaose) were measured in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A rat model with myocarditis was established and treated with chitopentaose, chitohexaose, chitoheptaose, and chitooctaose. Serum COS were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in all rats. Myocarditis injury, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inflammatory factors, and apoptotic factors were also measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to explore the relationship between the levels of ROS/RNS and cardiac parameters. Results. Among all chitosan oligosaccharides, the COS>degrees of polymerization DP 4 showed anti-inflammatory activities (the activity order was chitopentaose<chitohexaose<chitoheptaose<chitooctaose) by reducing the levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-17A, and interferon- (IFN-) γ and increasing the level of IL-10. However, the serum level of chitooctaose was low whereas it showed significant therapeutic effects on myocarditis by improving cardiac parameters (left ventricular internal dimension, both end-systolic and end-diastolic, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ), oxidative factors (ROS and RNS), and apoptotic factors (caspase 3, BAX, and BCL-2) when compared with chitopentaose, chitohexaose, and chitooctaose (COS DP>4). The levels of ROS/RNS had a strong relationship with cardiac parameters. Conclusions. Chitoheptaose plays a myriad of cardioprotective roles in the myocarditis model via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.

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MicroRNA-181a-5p regulates inflammatory response of macrophages in sepsis

Open Medicine ◽

10.1515/med-2019-0106 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 899-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zheng Huang ◽

Hang Xu

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Sirtuin 1 ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Pathway Activation

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of miR-181a-5p in sepsis, and to further explore the molecular mechanism. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 4 hours. Firstly, qRT-PCR and ELISA was adopted to evaluate the expression of miR-181a-5p and p ro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages a fter LPS stimulation. Results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines and miR-181a-5p were significantly increased after LPS treatment. Then, we identified that sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) was a direct target of miR-181a-5p and it was down-regulated in LPS treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the data suggested that the miR-181a-5p inhibitor significantly inhibited LPS enhanced inflammatory cytokines expression and NF-κB pathway activation, and these changes were eliminated by SIRT1 silencing. Moreover, the role of the miR-181a-5p inhibitor on sepsis was studied in vivo. We found that the miR-181a-5p inhibitor significantly decreased the secretion of inflammatory factors, and the levels of creatine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a serum for mice with sepsis. However, all the effects were reversed by SIRT1-siRNA. In summary, these results indicated that miR-181a-5p was involved in sepsis through regulating the inflammatory response by targeting SIRT1, suggesting that miR-181a-5p may be a potential target for the treatment of sepsis.

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Pentoxifylline Can Reduce the Inflammation Caused by LPS after Inhibiting Autophagy in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6698366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Danping Ruan ◽

Sinan Deng ◽

Zhonglong Liu ◽

Jie He

Keyword(s):

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Ampk Signaling ◽

Macrophage Cells ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophage ◽

In Cells

Pentoxifylline (PTX), as a methylxanthine derivative and nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has the characteristics of anti-inflammatory and partial inflammatory process inhibition. However, the regulatory effect of PTX on inflammatory cytokines is unclear. Autophagy can regulate the activation of inflammasomes and then inhibit inflammation as previously described. Our study attempts to explore the relationship between autophagy and PTX-mediated regulation of inflammasome suppression. Macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were studied as the in vitro macrophage model. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect caused by PTX with time and dose response against the LPS-induced inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β). Western blot detected the levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3, as well as the signal pathways of AMPK and p-AMPK. Fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the autophagy bodies in cells influenced by PTX. The autophagy in cells inhibited by PTX exhibited dose- and time-dependent effects, and PTX alleviated LPS-induced inflammation caused by retarded autophagy. Furthermore, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, our data indicated that AMPK signaling perhaps functioned importantly in repressed autophagy. In addition, in RAW264.7 macrophages, our data suggested that AMPK signaling might play an important role in inhibiting autophagy during the process of PTX ameliorating LPS-mediated inflammation.

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanol Extracts of Raw, Blanched, Steamed, and Sous-Vide Cooked Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in LPS or H2O2-Treated RAW264.7 Cells

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2432

Author(s):

Taenam Lee ◽

Nami Joo

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Sous Vide ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Antioxidant Effects

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. All parts of okra, including the pod, leaf, and branch, are edible, with the pod being especially enriched with sugars, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. It has beneficial effect against colitis, hepatitis, and gastric ulcer. However, studies on okra’s anti-inflammatory effects remain limited. It is known that cooking methods change nutrition and functional compounds in foods. In this study, we prepared ethanolic extracts of okra using four different cooking methods (raw, blanching, steaming, and sous-vide), and analyzed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell viability was similar between all four cooking methods, confirming that okra extracts (≤200 μg/mL) were not cytotoxic. All cooking methods inhibited nitric oxide production (indicator of inflammatory responses). Sous-vide cooking showed low inhibitory effect at 100–200 μg/mL of okra extract. Moreover, examining the mRNA expression of inducible cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β)) showed inhibitory effects by all cooking methods. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also reduced for all cooking methods, with sous-vide cooking showing the highest rate of reduction. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of raw and multimethod cooked okra. Notably, sous-vide cooking showed the greatest potential to improve okra’s therapeutic effects.

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Based on Proteomics Reveals the Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Phillygenin by Inhibition NF-κB Pathway

10.21203/rs.3.rs-90755/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mengting Zhou ◽

Yunqiu Tang ◽

Li Liao ◽

Meichen Liu ◽

Ying Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Docking ◽

Western Blot ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Inflammatory Genes ◽

Inflammatory Mechanism ◽

Pathway Activation ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Anti Inflammation

Abstract Background: Inflammation is a common pathological phenomenon when homeostasis is seriously disturbed. Phillygenin (PHI) is a lignin component isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, which showed a good anti-inflammation effect. However, the mechanisms of PHI on anti-inflammation have not yet been systematically elucidated.Methods: In the study, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model was established to investigate mechanisms of PHI on inflammation. The effect of PHI on LPS-induced IL-1β and PGE2 inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected by RT-qPCR. Proteomics studies the signaling pathways that may be affected by PHI. Molecular docking technology was used to study the possible targets of PHI on NF-kB pathway. Western blot was performed to detect progressive changes in protein expression.Results: The research showed that PHI significantly inhibited the robust increase of IL-1β and PGE2, and lowered the transcriptional level of inflammatory genes including IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Proteomics results indicated that PHI was involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Molecular docking results indicated that PHI has an affinity for most proteins in NF-kB pathway. Western blot analysis showed that PHI inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB pathway activation. Conclusion: PHI inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway, thereby inhibiting the expression of related inflammatory genes and the release of cytokines, thus showing remarkable anti-inflammatory effect.

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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of essential oils from three Eucalyptus species

Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences ◽

10.12982/cmujns.2021.091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Orapin Insuan ◽

◽

Benchaluk Thongchuai ◽

Rujirek Chaiwongsa ◽

Supaporn Khamchun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Principal Component ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Eucalyptus essential oils are used as traditional medicines in many countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf essential oils extracted from three different Eucalyptus species on HepG2 and RAW264.7 cells. Essential oils were distilled from fresh leaf samples, and the chemical constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of essential oils were determined using ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties. The results revealed that Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla leaf essential oils had a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes, whereas Eucalyptus deglupta contained a high amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Essential oils extracted from the three Eucalyptus species showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. E. citriodora and E. urophylla leaf essential oils had strong antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human HepG2 cells. Additionally, E. citriodora leaf essential oil, which contains a high amount of citronellal, exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils depended on their chemical composition. A principal component analysis explained 100% of the variance was performed to construct three groups based on the chemical components and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study suggests that E. citriodora leaf essential oil, which represents a good source of oxygenated monoterpenes, could be considered a potential phytochemical agent for the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation. Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory effect, Eucalyptus essential oils, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Principal component analysis

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Deciphering the Antitussive, Expectorant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of ShashamKyeongok-Go and Their Phytochemical Attributes: In Vivo Appraisal in ICR Mice

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1349

Author(s):

Jin-Ryul Hu ◽

Chul-Jong Jung ◽

Seong-Min Ku ◽

Dae-Hwa Jung ◽

Sae-Kwang Ku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodic Acid ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Icr Mice ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dose Dependent

In this paper, we hypothesized that ShashamKyeongok-go (SKOG) is a mixed preparation of Adenophorae Radix powder (AR) and Kyeongok-go (KOG). SKOG may be served as a novel preventive and/or therapeutic agent for various respiratory diseases. SKOG were orally administered to ICR mice at 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg once a day for 11 days to examine antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The NH4OH exposure-induced allergic acute inflammation with coughing responses was dose-dependently and significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited by pretreatment with SKOG at doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. With these concentrations of SKOG, the thickness of intrapulmonary secondary bronchus mucosa and the number of periodic acid Schiff stain-positive mucous-producing cells were significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) increased, as a result of the increased amount of phenol red secretion. Subsequently, SKOG showed significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activities as characterized by reducing the effects of xylene-induced increases of ear weight, thickness of total ear and ear dermis, and number of infiltrated inflammatory cells in the ear dermis, in a dose-dependent manner. These results supported that SKOG might have potential therapeutic effects to be used as an antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory agents in the prevention or treatment of chronic bronchitis and asthma.

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Epidermal green autofluorescence intensity is significantly associated with the serum levels of multiple cytokines of LPS-exposed mice

10.1101/823062 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yujia Li ◽

Mingchao Zhang ◽

Zhaoxia Yang ◽

Weihai Ying

Keyword(s):

Serum Levels ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Health State ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Stimulating Factor

AbstractInflammation plays various crucial pathological and physiological roles, in which a number of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators. It is of great scientific and clinical significance to search for non-invasive approaches for evaluating cytokine levels in the blood. Our previous study reported that epidermal green autofluorescence (AF) intensity of LPS-exposed mice is highly correlated with LPS doses. In our current study, we determined if epidermal green AF intensity is associated with the serum levels of various cytokines in the LPS-exposed mice. We found that both epidermal green AF intensity and LPS doses are significantly associated with the serum levels of key cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10. Both epidermal green AF intensity and LPS doses are also significantly associated with the pro-inflammatory factors including IL-2, IL-12(p40), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5), as well as anti-inflammatory factors including IL-5 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Our findings have suggested that detection of epidermal green AF intensity may become first approach for non-invasive evaluation of certain cytokine levels in human body, which could profoundly enhance our capacity to evaluate inflammation levels for monitoring health state, disease state and therapeutic effects.

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