scholarly journals Chitosan as an Underrated Polymer in Modern Tissue Engineering

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3019
Author(s):  
Marta Kołodziejska ◽  
Kamila Jankowska ◽  
Marta Klak ◽  
Michał Wszoła
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
Unique Chemical

Chitosan is one of the most well-known and characterized materials applied in tissue engineering. Due to its unique chemical, biological and physical properties chitosan is frequently used as the main component in a variety of biomaterials such as membranes, scaffolds, drug carriers, hydrogels and, lastly, as a component of bio-ink dedicated to medical applications. Chitosan’s chemical structure and presence of active chemical groups allow for modification for tailoring material to meet specific requirements according to intended use such as adequate endurance, mechanical properties or biodegradability time. Chitosan can be blended with natural (gelatin, hyaluronic acid, collagen, silk, alginate, agarose, starch, cellulose, carbon nanotubes, natural rubber latex, κ-carrageenan) and synthetic (PVA, PEO, PVP, PNIPPAm PCL, PLA, PLLA, PAA) polymers as well as with other promising materials such as aloe vera, silica, MMt and many more. Chitosan has several derivates: carboxymethylated, acylated, quaternary ammonium, thiolated, and grafted chitosan. Its versatility and comprehensiveness are confirming by further chitosan utilization as a leading constituent of innovative bio-inks applied for tissue engineering. This review examines all the aspects described above, as well as is focusing on a novel application of chitosan and its modifications, including the 3D bioprinting technique which shows great potential among other techniques applied to biomaterials fabrication.

scholarly journals Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Promita Bhattacharjee ◽  
Mark Ahearne
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Corneal Tissue ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Injectable Hydrogels ◽  
Corneal Regeneration ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

Medical conditions such as trachoma, keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy can damage the cornea, leading to visual deterioration and blindness and necessitating a cornea transplant. Due to the shortage of donor corneas, hydrogels have been investigated as potential corneal replacements. A key factor that influences the physical and biochemical properties of these hydrogels is how they are crosslinked. In this paper, an overview is provided of different crosslinking techniques and crosslinking chemical additives that have been applied to hydrogels for the purposes of corneal tissue engineering, drug delivery or corneal repair. Factors that influence the success of a crosslinker are considered that include material composition, dosage, fabrication method, immunogenicity and toxicity. Different crosslinking techniques that have been used to develop injectable hydrogels for corneal regeneration are summarized. The limitations and future prospects of crosslinking strategies for use in corneal tissue engineering are discussed. It is demonstrated that the choice of crosslinking technique has a significant influence on the biocompatibility, mechanical properties and chemical structure of hydrogels that may be suitable for corneal tissue engineering and regenerative applications.

scholarly journals Immunobiology and Application of Aloe vera-Based Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Saeedeh Darzi ◽  
Kallyanashis Paul ◽  
Shanilka Leitan ◽  
Jerome A. Werkmeister ◽  
Shayanti Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Foreign Body Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Body Response

Aloe vera (AV), a succulent plant belonging to the Liliaceae family, has been widely used for biomedical and pharmaceutical application. Its popularity stems from several of its bioactive components that have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and even immunomodulatory effects. Given such unique multi-modal biological impact, AV has been considered as a biomaterial for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications, where tissue repair and neo-angiogenesis are vital. This review outlines the growing scientific evidence that demonstrates the advantage of AV as tissue engineering scaffolds. We particularly highlight the recent advances in the application of AV-based scaffolds. From a tissue engineering perspective, it is pivotal that the implanted scaffolds strike an appropriate foreign body response to be well-accepted in the body without complications. Herein, we highlight the key cellular processes that regulate the foreign body response to implanted scaffolds and underline the immunomodulatory effects incurred by AV on the innate and adaptive system. Given that AV has several beneficial components, we discuss the importance of delving deeper into uncovering its action mechanism and thereby improving material design strategies for better tissue engineering constructs for biomedical applications.

Zwitterions: Promising Interfacial / Doping Materials for Organic / Perovskite Solar Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoyun Chen ◽  
Xudong Yang ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Bo Song
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Unique Chemical

Zwitterions, due to the unique chemical structure and electrical charges, has caught continuous attention in organic / perovskite solar cells (OSCs / PSCs). It is widely used as interfacial materials...

Chemical Depolymerisation of Natural Rubber in Biphasic Medium

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Suhawati ◽  
Asrul Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Biphasic Medium

The molecular weight of natural rubber (NR) can be reduced via depolymerization reaction to produce liquid natural rubber (LNR) with a molecular weight less than 50 000 g/mol. In the reaction, hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrite were added to natural rubber latex to initiate a redox type reaction which then breaks the NR chain. Low permeation of reagents into latex particles allows the degradation to occur greater at the latex particle surface relative to the inner core contributes to high molecular weight distribution (MWD) or polydispersity of the LNR obtained. In this recent works, the reaction was carried out in a biphasic medium consisting of water and toluene phases. Toluene swells latex particles as indicated by the SEM micrographs showing changes in the size of latex particles. This occurrence is suggested to increase the influx of reagents into the latex particles. Consequently, with higher permeation of reagents into the latex particles resulted in the decrease of molecular weight and lower polydispersity of the LNR obtained. Chemical structure analysize showed that the LNRs obtained were attached with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

Enhancement of Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Vegetable Oil Based Lubricant via Chemical Modification Techniques

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 695-699
Author(s):  
S. Arumugam ◽  
G. Sriram ◽  
A. Hemanth Sai Kumar Chowdary ◽  
Janga Subramanya Sai
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Unique Chemical

The rising demand for environmentally acceptable lubricant has led researchers to look to vegetable oils as an alternative to petroleum based lubricants. Vegetable oils have radically distinctive properties owing to their unique chemical structure which have greater ability to lubricate and have higher biodegradability. In spite of advantages, they are limited to inadequate thermo-oxidative stability and poor low-temperature properties which hinder their utilization. In the present study in order to produce a bio lubricant with good thermo-oxidative stability, rapeseed oil was subjected to two different chemical modification techniques viz., epoxidation method and successive transesterification method. The thermo-oxidative stability of formulated oil was analysed using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). TGA analysis divulges that the thermo-oxidative stability of rapeseed oil was greatly improved with the epoxidation method in comparison with the successive transesterification method.

scholarly journals Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications: Fucoidan and Chitosan as Key Players in the Drug Delivery Match Field

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Barbosa ◽  
Ana Joyce Coutinho ◽  
Sofia A. Costa Lima ◽  
Salette Reis
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Per Se

The use of marine-origin polysaccharides has increased in recent research because they are abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable. These features motivate their application in nanotechnology as drug delivery systems; in tissue engineering, cancer therapy, or wound dressing; in biosensors; and even water treatment. Given the physicochemical and bioactive properties of fucoidan and chitosan, a wide range of nanostructures has been developed with these polysaccharides per se and in combination. This review provides an outline of these marine polysaccharides, including their sources, chemical structure, biological properties, and nanomedicine applications; their combination as nanoparticles with descriptions of the most commonly used production methods; and their physicochemical and biological properties applied to the design of nanoparticles to deliver several classes of compounds. A final section gives a brief overview of some biomedical applications of fucoidan and chitosan for tissue engineering and wound healing.

Characteristics of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) in A.bulbifer Compared with that in A.rivieri and A.albus

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 2045-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Geng Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Konjac Glucomannan ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Southwest Part

Amorphophallus bulbifer (A. bulbifer) is a promising species in Amorphophallus sp., with great potentiality of developing, low risk for cultivation and considerable commercial benefits, mainly locates in tropical and subtropical regions or near the equator. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is the main component of Amorphophallus tuber which is a water-soluble dietary fiber. In this work, some physiochemical properties of KGM in three Amorphophallus species flour [one was A.bulbifer, the other two were current main species namely Amorphophallus rivieri (A. rivieri) and Amorphophallus albus (A. albus)] were studied and compared with each other. The KGM content in A. rivieri, A. albus and A. bulbifer flour were 85.03%, 76.28% and 88.07% (w/w), respectively. The apparent viscosity, viscosity average molecular weight, whiteness, gel-forming properties and chemical structure of KGM in the three flours were investigated by using viscometer, colorimeter, texture analyzer and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the viscosity and Mw of A. bulbifer was the largest, gel strength was almost same (p>0.05) and the molecular structure were of no differences of three KGM. It may be proposed that transplanting A. bulbifer from its native land in the tropical and subtropical regions to temperate zone in the southwest part of China would be feasible, and it would cause the revolution of Amorphophallus sp. and more considerable benefits.

scholarly journals Chitosan-Grafted Copolymers and Chitosan-Ligand Conjugates as Matrices for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Andrade ◽  
Francisco Goycoolea ◽  
Diego A. Chiappetta ◽  
José das Neves ◽  
Alejandro Sosnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Pulmonary Delivery ◽  
Pulmonary Drug Delivery ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Administration ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Chitosan Molecule ◽  
Nanosized Systems

Recently, much attention has been given to pulmonary drug delivery by means of nanosized systems to treat both local and systemic diseases. Among the different materials used for the production of nanocarriers, chitosan enjoys high popularity due to its inherent characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesion, among others. Through the modification of chitosan chemical structure, either by the addition of new chemical groups or by the functionalization with ligands, it is possible to obtain derivatives with advantageous and specific characteristics for pulmonary administration. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of using chitosan for nanotechnology-based pulmonary delivery of drugs and summarize the most recent and promising modifications performed to the chitosan molecule in order to improve its characteristics.

Modified Poly-ε-Caprolactone (PCL) with Phosphorous Containing Compounds for Biomineralization

2007 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervi Puska ◽  
Joni Korventausta ◽  
Allan Aho ◽  
Jukka Seppälä
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Fabrication Technique ◽  
Biomimetic Mineralization ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Composite Fabrication ◽  
Phosphate Salts

Biodegradable polymers (e.g. poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL) have been studied largely for tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composite fabrication technique on PCL modified with the phosphate salts (i.e. NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, or K2HPO4) as well as to determine the compression strengths thereof. The chemical structure and morphology of composites were analyzed using FTIR and SEM/EDX. The influence of a plain phosphate salt in different quantities on the hydrophilic properties of PCL was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle. The results of this study indicated that the addition of phosphate salts led to an improvement in compression strength of PCL composites. According to the results of preliminary biomimetic mineralization, Na2HPO4 seems to increase the bioactivity of PCL.

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