Gut Microbiota Modulation by Dietary Barley Malt Melanoidins

Melanoidins are the final Maillard reaction products (protein–carbohydrate complexes) produced in food by prolonged and intense heating. We assessed the impact of the consumption of melanoidins from barley malts on gut microbiota. Seventy-five mice were assigned into five groups, where the control group consumed a non-melanoidin malt diet, and other groups received melanoidin-rich malts in increments of 25% up to 100% melanoidin malts. Feces were sampled at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 and the microbiota was determined using V4 bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by gas chromatography. Increased melanoidins was found to result in significantly divergent gut microbiota profiles and supported sustained SCFA production. The relative abundance of Dorea, Oscillibacter, and Alisitpes were decreased, while Lactobacillus, Parasutterella, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Barnesiella increased. Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp. were significantly increased in mice consuming the highest melanoidin amounts, suggesting remarkable prebiotic potential.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum BW2013 on The Gut Microbiota in Mice Analyzed by 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2021-022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 235-243

Author(s):

TONG TONG ◽

XIAOHUI NIU ◽

QIAN LI ◽

YUXI LING ◽

ZUMING LI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dose Group ◽

Low Dose ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Control Group ◽

High Dose ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Medium Dose

Lactobacillus plantarum BW2013 was isolated from the fermented Chinese cabbage. This study aimed to test the effect of this strain on the gut microbiota in BALB/c mice by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The mice were randomly allocated to the control group and three treatment groups of L. plantarum BW2013 (a low-dose group of 108 CFU/ml, a medium-dose group of 109 CFU/ml, and a high-dose group of 1010 CFU/ml). The weight of mice was recorded once a week, and the fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing after 28 days of continuous treatment. Compared with the control group, the body weight gain in the treatment groups was not significant. The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis showed that both the Chao1 and ACE indexes increased slightly in the medium-dose group compared to the control group, but the difference was not significant. Based on PCoA results, there was no significant difference in β diversity between the treatment groups. Compared to the control group, the abundance of Bacteroidetes increased in the low-dose group. The abundance of Firmicutes increased in the medium-dose group. At the genus level, the abundance of Alloprevotella increased in the low-dose group compared to the control group. The increased abundance of Ruminococcaceae and decreased abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas was observed in the medium-dose group. Additionally, the abundance of Bacteroides increased, and Alistipes and Candidatus_Saccharimonas decreased in the high-dose group. These results indicated that L. plantarum BW2013 could ameliorate gut microbiota composition, but its effects vary with the dose.

Download Full-text

Korean Traditional Medicine (Jakyakgamcho-tang) Ameliorates Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo9100226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seung-Ho Seo ◽

Tatsuya Unno ◽

Seong-Eun Park ◽

Eun-Ju Kim ◽

Yu-Mi Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Control Group ◽

Scaling Analysis ◽

Aminosalicylic Acid ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Korean Traditional Medicine ◽

Gut Microbial Community

The objective of this study was to examine the anti-colitis activity of Jakyakgamcho-tang (JGT) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and explore changes of the gut microbial community using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metabolomics approaches. It was found that treatment with JGT or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) alleviated the severity of colitis symptoms by suppressing inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ. The non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of gut microbiome revealed that JGT groups were clearly separated from the DSS group, suggesting that JGT administration altered gut microbiota. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were decreased by DSS but increased by JGT include Akkermansia and Allobaculum. On the other hand, OTUs that were increased by DSS but decreased by 5-ASA or JGT treatments include Bacteroidales S24-7, Ruminococcaceae, and Rikenellaceae, and the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Oscillospira, and Coprobacillus. After JGT administration, the metabolites, including most amino acids and lactic acid that were altered by colitis induction, became similar to those of the control group. This study demonstrates that JGT might have potential to effectively treat colitis by restoring dysbiosis of gut microbiota and host metabolites.

Download Full-text

Half-Elemental Diet Shifts the Human Intestinal Bacterial Compositions and Metabolites: A Pilot Study with Healthy Individuals

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/7086939 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Jun Miyoshi ◽

Daisuke Saito ◽

Mio Nakamura ◽

Miki Miura ◽

Tatsuya Mitsui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Elemental Diet ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

The Impact ◽

Time Point

Background and Aim. Half-elemental diet (ED) (900 kcal/day of ED) has clinical efficacy to treat Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the underlying mechanisms of how the ED exerts its efficacy remain unclear. Alterations of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have been reported to play a role in CD pathogenesis. Many variables including diet affect the gut microbiota. We hypothesized that half-ED has the potential to change the gut microbiota composition and functions leading to anti-inflammatory actions. Given that inflammation can be a confounding factor affecting the intestinal microbiota, we aimed to test our hypothesis among healthy individuals in this pilot study. Methods. This prospective study included four healthy volunteers. The subjects continued their dietary habits for 2 weeks after the registration of the study and then started half-ED replacing 900 kcal of the regular diet with ED (time point 1, T1). The subjects continued half-ED for 2 weeks (T2). After the withdrawal of ED, subjects resumed their original dietary habits for 2 weeks (T3). Fecal samples were collected from all subjects at all time points, T1-3. Fecal DNA and metabolites were extracted from the samples. We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomic analysis to examine the bacterial compositions and intestinal metabolites. Results. There were differences in the gut bacterial compositions and metabolites at each time point as well as overtime changing patterns between subjects. Several bacteria and metabolites including short-chain fatty acids and bile acids altered significantly across the subjects. The bacterial membership and intestinal metabolites at T3 were different from T1 in all subjects. Conclusions. Half-ED shifts the gut bacterial compositions and metabolites. The changes varied with each individual, while some microbes and metabolites change commonly across individuals. The impact of half-ED may persist even after the withdrawal. This trial is registered with UMIN ID: 000031920.

Download Full-text

Synbiotics impact on dominant faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids production in sows

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1093/femsle/fnz157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 (13) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katarzyna Śliżewska ◽

Agnieszka Chlebicz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

High Performance ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Short Chain ◽

Control Group ◽

The Impact ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of synbiotics on intestinal microbiota and its metabolism in sows. Three different synbiotics were administered with feed to animals from three experimental groups. Two groups of sows were given commercially available probiotics (BioPlus 2B®, Cylactin® LBC) as forage additives for comparison. The control group of sows was given unmodified fodder. The study was conducted for 48 days (10 days before farrowing, and continued 38 days after) and faeces samples were collected four times. The scope of this work was to designate the dominant microbiota in sows’ faeces. Therefore, the total number of anaerobic bacteria, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Bacteroides sp., Clostridium sp., Enterococcus sp., Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and yeast was determined, using the plate method. Changes in the concentration of lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were also determined in correlation with the feed additives administered to the sows using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC). Our results allowed us to conclude that synbiotics have a beneficial effect on intestinal microbiota of sows and its metabolism. We observed that the impact of the synbiotics on the microbiota was more significant than the one induced by probiotics.

Download Full-text

Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota, the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Secondary Bile Acids in Rats

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2464

Author(s):

Zhan-Dong Yang ◽

Yi-Shan Guo ◽

Jun-Sheng Huang ◽

Ya-Fei Gao ◽

Fei Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Control Group ◽

Secondary Bile Acid ◽

Prebiotic Activity ◽

Secondary Bile Acids ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

In vitro experiments have indicated prebiotic activity of isomaltulose, which stimulates the growth of probiotics and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the absence of in vivo trials undermines these results. This study aims to investigate the effect of isomaltulose on composition and functionality of gut microbiota in rats. Twelve Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the IsoMTL group was given free access to water containing 10% isomaltulose (w/w), and the control group was treated with normal water for five weeks. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that ingestion of isomaltulose increased the abundances of beneficial microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium, and decreased levels of pathogens, including Shuttleworthia. Bacterial functional prediction showed that isomaltulose affected gut microbial functionalities, including secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated that isomaltulose supplementation enhanced cholic acid concentration, and reduced levels of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Moreover, the concentrations of propionate and butyrate were elevated in the rats administered with isomaltulose. This work suggests that isomaltulose modulates gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs and secondary bile acids in rats, which provides a scientific basis on the use of isomaltulose as a prebiotic.

Download Full-text

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Protected Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2137

Author(s):

María Bernad-Roche ◽

Andrea Bellés ◽

Laura Grasa ◽

Alejandro Casanova-Higes ◽

Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Sodium Butyrate ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Clostridium Butyricum ◽

Control Group ◽

Gut Health ◽

Body Weight Reduction

The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. The low-represented phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG (p = 0.032). Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Peptococcaceae and Terrisporobacter were increased in the TG. Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. Regarding species, only Clostridium butyricum was increased in the TG (p = 0.048). Clostridium butyricum is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters.

Download Full-text

Synbiotics impact on dominant faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids production in sows

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1093/femsle/fnz157s ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i133-i146

Author(s):

Katarzyna Śliżewska ◽

Agnieszka Chlebicz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

High Performance ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Short Chain ◽

Control Group ◽

The Impact ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Download Full-text

DOP03 The impact of elemental diet on the human gut microbial structure and intestinal metabolites

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S042-S043

Author(s):

J Miyoshi ◽

D Saito ◽

M Nakamura ◽

M Miura ◽

T Mitsui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Elemental Diet ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Time Points ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease (CD) are increasing globally. The efficacy of elemental nutrition (EN) for CD has been reported for decades. Recent studies demonstrated that elemental diet (ED), one of the types of EN, which contains individual amino acids, sugars (mono- or polysaccharides), and low fat, improves the anti-TNFa antibody therapy outcome by reducing the loss of response and has the preventive effect against the postoperative recurrence. Given its excellent safety, ED can be a promising concomitant therapeutic option for CD. However, the underlying mechanisms of ED remain unclear. Imbalance of the gut microbiota, dysbiosis, is thought to be involved in CD pathogenesis. Meanwhile, diet influences gut microbiota. We hypothesised that ED exerts clinical efficacy by shifting the gut microbiota to the anti-inflammatory environment. We also believe that investigating human samples is crucial to obtain mechanistic insights into ED therapy, considering species-specific differences in interactions between the host and microbiota. In this study, we examined the impact of ED on the intestinal bacterial compositions as well as metabolites in human subjects. Methods Four healthy individuals participated in the study. The subjects continued their dietary habits for 2 weeks after the registration of the study and then replaced 900 kcal/day of their regular diet with 900 kcal/day of ED (time point 1, T1). ED was continued for 2 weeks (T2). After the withdrawal of ED, subjects resumed their original dietary habits for 2 weeks until the endpoint of this study (T3). Faecal samples were collected from all subjects at all time points, T1-3. Faecal DNA and metabolites were extracted and analysed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomic analysis, respectively. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyorin University School of Medicine (IRB No. 720) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results Interindividual differences were observed in the gut bacterial compositions (Figure 1) as well as metabolites (Figure 2) at all time points. Changes over time varied among subjects. On the other hand, some bacteria (e.g. [Ruminococcus] gnavus group and Parabacteroides) and metabolites including short-chain fatty acids and bile acids changed significantly between time points among the 4 subjects. The bacterial and metabolite profiles at T3 were different from those T1 in all subjects. Conclusion The alterations of the gut microbiota induced by ED vary with each individual. Some microbes and metabolites change commonly across the subjects. ED may have a lasting effect on the gut environment even after the withdrawal.

Download Full-text

Manipulation of the gut microbiota by the use of prebiotic fibre does not override a genetic predisposition to heart failure

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73614-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hamdi A. Jama ◽

April Fiedler ◽

Kirill Tsyganov ◽

Erin Nelson ◽

Duncan Horlock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Genetic Model ◽

Genetic Disorders ◽

Control Diet ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Significant Shift ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing

Abstract Increasing evidence supports a role for the gut microbiota in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and its progression to heart failure (HF). Dietary fibre has emerged as a modulator of the gut microbiota, resulting in the release of gut metabolites called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate. We have shown previously that fibre or acetate can protect against hypertension and heart disease in certain models. HF is also commonly caused by genetic disorders. In this study we investigated whether the intake of fibre or direct supplementation with acetate could attenuate the development of HF in a genetic model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) due to overexpression of the cardiac specific mammalian sterile 20-like kinase (Mst1). Seven-week-old male mice DCM mice and littermate controls (wild-type, C57BL/6) were fed a control diet (with or without supplementation with 200 mM magnesium acetate in drinking water), or a high fibre diet for 7 weeks. We obtained hemodynamic, morphological, flow cytometric and gene expression data. The gut microbiome was characterised by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Fibre intake was associated with a significant shift in the gut microbiome irrespective of mouse genotype. However, neither fibre or supplementation with acetate were able to attenuate cardiac remodelling or cardiomyocyte apoptosis in Mst1 mice. Furthermore, fibre and acetate did not improve echocardiographic or hemodynamic parameters in DCM mice. These data suggest that although fibre modulates the gut microbiome, neither fibre nor acetate can override a strong genetic contribution to the development of heart failure in the Mst1 model.

Download Full-text

Third generation cephalosporins and piperacillin/tazobactam have distinct impacts on the microbiota of critically ill patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85946-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hasinika K. A. H. Gamage ◽

Carola Venturini ◽

Sasha G. Tetu ◽

Masrura Kabir ◽

Vineet Nayyar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Control Group ◽

Third Generation ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

The Impact ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽

Microbiota Diversity

AbstractEffective implementation of antibiotic stewardship, especially in critical care, is limited by a lack of direct comparative investigations on how different antibiotics impact the microbiota and antibiotic resistance rates. We investigated the impact of two commonly used antibiotics, third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) on the endotracheal, perineal and faecal microbiota of intensive care patients in Australia. Patients exposed to either 3GC, TZP, or no β-lactams (control group) were sampled over time and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed to examine microbiota diversity and composition. While neither treatment significantly affected diversity, numerous changes to microbiota composition were associated with each treatment. The shifts in microbiota composition associated with 3GC exposure differed from those observed with TZP, consistent with previous reports in animal models. This included a significant increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae abundance in endotracheal and perineal microbiota for those administered 3GC compared to the control group. Culture-based analyses did not identify any significant changes in the prevalence of specific pathogenic or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Exposure to clinical antibiotics has previously been linked to reduced microbiota diversity and increased antimicrobial resistance, but our results indicate that these effects may not be immediately apparent after short-term real-world exposures.

Download Full-text