Influence of In Vitro Digestion on Composition, Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Food Polyphenols—A Non-Systematic Review

There is increased interest in following a healthy lifestyle and consuming a substantial portion of secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, due to their benefits for the human body. Food products enriched with various forms of fruits and vegetables are sources of pro-health components. Nevertheless, in many cases, the level of their activities is changed in in vivo conditions. The changes are strictly connected with processes in the digestive system that transfigure the structure of the active compounds and simultaneously keep or modify their biological activities. Much attention has focused on their bioavailability, a prerequisite for further physiological functions. As human studies are time consuming, costly and restricted by ethical concerns, in vitro models for investigating the effects of digestion on these compounds have been developed to predict their release from the food matrix, as well as their bioaccessibility. Most typically, models simulate digestion in the oral cavity, the stomach, the small intestine and, occasionally, the large intestine. The presented review aims to discuss the impact of in vitro digestion on the composition, bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of food polyphenols. Additionally, we consider the influence of pH on antioxidant changes in the aforementioned substances.

Download Full-text

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Plants Belonging to the Cephalaria (Caprifoliaceae) Genus

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10050952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 952

Author(s):

Małgorzata Chrząszcz ◽

Barbara Krzemińska ◽

Rafał Celiński ◽

Katarzyna Szewczyk

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Antioxidative Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Antioxidant Effect ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Phenolic Composition

The genus Cephalaria, belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is a rich source of interesting secondary metabolites, including mainly saponins which display a variety of biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and hemolytic effects. Besides these compounds, flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in Cephalaria species. Cephalaria is employed in traditional medicine e.g., to cure cardiac and lung diseases, rheumatism, and regulate menstruation. In this review we focus on the phenolic compound composition and antioxidative activity of Cephalaria species. The antioxidant effect can be explained by flavonoids present in all parts of these plants. However, future efforts should concentrate more on in vitro and in vivo studies and also on clinical trials in order to confirm the possibility of using these plants as natural antioxidants for the pharmacology, food or cosmetic industries.

Download Full-text

Biological Properties of 6-Gingerol: A Brief Review

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900736 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shaopeng Wang ◽

Caihua Zhang ◽

Guang Yang ◽

Yanzong Yang

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Inhibition Of Angiogenesis ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Pharmacologically Active

Numerous studies have revealed that regular consumption of certain fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of many diseases. The rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger) is consumed worldwide as a spice and herbal medicine. It contains pungent phenolic substances collectively known as gingerols. 6-Gingerol is the major pharmacologically-active component of ginger. It is known to exhibit a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. 6-Gingerol has been found to possess anticancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cytotoxic activity, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Thus, due to its efficacy and regulation of multiple targets, as well as its safety for human use, 6-gingerol has received considerable interest as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases. Taken together, this review summarizes the various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological aspects of 6-gingerol and the underlying mechanisms.

Download Full-text

Pharmacological potential of naturally occurring nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP)

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2015.4607 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 307-310

Author(s):

Dhwani T. Dave ◽

◽

Gaurang B. Shah ◽

Keyword(s):

Water Extract ◽

Plant Metabolites ◽

Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Pharmacological Potential ◽

Crude Polysaccharide ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Promising Source

Since ancient times, plants have been serving as a promising source of medicines and in recent times, extensive research has been made to isolate, characterize and screen a number of phytoconstituents/secondary plant metabolites for their pharmacological activities and safety in various disease models – both in vitro and in vivo. One such category of phytoconstituents is “polysaccharides”. These are found in different parts of the plant such as roots, leaves, stem and leaves and are extracted maximally in polar solvent – for eg. water extract of the afore mentioned plant parts contain the crude polysaccharide fraction. These are non-starch type in nature and can be a mixture of more than one type of polysaccharide too. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss such therapeutically active plant polysaccharides in terms of their wide pharmacologically active profile along with methods to isolate and characterize them in brief.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Andean Blueberry in Bioactive Compounds, Evaluation of Biological Properties and in vitro Bioaccessibility

10.20944/preprints202009.0055.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nieves Baenas ◽

Jenny Ruales ◽

Diego A. Moreno ◽

Daniel Alejandro Barrio ◽

Carla M. Stinco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Biological Activities ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Wide Range ◽

Zebrafish Embryogenesis

Andean blueberries are wild berries grown and consumed in Ecuador which contain high values of bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins, with powerful antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile and contents of (poly)phenols and carotenoids in Andean blueberry by HPLC-DAD-MSn and determine a wide range of its biological activities. The antioxidant capacity of this fruit was evaluated in vitro by three different methods and in vivo using the zebrafish animal model, also the toxicity effect was determined by the zebrafish embryogenesis test. Besides, the antimicrobial activity and the capacity of Andean blueberry to produce hemagglutination in blood cells were evaluated. Finally, the bioaccessibility of (poly)phenols and related antioxidant capacity were determined in the different phases of an in vitro digestion. The global results indicated no toxicity of Andean blueberry, weakly bacteriostatic activity, and high contents of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity, which were partially bioaccesible in vitro (~ 50 % at the final intestinal step), contributing to the knowledge of its health benefits for consumers and its potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as functional ingredient.

Download Full-text

Anti-inflammatory Natural Prenylated Phenolic Compounds - Potential Lead Substances

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170810161157 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 1094-1159 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Viliam Brezani ◽

Karel Smejkal ◽

Jan Hosek ◽

Veronika Tomasova

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Antiinflammatory Effect ◽

Plant Metabolites ◽

Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽

In Vivo Assays ◽

Biochemical Systems ◽

The Common ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Natural phenolics are secondary plant metabolites, which can be divided into several categories with the common structural feature of phenolic hydroxyl. The biological activity of phenolics is often modified and enhanced by prenylation by prenyl and geranyl; higher terpenoid chains are rare. The type of prenyl connection and modification affects their biological activity. Objective: This review summarizes information about prenylated phenols and some of their potential sources, and provides an overview of their anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo. Method: The literature search was performed using SciFinder and keywords prenyl, phenol, and inflammation. For individual compounds, an additional search was performed to find information about further activities and mechanisms of effects. Result: We summarized the effects of prenylated phenolics in vitro in cellular or biochemical systems on the production and release of inflammation-related cytokines; their effects on inhibition of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; the effects on production of nitric oxide, antiradical and antioxidant activity; and the effect on the inhibition of the release of enzymes and mediators from neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages. The information about the antiphlogistic potential of prenylated phenolics is further supported by a review of their action in animal models. Conclusion: Almost 400 prenylated phenols were reviewed to overview their antiinflammatory effect. The bioactivity of several prenylated phenols was confirmed also using in vivo assays. A pool of natural prenylated phenols represents a source of inspiration for synthesis, and prenylated phenols as components of various medicinal plants used to combat inflammation could be their active principles.

Download Full-text

Insight into the Influence of Cultivar Type, Cultivation Year, and Site on the Lignans and Related Phenolic Profiles, and the Health-Promoting Antioxidant Potential of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23102636 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2636 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Laurine Garros ◽

Samantha Drouet ◽

Cyrielle Corbin ◽

Cédric Decourtil ◽

Thibaud Fidel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Major Influence ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

The Impact

Flaxseeds are a functional food representing, by far, the richest natural grain source of lignans, and accumulate substantial amounts of other health beneficial phenolic compounds (i.e., flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids). This specific accumulation pattern is related to their numerous beneficial effects on human health. However, to date, little data is available concerning the relative impact of genetic and geographic parameters on the phytochemical yield and composition. Here, the major influence of the cultivar over geographic parameters on the flaxseed phytochemical accumulation yield and composition is evidenced. The importance of genetic parameters on the lignan accumulation was further confirmed by gene expression analysis monitored by RT-qPCR. The corresponding antioxidant activity of these flaxseed extracts was evaluated, both in vitro, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron chelating assays, as well as in vivo, by monitoring the impact of UV-induced oxidative stress on the lipid membrane peroxidation of yeast cells. Our results, both the in vitro and in vivo studies, confirm that flaxseed extracts are an effective protector against oxidative stress. The results point out that secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, caffeic acid glucoside, and p-coumaric acid glucoside are the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity. Considering the health benefits of these compounds, the present study demonstrates that the flaxseed cultivar type could greatly influence the phytochemical intakes and, therefore, the associated biological activities. We recommend that this crucial parameter be considered in epidemiological studies dealing with flaxseeds.

Download Full-text

Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13114025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 4025

Author(s):

Linda Nezbedova ◽

Tony McGhie ◽

Mark Christensen ◽

Julian Heyes ◽

Noha Ahmed Nasef ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Plant Metabolites ◽

Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽

Secondary Plant Metabolites

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple ‘hallmarks of cancer’ that are important in the progression of cancer.

Download Full-text

Antioxidant Activity of Pigmented Rice and Impact on Health

JURNAL PANGAN ◽

10.33964/jp.v28i1.416 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 11-22

Author(s):

Arfina Sukmawati Arifin

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Cell Damage ◽

The Body ◽

Food Sources

The high number of free radicals that are not balanced with the amount of antioxidants in the body triggers oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes impaired vascular function, damage to proteins and lipids in membrane cell, and nucleic acid (DNA) mutations. Chronic cell damage has a negative effect on tissue that triggers various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and others), cataracts, retinal damage, maculopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, stroke, diabetes mellitus , immunodepression, cancer, aging, hyperoxia, dermatitis, and others. The application of a healthy lifestyle for example by consuming food sources of bioactive compounds can minimize health risks. Rice is the staple food of the Indonesian people. Some types of rice contain red and black pigments which are known to have high antioxidant activity compared to white rice. The pigment comes from anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. Various studies in vitro and in vivo prove that anthocyanin and proantocyanidine act as antioxidants and potency as a preventative for various diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus, and etc.

Download Full-text

Naturally Available Flavonoid Aglycones as Potential Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26216559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (21) ◽

pp. 6559

Author(s):

Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy ◽

Mai M. Farid ◽

Ahmed Mostafa ◽

Alia Y. Ragheb ◽

Sara H. Mahmoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Docking Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Plant Metabolites ◽

Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽

Flavonoid Aglycones

Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites that have been studied for a long time for their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases because of their cytokine-modulatory effects. Five flavonoid aglycones were isolated and identified from the hydrolyzed aqueous methanol extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek. They were identified as taxifolin (1), pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), gardenin B (4), and hispidulin (5). These structures were elucidated based on chromatographic and spectral analysis. In this study, molecular docking studies were carried out for the isolated and identified compounds against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (α-ketoamide inhibitor (KI), IC50 = 66.72 µg/mL) as a reference standard. Moreover, in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated. Compounds 2 and 3 showed the highest virus inhibition with IC50 12.4 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. Our findings recommend further advanced in vitro and in vivo studies of the examined isolated flavonoids, especially pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), and gardenin B (4), either alone or in combination with each other to identify a promising lead to target SARS-CoV-2 effectively. This is the first report of the activity of these compounds against SARS-CoV-2.

Download Full-text

Some biological activities of pigments extracted from Micrococcus roseus (PTCC 1411) and Rhodotorula glutinis (PTCC 5257)

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1177/0394632016673846 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 684-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hossein Rostami ◽

Hassan Hamedi ◽

Mahmoud Yolmeh

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Synthetic Pigments ◽

Micrococcus Roseus ◽

Higher Sensitivity

The importance of replacing synthetic pigments with natural types is increasing day by day in the food industry due to the harmful effects of some synthetic pigments. Microorganisms are a major source of natural pigments, which nowadays have attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, carotenoid pigments were produced by Micrococcus roseus and Rhodotorula glutinis, and some of their biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. Given the results, bacteria, especially gram-positive bacteria, had higher sensitivity to the pigments extracted from M. roseus (PEM) and R. glutinis (PER) compared to molds so that Bacillus cereus and Alternaria citri had the highest and the lowest sensitivity, respectively. PER showed a higher antioxidant activity compared with PEM in the various methods of measuring antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor-promoting activities of PER were measured significantly more than PEM ( P <0.05). Both pigment extracts remarkably inhibited the 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation, so that ID50 (50% inhibitory dose) of PEM and PER were 0.22 and 0.09 mg/ear, respectively.

Download Full-text