scholarly journals Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina ◽  
Mohd Rosly Shaari ◽  
Nur Mahiza Md Isa ◽  
Mokrish Ajat ◽  
Mohd Zamri-Saad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Generation Vaccine ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Bovine Theileriosis ◽  
Molecular Adjuvants

Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.

scholarly journals COVID -19 in Geriatric Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Pratiksha S. Thakare ◽  
Samruddhi Gujar ◽  
Shakib Sheikh ◽  
Vrushali Dighikar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Center

The causative factors of Coronavirus disease mainly the viruses. Through news we aware that pneumonia cases seen recently in Wuhan city, China. Due to unknown causes. Coronaviruses that cause illness such as a common cold. The Coronavirus infection identified with respiratory symptoms and pneumonia, the severe form of coronavirus infection mainly associated with death and low immune system patients. It is very important for us to more focus on geriatric people because in our countries, geriatric group people facing health problems at this present situation. According to articles Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology, and Mitigation Strategies, in that said geriatric people and low immune system patient with symptoms related history are more prone to COVID infection. But according to recent information by WHO all people are at risk of coronavirus but mostly geriatric people facing more risk of developing a severe respiratory infection. Geriatric people easily get coronavirus syndrome due to physical changes that occur as increasing age. There were 95% of these deaths seen in geriatric people above 60 years older. Above 50% of all fatal conditions occurred in geriatric people between 60- 80 years ago. There having disease control and prevention center, which indicate that rates of hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions and mortality reported among COVID-19 cases in the United States are substantially higher among patients older than 45 years compared with younger patients, with case-fatality rates exceeding 1.4% among patients aged 55 to 64 years and exceeding 2.7% among those aged 65 to 74 years.

scholarly journals A single cell atlas reveals distinct immune landscapes in transplant and primary tumors that determine response or resistance to immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Wisdom ◽  
Yvonne M. Mowery ◽  
Cierra S. Hong ◽  
Xiaodi Qin ◽  
Dadong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Tumor Models ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Tumor Clearance ◽  
Patient Responses ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
Cell Phenotypes

AbstractDespite impressive responses in some patients, immunotherapy fails to cure most cancer patients. Preclinical studies indicate that radiotherapy synergizes with immunotherapy, promoting radiation-induced antitumor immunity. Nearly all preclinical immunotherapy studies utilize transplant tumor models, but cure rates of transplant tumor models treated with immunotherapy often overestimate patient responses. Here, we show that transplant tumors are cured by PD-1 blockade and radiotherapy, but identical treatment fails in autochthonous tumors. We generated a single-cell atlas of tumor-infiltrating immune cells from transplant and primary tumors treated with radiation and immunotherapy, which reveals striking differences in their immune landscapes. Although radiotherapy remodels myeloid cell phenotypes in primary and transplant tumors, only transplant tumors are enriched for CD8+ T cells that mediate tumor clearance while mice with primary sarcomas demonstrate tumor-specific tolerance. These results identify distinct microenvironments in tumors that coevolve with the immune system, which promote tolerance that must be overcome for immune-mediated cancer cures.

scholarly journals  Acute pancreatitis, azotaemia, cholestasis and haemolytic anaemia in a dog: a case report

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Guadarrama-Olhovich ◽  
LE Garcia Ortuno ◽  
JA Ruiz Remolina ◽  
C. Lopez Buitrago ◽  
J. Ramirez Lezama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Haemolytic Anaemia ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Left Shift ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Base Disorder

We here report acute pancreatitis with multiorganic complications in a female Cocker Spaniel. The most important alterations in clinical pathology were renal azotaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia with a prevalence of conjugated bilirrubin and increased alkaline phosphatase by cholestasis; hyperamylasaemia due to pancreatitis; dehydration, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia related to vomiting; metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis corresponding to mixed acid-base disorder; markedly regenerative anaemia with spherocytes and agglutination due to immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and intravascular haemolysis; leukocytosis with a left shift. Proteinuria, glucosuria, bilirubinuria and haemoglobinuria were detected in the urine. Severe suppurative pancreatitis with peripancreatic necrosis and suppurative esteatitis, tubulorrhectic nephrosis, severe hepatitis and intrahepatic cholestasis corresponded with alterations described by clinical pathology. In order to diagnose acute pancreatitis in dogs with multiple complications, it is very important to integrate the results of clinical pathology with the anamnesis and physical examination of the animal. It is especially important to note that the serum activity of amylase correlates with time after the pancreatic attack.

scholarly journals Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study of a Lyophilized Recombinant Protective Antigen-Based Anthrax Vaccine Adjuvanted With CpG 7909

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Savransky ◽  
Michael Lacy ◽  
Boris Ionin ◽  
Mario H. Skiadopoulos ◽  
Jeffry Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Repeat Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Anthrax Vaccine ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Generation Vaccine ◽  
Recombinant Protective Antigen

A recombinant protective antigen (rPA) anthrax vaccine candidate (rPA7909) was developed as a next-generation vaccine indicated for postexposure prophylaxis of disease resulting from suspected or confirmed Bacillus anthracis exposure. The lyophilized form of rPA7909-vaccinated candidate contains 75 µg purified rPA, 750 µg aluminum (as Alhydrogel adjuvant), and 250 µg of an immunostimulatory Toll-like receptor 9 agonist oligodeoxynucleotide CpG 7909 in a 0.5 mL phosphate-buffered suspension. General toxicity and local reactogenicity were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats vaccinated with the full human dose of rPA7909 by intramuscular injection. Animals were immunized on study days 1, 15, and 29. Control groups were administered diluent only or adjuvant control (excipients, CpG 7909, and Alhydrogel adjuvant in diluent) intramuscularly at the same dose volume and according to the same schedule used for rPA7909. Toxicity was assessed based on the results of clinical observations, physical examinations, body weights, injection site reactogenicity, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, and serum chemistry), organ weights, and macroscopic and microscopic pathology evaluation. The immune response to rPA7909 vaccination was confirmed by measuring serum anti-PA immunoglobulin G levels. The rPA7909 vaccine produced no apparent systemic toxicity and only transient reactogenicity at the injection site. The injection site reaction from animals receiving the adjuvant control was very similar to those receiving rPA7909 with respect to the inflammation. The inflammatory response observed in the injection site and the draining lymph nodes was consistent with expected immune stimulation. The overall results indicated a favorable safety profile for rPA7909.

scholarly journals Environment, interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host, and health

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S32-S44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio R. L. Teixeira ◽  
Clever Gomes ◽  
Silene P. Lozzi ◽  
Mariana M. Hecht ◽  
Ana de Cássia Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Triatomine Species ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Environmental Level

An epidemiological chain involving Trypanosoma cruzi is discussed at the environmental level, and in terms of fine molecular interactions in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts dwelling in different ecosystems. This protozoan has a complex, genetically controlled plasticity, which confers adaptation to approximately 40 blood-sucking triatomine species and to over 1,000 mammalian species, fulfilling diverse metabolic requirements in its complex life-cycle. The Tr. cruzi infections are deeply embedded in countless ecotypes, where they are difficult to defeat using the control methods that are currently available. Many more field and laboratory studies are required to obtain data and information that may be used for the control and prevention of Tr. cruzi infections and their various disease manifestations. Emphasis should be placed on those sensitive interactions at cellular and environmental levels that could become selected targets for disease prevention. In the short term, new technologies for social mobilization should be used by people and organizations working for justice and equality through health information and promotion. A mass media directed program could deliver education, information and communication to protect the inhabitants at risk of contracting Tr. cruzi infections.

Nonchemotherapy Drug-Induced Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Pick ◽  
Kelly K. Nystrom
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factors ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Myeloid Cell Line ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Direct Toxicity

Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a severe complication that has been implicated with most classes of medications. Medications such as clozapine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and methimazole have been more commonly associated with agranulocytosis than other agents. Although the pathogenesis isn't fully elucidated, it appears to be two-fold with a direct toxicity to the myeloid cell line and immune-mediated destruction. Patients may be asymptomatic at the time neutropenia is discovered or may present with more severe complications such as sepsis. In approximately 5% of cases drug-induced agranulocytosis may be fatal. Management of drug-induced agranulocytosis includes the immediate discontinuation of the offending medication, initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics and consideration of the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in high-risk patients.

scholarly journals One Disease, Two Approaches. Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis – A Case Report of Two Young Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 492-497
Author(s):  
Tudor Lungu ◽  
Kinga Krisztina Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Right

Objective: Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is the most studied immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, being caused by streptococcal infections such as pharyngotonsillitis or skin infections (impetigo, erysipelas). Globally it is the main form of glomerular suffering among pediatric patients, especially between the ages of 3 and 15, but in the developed countries, the incidence of this condition has decreased significantly in the last decades. The majority of the medical literature indicates that the treatment in such a disease is symptomatic (the major goal being controlling of the edema and hypertension) associated with antibiotics for streptococcal infection. Due to some situations where antibiotic treatment cannot be administered, this case report hypothesized that homeopathy is a possible alternative treatment method for conventional therapy. We presented two cases diagnosed with APSGN: a nine-year-old boy treated homeopathically at home and a three-year-old girl treated conventionally during hospitalization. Analyzing the two cases, we observed that the patients were cured regardless of the therapeutic method approached. This aspect has an advantage in situations where there are limitations in the administration of allopathic treatment. According to homeopathic understanding, the success rate is higher when there are clear homeopathic symptoms for choosing the right remedy. Many more cases and much more research is needed to conclude that classical homeopathy can be a treatment option for this pathology. In conclusion, it is important to find a personalized therapy (allopathy or homeopathy) for each patient that will bring the maximum benefit, depending on the particularity of the case

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

EELS characterization of “Smut” layer films on steel surface prepared for chrome plating by anodic etching

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
E Y. Wang ◽  
J. T. Cherian ◽  
A. Madsen ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Steel Surface ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Chrome Plating ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hard Chrome ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Many steel parts are electro-plated with chromium to protect them against corrosion and to improve their wear-resistance. Good adhesion of the chrome plate to the steel surface, which is essential for long term durability of the part, is extremely dependent on surface preparation prior to plating. Recently, McDonnell Douglas developed a new pre-treatment method for chrome plating in which the steel is anodically etched in a sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution. On carbon steel surfaces, this anodic pre-treatment produces a dark, loosely adhering material that is commonly called the “smut” layer. On stainless steels and nickel alloys, the surface is only darkened by the anodic pre-treatment and little residue is produced. Anodic pre-treatment prior to hard chrome plating results in much better adherence to both carbon and alloy steels.We have characterized the anodic pre-treated steel surface and the resulting “smut” layer using various techniques including electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) on bulk samples and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) on stripped films.

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