scholarly journals The Identification of Small RNAs Differentially Expressed in Apple Buds Reveals a Potential Role of the Mir159-MYB Regulatory Module during Dormancy

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2665
Author(s):  
Julio Garighan ◽  
Etienne Dvorak ◽  
Joan Estevan ◽  
Karine Loridon ◽  
Bruno Huettel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Purification Technique ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Temperature Responses

Winter dormancy is an adaptative mechanism that temperate and boreal trees have developed to protect their meristems against low temperatures. In apple trees (Malus domestica), cold temperatures induce bud dormancy at the end of summer/beginning of the fall. Apple buds stay dormant during winter until they are exposed to a period of cold, after which they can resume growth (budbreak) and initiate flowering in response to warmer temperatures in spring. It is well-known that small RNAs modulate temperature responses in many plant species, but however, how small RNAs are involved in genetic networks of temperature-mediated dormancy control in fruit tree species remains unclear. Here, we have made use of a recently developed ARGONAUTE (AGO)-purification technique to isolate small RNAs from apple buds. A small RNA-seq experiment resulted in the identification of 17 micro RNAs (miRNAs) that change their pattern of expression in apple buds during dormancy. Furthermore, the functional analysis of their predicted target genes suggests a main role of the 17 miRNAs in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, gene regulation, plant development and growth, and response to stimulus. Finally, we studied the conservation of the Arabidopsis thaliana regulatory miR159-MYB module in apple in the context of the plant hormone abscisic acid homeostasis.

Role of the Escherichia coli Hfq protein in GcvB regulation of oppA and dppA mRNAs

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Pulvermacher ◽  
Lorraine T. Stauffer ◽  
George V. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Luria Bertani Broth ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Dipeptide Transport

The gcvB gene encodes a small non-translated RNA (referred to as GcvB) that regulates oppA and dppA, two genes that encode periplasmic binding proteins for the oligopeptide and dipeptide transport systems. Hfq, an RNA chaperone protein, binds many small RNAs and is required for the small RNAs to regulate expression of their respective target genes. We showed that repression by GcvB of dppA : : lacZ and oppA : : phoA translational fusions is dependent upon Hfq. Double mutations in gcvB and hfq yielded similar expression levels of dppA : : lacZ and oppA : : phoA compared with gcvB or hfq single mutations, suggesting that GcvB and Hfq repress by the same mechanism. The effect of Hfq is not through regulation of transcription of gcvB. Hfq is known to increase the stability of some small RNAs and to facilitate the interactions between small RNAs and specific mRNAs. In the absence of Hfq, there is a marked decrease in the half-life of GcvB in cells grown in both Luria–Bertani broth and glucose minimal medium with glycine, suggesting that part of the role of Hfq is to stabilize GcvB. Overproduction of GcvB in wild-type Escherichia coli results in superrepression of a dppA : : lacZ fusion, but overproduction of GcvB in an hfq mutant does not result in significant repression of the dppA : : lacZ fusion. These results suggest that Hfq also is likely required for GcvB–mRNA pairing.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Nannan Li ◽  
Guijian Liu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Different Cell Types

MicroRNAs are a class of conserved, 20 nt-23 nt long, noncoding small RNAs that inhibit expression of their respective target genes in different cell types. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that negatively regulate immune responses, which is essential to immune homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs play an important role in the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of Treg. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the roles of microRNAs in Treg and their dysregulation in immune-related diseases. This ongoing research continues to expand the understanding of Treg regulation and the mechanisms of immune disorders.

scholarly journals The role of micro-RNA in the regulation of signal pathways in gliomas

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-498
Author(s):  
O.I. Kit ◽  
D.I. Vodolazhsky ◽  
E.E. Rostorguev ◽  
D.H. Porksheyan ◽  
S.B. Panina
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Gliomas are invasive brain tumors with high rates of recurrence and mortality. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly form of glioma with nearly 100% rate of recurrence and unfavorable prognosis in patients. Micro-RNAs (miR) are the class of wide-spread short non-coding RNAs that inhibit translation via binding to the mRNA of target genes. The aim of the present review is to analyze recent studies and experimental results concerning aberrant expression profiles of miR, which target components of the signaling pathways Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, EGFR, TGFb, HIF1a in glioma/glioblastoma. Particularly, the interactions of miR with targets of 2-hydroxyglutarate (the product of mutant isocytrate dehydrogenase, R132H IDH1, which is specific for the glioma pathogenesis) have been considered in the present review. Detecting specific miRNAs in tissue and serum may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for glioma, as well as for predicting treatment response of an individual patient, and potentially serving as a mechanism for creating personalized treatment strategies

scholarly journals Cell-type- and region-specific modulation of cocaine seeking by micro-RNA-1 in striatal projection neurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Forget ◽  
Elena Martin Garcia ◽  
Arthur Godino ◽  
Laura Domingo Rodriguez ◽  
Vincent Kappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Micro Rnas

AbstractThe persistent and experience-dependent nature of drug addiction may result in part from epigenetic alterations, including non-coding micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which are both critical for neuronal function and modulated by cocaine in the striatum. Two major striatal cell populations, the striato-nigral and striato-pallidal projection neurons, express, respectively, the D1 (D1-SPNs) and D2 (D2-SPNs) dopamine receptor, and display distinct but complementary functions in drug-evoked responses. However, a cell-type-specific role for miRNAs action has yet to be clarified. Here, we evaluated the expression of a subset of miRNAs proposed to modulate cocaine effects in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum (DS) upon sustained cocaine exposure in mice and showed that these selected miRNAs were preferentially upregulated in the NAc. We focused on miR-1 considering the important role of some of its predicted mRNA targets, Fosb and Npas4, in the effects of cocaine. We validated these targets in vitro and in vivo. We explored the potential of miR-1 to regulate cocaine-induced behavior by overexpressing it in specific striatal cell populations. In DS D1-SPNs miR-1 overexpression downregulated Fosb and Npas4 and reduced cocaine-induced CPP reinstatement, but increased cue-induced cocaine seeking. In DS D2-SPNs miR-1 overexpression reduced the motivation to self-administer cocaine. Our results indicate a role of miR1 and its target genes, Fosb and Npas4, in these behaviors and highlight a precise cell-type- and region-specific modulatory role of miR-1, illustrating the importance of cell-specific investigations.

The role of non-coding RNAs

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
John C. Lucchesi
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Short Rnas ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Rrna Maturation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Most of the genome is transcribed into non-coding transcripts that far exceed in number the transcripts of protein-coding genes. These RNAs are subdivided into different classes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are at least 200 nucleotides in length and are transcribed from promoter, coding, intergenic or enhancer regions (eRNAs). These RNAs repress or enhance the transcription of target genes by facilitating the interaction between promoters and enhancers or by interacting with transcription factors and targeting histone-modifying enzymes. Short non-coding RNAs include a diverse group of functional types: miRNAs (micro RNAs) and siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression; piRNAs (Piwi-interacting RNAs) suppress the action of transposable elements in the germline; snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) are involved in mRNA splicing and rRNA maturation; tRNA-derived non-coding RNAs are involved in the cellular reaction to stress and in the repression of gene function. Additional short RNAs are rasiRNAs (repeat-associated small interfering RNAs) that appear to be involved in centromeric heterochromatin formation.

scholarly journals The role of miRNAs in regulating adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. R21-R43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Azhar ◽  
Dachuan Dong ◽  
Wen-Jun Shen ◽  
Zhigang Hu ◽  
Fredric B Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

miRNAs are endogenous noncoding single-stranded small RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that post-transcriptionally repress the expression of their various target genes. They contribute to the regulation of a variety of physiologic processes including embryonic development, differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, hemostasis and inflammation. In addition, aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including cancer, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Steroid hormones regulate virtually every aspect of metabolism, and acute and chronic steroid hormone biosynthesis is primarily regulated by tissue-specific trophic hormones involving transcriptional and translational events. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that steroidogenic pathways are also subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations including processes such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, protein‒protein interactions and regulation by specific miRNAs, although the latter is in its infancy state. Here, we summarize the recent advances in miRNA-mediated regulation of steroidogenesis with emphasis on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.

miR-130a-3p, a Preclinical Therapeutic Target for Crohn’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Honggang Wang ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Jun Qian ◽  
Haojun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Role ◽  
Benzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Micro Rnas

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease [CD] is a chronic, relapsing and incurable inflammatory disorder. Micro RNAs [miRNAs], which modulate gene expression by binding to mRNAs, may make significant contributions to understanding the complex pathobiology and aetiology of CD. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role and mechanism of miR-130a-3p in CD. Methods Differentially expressed miRNAs in colon tissues of CD patients and normal controls [NCs] were screened using an miRNA microarray and then validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR [qRT-PCR]. The functional role of miR-130a-3p in the pathogenesis of CD was then demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. The target genes of miR-130a-3p and the associated signalling pathways were identified using bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification of the interactions between the target predicted by the algorithms and dysregulated mRNAs. The therapeutic role of miR-130a-3p in trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid [TNBS]-induced colitis models was further investigated. Results Our data demonstrated that miR-130a-3p is the most significantly upregulated miRNA and that miR-130a knockout significantly protects mice against TNBS-induced colitis. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that miR-130a-3p promotes CD development by targeting ATG16L1 via the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, an miR-130a-3p inhibitor significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activity by inducing autophagy in a mouse macrophage cell line [RAW264.7]. Therapeutically, an miR-130a-3p inhibitor effectively ameliorated the severity of TNBS-induced colitis. Conclusion Our study reveals that miR-130a-3p promotes CD progression via the ATG16L1/NF-κB pathway and serves as a potential preclinical therapeutic target in CD.

Role of spectrin in membrane fusion and in shape change of human erythrocyte ghost

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Bank Blood ◽  
Human Erythrocyte Ghost

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

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